Historiography of Linguistics

This work consists in the grammaticographical analysis and critical edition of the first Spanish grammar published in France, La Parfaicte Methode pour entendre, escrire, et parler la langue espagnole (LPM) by Antoine Charpentier (1596), which is one of the first pieces of the series of grammars based on literary examples. Despite the poor attention received by the specialists on grammar historiography, some peculiarities distinguish this text from others also prepared for foreigners in the sixteenth century:
1) It is a grammar based on “authorities”, not an introspective grammar, that is, it describes literary language exclusively and it is created from more than a hundred examples extracted from literature.
2) It uses the Greek grammar as reference system, unlike the tradition of the period, which employs Latin and vernacular languages as models for comparisons.
This project is in line with the work of restoration and edition of ancient grammatical texts. Three copies of LPM have been compared for its edition: two located in the French National Library and another one in the Spanish National Library. In order to make the reading easier, the facsimile is reproduced with its transcription. The core of the work is the study that precedes the edition, in which five aspects have been distinguished: (i) external questions (authorship, bibliographical information, outlook of the teaching of Spanish in France at the end of the sixteenth century and beginning of the seventeenth century), (ii) grammar’s plan (its aim and addressees), (iii) content analysis (pronunciation, parts of the sentence, language norm, exemplification, terminology, etc.), (iv) conclusions, and (v) bibliography.

Introducción / 1. Semblanza bio-bibliográfica / 2. Producción científica y literaria / 3. Nebrija y la lingüística de su tiempo / 4. Los principios doctrinales y metodológicos de la filología nebrisense / 5. Las teorías de Nebrija sobre el idioma / 6. La gramática castellana / 7. La prosodia / 8. De la etimología / 9. De la sintaxis / 10. Para los que estraña lengua querran deprender / 11. Transcendencia y originalidad de la Gramática castellana / 12. Nuestra edición / Edición de la Gramática castellana.

RE: Facades, illusions & ideological concepts created & promoted by ancient royalty out of necessity; effective creation of an alternate version of reality. It is only by knowing this information that the true nature of ancient texts may be understood correctly. Not knowing, means making incorrect assumptions & conclusions. Important!

In virtù dell'analisi dei testi linguistici di Benedetto Varchi, rimasti manoscritti fino all'Otto e al Novecento, si individuano le tappe in cui, in concomitanza con gli studi di testi aristotelici (la logica al primo posto), nell'autore dell'«Ercolano» prendevano corpo una solida definizione della natura del linguaggio e la determinazione delle strutture di una lingua. Applicata alla situazione linguistica coeva, l’analisi scaturita dallo studio delle lingue e dei testi classici ha portato Varchi a riflettere sulla complessità della lingua volgare e dei suoi registri, nonché a reinterpretare le teorie di Pietro Bembo.
Il punto di svolta nella formazione del pensiero linguistico varchiano è rappresentato dagli studi filosofici all’Università di Padova (1537-1541) e dalla riflessione sulla «Poetica», sulla poesia e sui generi letterari all’interno dell’Accademia degli Infiammati (1540-41). Cruciale (si sottolinea) è stato il momento degli interventi nel cenacolo patavino di Lombardi e di Maggi che leggevano la «Poetica». Il pensiero linguistico di Varchi che aveva preso avvio dal passo del «De interpretatione» di Aristotele (16a 3-4) si consolidava in forza della lettura del capitolo linguistico della «Poetica», commentato da Vincenzo Maggi, il quale nell’"explanatio" del brano aveva accentuato il criterio scrupolosamente grammaticale dell’esame condotto dal filosofo greco. Negli scritti di Varchi, che risalgono a quel periodo, molto prima dell'«Ercolano» (grammatiche del latino e del toscano, nonché gli abbozzi di un nuovo alfabeto per il volgare), si osserva una coerenza teorica nel porre in rilievo il fatto che le lingue sono prima di tutto parlate e l’uso corretto della lingua volgare si fonda sulla capacità di ben parlare. Da questo presupposto il Varchi muove nella sua teorrizzazione sul linguaggio, sul volgare letterario e sulla lingua d’uso.

La notion de valeur est souvent présentée comme l’une des clés de la théorie de la langue proposée par Saussure. Mais elle est aussi l’un des concepts les plus difficiles et les plus discutés de l’édifice saussurien. Dans la présente contribution, nous proposons une petite histoire de la problématique, en essayant de la situer avant que Saussure ne la formalise, pour, ensuite, ladite « formalisation » ayant été effectuée, suivre la discussion suscitée par leurs différentes interprétations. Nous n’avons pas procédé à un examen exhaustif, mais seulement choisi quelques lectures que nous considérons « phares » et qui résument, probablement, la plupart des positions existantes de nos jours.

Las cuatro ediciones de la Fonología española de Emilio Alarcos RESUMEN La Fonología española (1950)(1951)(1952)(1953)(1954)(1955)(1956)(1957)(1958)(1959)(1960)(1961)(1962)(1963)(1964)(1965) de Emilio Alarcos Llorach fue la primera aplicación global de la Fonología de la Escuela de Praga a una lengua particular. Se trata de una obra que aún hoy se sitúa como referencia imprescindible en la descripción fonológica de la lengua española. Sin embargo, se ha prestado poca atención al hecho de que el libro que se publicó en 1950 fue ampliándose y modificándose a lo largo de tres ediciones más en 1954, 1961 y 1965. El objeto de este trabajo es analizar el proceso de construcción de la obra a lo largo de los quince años. Por una parte, consideramos los principales cambios en las distintas ediciones; por otra, analizamos la introducción del distribucionalismo norteamericano en el marco estructuralista praguense y revisamos la influencia de André Martinet en el desarrollo de la fonología diacrónica.

This paper presents the concept of ‘grammatical metaphor’ as it has been introduced and developed within the theory of SFL [Sytemic Functional Linguistics]. Its purpose is purely historiographic, i.e. it merely presents the emergence of a framework for exploring grammatical metaphor in the 1980s, paying special attention to the theoretical context which formed the background for the introduction of this new concept in SFL.

The category of pronominal locutions has been neglected in grammatical descriptions as well as in phraseological studies. This is mainly due to the theoretical complexity of the very concept of pronoun. This chapter has a double aim: on the one hand we describe the theoretical development of the category of pronominal locutions since its first formulation by Casares; and on the other hand we approach to the pragmatic values that motivate the use of pronominal locutions instead of pronouns. These values are illustrated here by means of contextualized examples of personal and indefinite pronominal locutions.

The paper presents the pubblication of the unknown and incomplete grammar of Giovanbattista Strozzi the Younger (1551-1634), discovered in the manuscript Magl. IV.30, preserved in the National Library of Florence (Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze), which contains the oldest witness in the transmission of the Strozzi’s «Osservationi intorno al parlare, e scrivere toscano», composed in 1583, edited in the 1630-34). The comparison between the «Osservationi» and the grammar founded in the Magl. IV.30, titled «La lingua volgare si può ridurre in regola come la latina, et la greca, et altre», lets us to attribue it to Strozzi. In fact, in Strozzi’s «Osservationi» some deviations from the grammatical rules fixed by Bembo and by other grammaticians are acceptable in the spoken vernacular of Florence: it can be observed that in the chapter concerning the articles («il», «el») Strozzi distinguishes the colloquial register of the speaking from the informal one. Moreover, the author actually included in this work some of the questions discussed in the florentine Alterati’s Accademy, which attended to have the ruling position in the literary environment, not only in Florence, but also in the rest of Italy in the last part of the XVI century. The examination of all these documents shows that their studies and attempts to codify Tuscan language had been made according to the method of Vincenzio Borghini who blazed the trail for his successors (some of Alteratis’ members) in textual criticism.
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Nel saggio vengono pubblicati i capitoli superstiti di una grammatica fiorentina, ritrovata fra le carte del ms. conservato nella Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze, contenente il più antico testimone delle «Osservationi intorno al parlare, e scrivere toscano» approntate da Giovanbattista Strozzi nel 1583. L’attribuzione del testo, che presenta il titolo «La lingua volgare si può ridurre in regola come la latina, et la greca, et altre», all’autore delle «Osservationi» ed esponente di primo piano dell’Accademia degli Alterati è motivata non soltanto dalle similarità fra le due grammatiche tramandate dal codice Magl. IV.30 (per esempio, l’articolo «el»), ma anche dalle notizie ricavabili dai manoscritti di questo cenacolo dei dotti, che svolse un ruolo significativo nella vita culturale fiorentina e italiana del tardo Cinquecento. In base ai documenti esaminati si può affermare che la grammatica, pervenutaci soltanto nelle parti sulle «lettere» e sul «nome», doveva essere scritta nel periodo iniziale dell’attività degli Alterati (1572 ca.), quando i suoi giovani accademici furono invitati da don Vincenzio Borghini a stendere «le regole, le prime, pure e semplici» per l’insegnamento primario della lingua volgare.

A lexicografía é, nos estudos lingüísticos do galego, unha liña de atención preferente e incesante desenvolvemento. Neste volume reúnense 19 contribucións resultantes do convite feito polo Instituto da Lingua Galega a distintos investigadores co fin de facer unha instantánea do estado actual desta disciplina en Galicia e, a partir dela, planificar o traballo da súa sección de lexicografía para os próximos anos. Pola súa temática, os traballos responden a tres grandes perspectivas: (a) a historiografía e a metodoloxía lexicográficas, (b) os recursos lexicográficos no presente e as súas perspectivas de futuro e (c) a lexicografía académica. A presenza fundamental do galego como obxecto de estudo vese enriquecida con olladas selectas a outras linguas como o portugués, o castelán, o catalán e o italiano. Índice de contidos.- "Problemas teóricos y prácticos en la redacción del NTLE" (Manuel Alvar Ezquerra), "Os dicionários como fonte lexicográfica" (Dieter Messner), "A información gramatical nos dicionarios" (Xosé-Álvaro Porto Dapena), "Lexicografia portuguesa. Perspectiva crítica" (Telmo Verdelho), "O galego fundamental: dicionario de frecuencias" (María Xesús Bugarín López), "O Corpus de Referencia do Galego Actual (CORGA): presente e futuro" (Eva Mª Domínguez Noya), "O Arquivo do Galego Oral e o seu aproveitamento lexicográfico" (Francisco Fernández Rei & Carme Hermida Gulías), "A fraseoloxía como fonte lexicográfica" (Xesús Ferro Ruibal), "Novos criterios para a elaboración dun dicionario de neoloxismos" (Ana Belén Crespo Bastos & Xosé María Gómez Clemente), "A investigación en lexicografía e terminoloxía no Corpus Lingüístico da Universidade de Vigo (CLUVI) e no Corpus Técnico do Galego (CTG)" (Xavier Gómez Guinovart), "Un corpus para o estudo do galego medieval: O TMILG (Tesouro Medieval Informatizado da Lingua Galega)" (Paulo Martínez Lema), "bUSCatermos: banco de datos terminolóxico multilingüe" (Xusto Rodríguez Río), "O Dicionário do Português Medieval. Fontes, concepção e metodologia" (Maria Francisca Xavier), "O novo dicionario da Real Academia Galega" (Manuel González González), "La actividad lexicográfica del Institut d’Estudis Catalans. Pasado, presente y futuro" (Joaquim Rafel i Fontanals), "Actividades lexicográficas da Academia das Ciências de Lisboa" (João Malaca Casteleiro), "Pasado, presente e futuro nos traballos lexicográficos da Real Academia Española" (Guillermo Rojo), "O Tesoro della Lingua Italiana delle Origini: o futuro do italiano antigo?" (Pär Larson), "Os dicionarios históricos. Trazos dun dicionario histórico galego e consideracións sobre a súa viabilidade" (Antón Santamarina).

A pesar de lo ambicioso y sugerente del título, este trabajo no pasa -ni podría pasar-de ser una aproximación al tratamiento de la conjunción en un corpus dado de gramáticas del español publicadas entre 1700 y 1835. Son dos los factores por los que no se puede hablar de un estudio exhaustivo: por un lado, por la propia naturaleza, selectiva, del corpus (por ejemplo: se han quedado excluidos los textos destinados a la enseñanza de español para extranjeros 1 ). De las gramáticas restantes, se ha escogido un número ciertamente representativo, en el que se incluyen, en algunos casos, dos ediciones de una misma gramática con el fin de observar posibles influencias de otros textos en su tratamiento. El resultado de esta selección, corpus en el que están representadas gramáticas de corte tradicional, gramáticas escolares y gramáticas en las que comienza a verse la huella de la corriente filosófica francesa, es el siguiente: Martínez

As pessoas que listo a seguir estiveram, de um modo ou de outro, envolvidas no processo de elaboração deste trabalho. Entre as diferentes razões que me levam a lhes dizer "muito obrigada", destaco apenas as mais prosaicas e óbvias, já que, aquelas mais importantes, a gente jamais consegue agradecer suficientemente. Agradeço, então: À Cristina Altman, pela orientação bastante próxima e constante e pelas oportunidades frequentes de aperfeiçoamento que tem proporcionado, a mim e às demais participantes do Grupo de Estudos em Historiografia da Linguística Brasileira da USP, desde a sua criação, em 1993.

Redazione informatica e impaginazione a cura di ARUN MALTESE ([email protected]) È vietata la riproduzione, anche parziale, non autorizzata, con qualsiasi mezzo effettuata, compresa la fotocopia, anche a uso interno e didattico. L'illecito sarà penalmente perseguibile a norma dell'art. 171 della Legge n. 633 del 22.04.41

This paper focuses on Tullio De Mauro’s practice of historiography
as a fundamental element of theoretical linguistics due to epistemological reasons. This practice can be traced back to his critical commentary on Saussure’s Cours de linguistique générale that proves to be a method in writing history based on philological tools and having theoretical aims. if De Mauro’s historiographical approach is moved by his interest in semantic theories, his historiographical survey in the long term contributes to point out the main deadlocks that inhibited the very study of meaning in modern times. As a consequence, his linguistic theory dismisses uncritically accepted referential model – deeply rooted in the history of linguistics –, and tries to overcome two intellectual attitudes that have shaped the investigation of language: linguistic solipsism and semantic scepticism.

Keywords: Linguistic historiography; Linguistic theory; Tullio De Mauro;
Ferdinand de Saussure; Structuralism.

The aim of this paper is to reconsider Antonio de Nebrija's influence on missionary linguistics, especially with respect to grammar. The first part deals with the influence of the «Introductiones», and the presence of the «Gramática Castellana» in America. The second part presents an analysis of the first linguistic works within the Náhuatl linguistic tradition written by the Franciscans Olmos (1547) and Molina (1571) and the Jesuits Rincón (1595) and Carochi (1645).

El debate acerca de la unidad y la diversidad de las lenguas, de los límites entre leguas y dialectos, de la corrección e incorrección idiomáticas; en definitiva, del tratamiento de la variación lingüística, forma parte de la reflexión contemporánea sobre las lenguas, no solo en el ámbito científico-académico, sino también en el discurso de los medios de comunicación y en las conversaciones cotidianas. En estos últimos ámbitos, es frecuente escuchar enunciados como «El español está en peligro», «Así no se dice» o «Esa palabra no existe». A estos planteamientos subyacen dos ideas. Por una parte, las lenguas son entidades identificables y delimitadas, que constan de un número concreto de unidades (fonológicas, morfosintácticas y léxicosemánticas). Por otra, la existencia de unidades que de entrada parecen ser equivalentes ([ko´sina] y [ko´θina], por ejemplo) suele conducir a la consideración de alguna de las dos como incorrecta o, al menos, como menos prestigiosa 1 .

The majority of scholars have used the well-known traditional classification of Prakrit words in tatsama, tadbhava, deśī in the context of historical linguistics. Therefore they have the tendency to identify tadbhava words with words inherited from Old-Indo-Aryan by Middle-Indo-Aryan and/or New-Indo-Aryan and deśī words with non-Indo-Aryan element in Indo-Aryan. The aim of this contribution is to explain that they are not completely correct through the study of the meaning of the term deśī according to ancient Indian grammarians, in particular according to Hemacandra in his deśī-kośa, the Deśīnāmamālā. From the analysis of the typology of words covered by the definition of deśīśabda provided by this author, it is possible to assert that deśī words are not all non-Indo-Aryan. Hemacandra wanted to teach Prakrits on the basis of knowledge of Sanskrit. Thus, with his Prakrit grammar, the Siddha-hema-śabdānuśāsana, he offers a set of rules to " convert " Sanskrit into Prakrits, whereas for all Prakrit neologisms he offers his Deśīnāmamālā.

The main objective of this work was to analyze continuities and discontinuities regarding the way syntax was treated in Brazilian Portuguese grammars from the 19th century. With such a purpose, the following six works were selected: Morais Silva (1806), Coruja (1873[1835]), Sotero dos Reis (1866), Freire da Silva (1875), Ribeiro (1881), and Maciel (1894[1902]). Those works were analyzed according to the four layers, or dimensions, which Swiggers distinguish regarding linguistic knowledge. In the analysis of the theoretical layer, which corresponds to a global view of the language and the conception of the role of linguistic studies, the concepts of grammar and language were analyzed. In the analysis of the technical layer, which is related to the investigation techniques and methods of presenting data, the approach of terms regarding the section of syntactic studies was conducted: the definition of syntax, the sentence and its elements, agreement, hierarchy of sentence items, figurative syntax and vices. The documental layer, defined by Swiggers as linguistic and philological documentation (number of languages, types of data sources, for example) on which the linguistic studies are based, led to the analysis of the linguistic data selected as examples in the grammar books and to an examination, albeit tangential, of the forms of incorporation of Brazilian Portuguese in those works. At last, the contextual layer gave rise to the treatment of external elements which had some impact over the treatment of syntax in the works analyzed. The results point out to the emergence and decay of the dual aspect of language; to the persistence of a tension usus vs. ratio throughout the whole century; to many continuities and discontinuities in the treatment of syntax which resulted in a complex periodization which shows thay, although some disruptions more or less profound could be noticed throughout the whole century, there are transversal disruptions (i.e. in all layers) in Ribeiros (1881) and also Maciels (1902[1894]) works.

Даследуецца развіццё беларускай літаратурнай мовы 1920–1930-х гг. у яго сувязях з развіццём прэскрыптыўнага адгалінавання беларускай лінгвістыкі. З выкарыстаннем матэрыялаў перыядычнага друку і архіваў аналізуюцца акалічнасці фарміравання беларускага мовазнаўства, асэнсоўваюцца літаратурная мова як «рукатворная» з’ява і асаблівасці вывучэння яе гісторыі. Аглядаецца літаратура па гісторыі беларускай лінгвістыкі і літаратурнай мовы міжваеннага перыяду. Даследуецца моўнае ўжыванне 1920–1930-х гг. з асаблівай увагай да зменаў у моўным развіцці. Асэнсоўваецца рэформа беларускай мовы 1933 г. як паваротны пункт у беларускім мовазнаўстве і беларускай літаратурнай мове. Вывучаецца гісторыя шэрагу слоў з мэтай выяўлення зрухаў у рамках сінанімічных радоў і ўзнікнення новых, сучасных стылістычных іерархій.

Comparative and historical study of Dravidian languages generally known as Comparative Dravidian Linguistics (henceforth CDL) has reached an age of 200 years in 2016. Reaching 200 years of development is a significant milestone. It is enough for a discipline to start a serious contemplate with its past for a better forward. Therefore, a comprehensive history of CDL is an imperative. A comprehensive history CDL can function as a means to introduce the discipline to the future generation (pedagogic), evaluate new hypotheses (scientist’s education), and moderate the new theories (disciplinary maturity) (Koerner 1976). However, no major effort so far had been made to write the comprehensive history of CDL except occasional articles written by Zvelebil (1956), Krishnamurti (2001: 99-120, 243-260, 370-382), Subrhmanyam (1988, 2007), Annamalai (2003:183-196), Reddy (2000, 2005) and Sreekumar (2009, 2011). All these articles give bibliographical, chronological and subject specific summing up accounts of the CDL. A principled account of the history of CDL is required. Therefore, an attempt has been made in this paper to propose a framework of the history of the 200 years of CDL. First part gives a general account of the status of Dravidian languages followed by a critical review of the status of historiography of CDL. In the second part, an alternate chronology of (1816-1856, 1856-1961,  1961-1971,  1971-1983, 1983-1993, 1993-2003, 2003-2013, 2013-2016) based on the internal development of the CDL is proposed. Based on the new chronology of six phases a principled historiographic account of the development of CDL is given in the last part of the paper.

Le présent article aborde le problème de l’auctorialité du Cours de linguistique générale, publié en 1916 par Ch. Bally et A. Sechehaye, avec la collaboration d’A. Riedlinger, sous le nom d’auteur de Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913). Cette décision éditoriale ayant été maintes fois questionnée, mais rarement interrogée en profondeur, nous nous proposons de décortiquer quelques-uns parmi les arguments les plus poussés autour de cette problématique. Nous concluons que cette question n’est pas intéressante en soi, mais dépend des critères (historiques, biographiques, théoriques, etc.) que l’on voudra bien tenir pour pertinents. La réponse à la question qu’on pose dans le titre – qui est l’auteur du Cours de linguistique générale? – ne pourra alors pas aspirer à l’univocité; elle variera en fonction des intérêts sous-jacents aux positions de ceux qui prennent la peine d’y répondre.

Mots-clés : auteur; auctorialité; Cours de linguistique générale.

This article takes into consideration the problem of the authorship of the Cours de linguistique générale, published in 1916 by Ch. Bally and A. Sechehaye, with the collaboration of A. Riedlinger, under the name of Ferdinand de Saussure (1857- 1913). This editing decision was repeatedly questioned, but rarely examined in depth. We propose to dissect some of the most advanced arguments around this issue. We conclude that this problem is not interesting in itself, but depends on the criteria (historical, biographical, theoretical, etc.) that one may wish to take into account as relevant. Thus, the answer to our question (who is the author of the Cours de linguistique générale?) cannot aspire to be univocal – it will necessarily vary according to the underlying interests of those who take the risk of answering.

Keywords : Author; Authorship; Cours de linguistique générale.

A chamada primeira República Portuguesa, declarada; como se sabe, no dia 5 de outubro de 1910, o projeto de um regime mais democrático em substituição da velha e gasta monarquia portuguesa que tão aparentemente já não podia responder a todas as questões que a sociedade lhe fazia, trouxe ao poder político uma classe de pessoas que anteriormente só tinham dominado o reino das letras. Muitos dos intelectuais portugueses de inícios do século XX, ligados à maçonaria ou não, estavam a ocuparse, de forma profissional ou meramente na qualidade de autores, à área das letras, quer na sua vertente literária, quer na vertente linguística ou histórica, como TeófIlo Braga (que chegou a ser Presidente da República) ou os menos políticos Francisco Adolfo Coelho, José Leite de Vasconcelos ou Aniceto dos Reis Gonçalves Viana que faziam parte da inteligentsia da época.

У дапаможніку выкладзена гісторыя беларускага мовазнаўства 1918–1941 гг. Кніга складаецца з 12 раздзелаў. Пададзена перыядызацыя гісторыі беларускай лінгвістыкі міжваенных гадоў, асэнсаваны яе прэскрыптыўна-нармалізацыйны характар і дачыненні з тагачаснай уладай. Многа ўвагі ўдзелена тэме правапіснага рэгулявання беларускай мовы. Прадстаўлены акалічнасці выпрацоўкі навуковай тэрміналогіі і канцэпцыі фарміравання беларускай літаратурнай мовы ў 1920-я гг. Разгледжаны сітуацыйныя, асяроддзевыя і іншыя фактары выспявання і рэалізацыі рэформы беларускай мовы ў пачатку 1930-х гг., пастанова СНК БССР “Аб зменах і спрашчэнні беларускага правапісу” 1933 г. як палітычны акт і навуковы твор, кампанія за “культуру мовы” і лексікаграфічныя працы 1930-х гг.

El tema de mi comunicación es la tradición filológica en la Península Ibérica de los siglos XVI y XVII en su integridad. Aun reconociendo la existencia de dos escuelas filológicas nacionales distintas – la española y la portuguesa – en el período indicado, constatamos la existencia de importantes paralelismos en ambas. Paralelismos que no obedecen sólo a la lógica de la evolución de las ideas lingüísticas en la época. Los rasgos específicos de ambos países peninsulares, lo común que ellos tienen en su historia (recordemos que en el período indicado los contactos entre los dos países eran muy estrechos y que Portugal formó parte de España en los años 1580-1640), la proximidad del contexto sociocultural y de la situación sociolingüística en los dos países ibéricos nos ofrecen la posibilidad de hablar no sólo de dos escuelas nacionales, sino de una tradición filológica ibérica en general. Los siglos XVI y XVII, es decir, el período comprendido entre la publicación de las primeras obras de los gramáticos castellanos y portugueses y la edición de la gramática de Port-Royal, son una de las etapas más importantes en la historia de la lingüística. Entretanto, en los estudios historiográficos generales no se le presta suficiente atención 1. Concentrados en los muchos datos existentes relativos a la lingüística de la Antigüedad, la Edad Media y la tradición posterior a la gramática de Port-Royal, los historiógrafos tienen una visión estrecha y unilateral del siglo XVI y de la primera mitad del siglo XVII, período que habitualmente se considera época de apología y codificación de lenguas vernáculas, lo que no abarca toda la problemática del período. Tampoco han sido debidamente estudiadas las relaciones existentes entre las obras lingüísticas renacentistas y la tradición medieval, a pesar de que sus lazos con la Antigüedad sean reconocidos por todos. La doctrina lingüística española y portuguesa no ha sido debidamente valorada en la historiografía. En la mayoría de los casos sólo se mencionan los nombres de Nebrija, Sánchez o Aldete, indicándose a veces que las gramáticas de los misioneros describieron lenguas exóticas. Claro que los estudios especiales dedicados a la tradición ibérica ofrecen una imagen más adecuada, pero, a pesar de la rica bibliografia historiográfica hispánica 2 , en el estudio de la lingüística ibérica siguen existiendo importantes lagunas.

The aim of this paper is to present the results of the analysis of the most important dictionary prologues published in Latin America during the nineteenth century. This takes into account the treatment of some ideas that were frequent during the linguistic standardization process of the Latin American republics, such as the general conception of Spanish language and its dialectological diversity, among others. The purpose is to show how the concept of general and dialectal Spanish are built within the standardization process dynamics in highly relevant linguistic works, such as dictionaries.

Si dà conto del ritrovamento nella Biblioteca Riccardiana di Firenze del «Trattato di lingua toscana», considerato perduto, che Francesco Bonciani (1552-1620), accademico "Aspro", scrisse per conto della fiorentina Accademia degli Alterati fra l'estate del 1580 e i primi mesi del 1583, in risposta al discorso di Henri Estienne, «De la precellence du langage François» (1579). E oltre all'originale autografo dell'opera, il Riccardiano 2435, cc. 265r-336r, nella stessa biblioteca viene identificata la sua copia diretta, il Riccardiano 2316, trascritta sotto la supervisione di un altro accademico alterato, Lorenzo Giacomini (1552-1598). In base anche a vari documenti e lettere appartenenti ai due letterati e all'ambiente del cenacolo , si delineano le origini dei due testimoni manoscritti. Si ipotizza, quindi, che Giacomini, curatore nel 1584 dell'edizione degli «Elementi del parlar toscano» di Giorgio Bartoli, si occupasse nella primavera del 1585 della revisione del trattato, dopo che Bonciani, partendo per la Spagna in missione diplomatica due anni prima, aveva affidato l'opera (non portata a termine) ai sodali accademici.

The ancient Greek and Byzantine notion of ‘dialect’ and the term used for it, dialektos, have received some attention in scholarly literature (e.g. Hainsworth 1967; Cassio 1984; Morpurgo Davies 1987; Lambert 2009). However, an extensive treatment, based on modern methods, still seems desirable (cf. e.g. Alinei 1984: 169). The main focus of my paper will be on explicit theoretical considerations expressed by Greek and Byzantine scholars (thus complementing the account of Colvin 1999, which chiefly discusses implicit attitudes toward the individual Greek language varieties). By chronologically studying their different definitions of dialektos, I aim at contributing to tracing the vicissitudes of this term – and the concept that is intertwined with it.
In particular, my paper will
(a) show that Hellenistic authors conceived of dialektos as (1) an ethnically and/or (2) a diatopically restricted speech form; as (3) an anomalous variety of the koinè (‘common speech’), or as (4) a speech form characterized by a certain ‘peculiarity’ which is not further explained;
(b) study how Byzantine authors enriched this tradition by developing additional definitions and criteria (by, for example, opposing dialektos to glōssa/glōtta and, to a lesser extent, to phōnè);
(c) emphasize the pivotal role of the widely used image of kharaktèr in the ancient Greek and Byzantine conceptualization of dialektos, which has barely received any attention up till now. Early scholars, such as Diogenes of Babylon (ca. 240 – 150 BC) and probably also Clemens of Alexandria (ca. 140/150 – 220 AD), still recognized the Grundbedeutung of the term kharaktèr ('to sharpen/stamp' < kharassō/kharattō). In later times, however, the more recent meaning of 'character' comes into play.


References:
Alinei, Mario. 1984. “1. ‘Dialetto’: un concetto rinascimentale fiorentino”. In Lingua e dialetti: struttura, storia e geografia, 169–199. Bologna: Società Editrice Il Mulino.
Cassio, Albio Cesare. 1984. “Il ‘carattere’ dei dialetti greci e l’opposizione Ioni-Dori. […]”. ΑΙΩΝ. Annali del Dipartimento di Studi del Mondo Classico e del Mediterraneo Antico. Sezione linguistica 6: 113–136.
Colvin, Stephen. 1999. Dialect in Aristophanes and the Politics of Language in Ancient Greek Literature. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Hainsworth, J. B. 1967. “Greek Views of Greek Dialectology”. Transactions of the Philological Society 65: 62–76.
Lambert, Frédéric. 2009. “Les noms des langues chez les grecs”. Histoire Épistémologie Langage 31 (2): 15–27.
Morpurgo Davies, Anna. 1987. “The Greek Notion of Dialect”. Verbum 10: 7–28.

The paper deals with the origin and development of the scientific discourse about the Belarusian language in Russia in the first half of the 19th century. The following topics are discussed:
1. The identification of Belarusian after the acquaintance of Russian scholars with Belarusian and Ukrainian literary monuments. M. Kachenovsky, V. Sopikov, E. Bolkhovitinov, S. -B. Linde,  K. Kalajdovich, N. Grech, N. Bakhtin. The language of some Belarusian and Ukrainian monuments was called Belarusian in the Moscow state even back in the 17th century; employees of the Posolsky prikaz in Moscow widely used the term “Belarusian writing”. The use of the term ‘the Belarusian language’ in the early 19th century as a common name for the language used in medieval Belarusian and Ukrainian monuments had serious consequences. On the one hand, the attention of Russian scholars was drawn to the old nature of Belarusian. On the other hand, the written Belarusian was qualified as based on linguistically varied sources at that time. In the first quarter of the 19th century indications on “mixed” character of Belarusian were a part of philological reflection about layers of borrowings in Belarusian rather than had estimating nature.
2. The oral Belarusian language learning. K. Kalajdovich, Z. Dalenha-Chadakoŭski (Dolega-Chodakowski).
3. Attempts to refuse the term ‘Belarusian’. P. Keppen, J. Lelewel, M. Kachenovsky, E. Bolkhovitinov. Reasons of disapproval of the term ‘Belarusian’. The prevalence of terms like ‘Lithuanian-Ruthenian’, ‘Polish-Ruthenian’.
4. The use of glottonyms: руский, руський (руськой), język ruski, белорусский (белорусской), кривичский, руско-кривицкий, литовско-руский, польско-руский, польско-славянский, литовский, rusko-litewski, rusko-polski etc.
5. The fixing of the term ‘русский язык’ meaning. F. Bulgarin (Bułharyn).
6. Glorification tendencies of Belarusian. K. Kalajdovich, O. Senkovsky, D. Yazykov, P. Špileŭski (Shpilevsky). The qualification of Belarusian as some stage in the development of proto-Slavic language or some previous stage in the development of Russian. The corresponding mythology was based on poor knowledge of that time in the area of comparative and historic linguistics and the written heritage of the Eastern Slavs. It was also due to the awareness that the standard Russian was formed comparatively late.
7. The understanding of the Belarusian language as a “mixed” one. N. Polevoj, F. Bulgarin (Bułharyn), N. Grech, O. Bodyansky. The indications on the “mixed” nature of the Old Belarusian language were shifted gradually from the level of historic and linguistic reflections to the level of sociolinguistic generalizations and later turned into the general scornful evaluation of Belarusian.

Después de su llegada a Montevideo en marzo de 1950, Eugenio Coseriu desarrolla, a los largo de algo más de una década, una inmensa actividad intelectual y científica. La intensidad, amplitud temática y sistematicidad de esa labor nos siguen causando admiración, y al mismo tiempo nos interesa comprender, en la medida de lo posible, cómo Coseriu prosiguió para lograr montar en tan poco tiempo un amplio programa científico y una escuela y conseguir, desde el Uruguay, reconocimiento mundial en el mundo de la lingüística.
Nuestra aportación se basa en una reconstrucción, basada sobre todo en los materiales conservados en el Archivo Coseriu de Tubinga (algunos de ellos inéditos y probablemente desconocidos), de algunos de los acontecimientos de aquellos años.

The object of this essay is to give an account of the linguistic polemic that arose towards the end of the last century between Prince L.-L. Bonaparte and other Basque scholars, like W. J. van Eys, J. Vinson and A. Luchaire. This aspect has received little attention from students of Bonaparte's work. The author of this essay attempts to develop certain topics of discussion wich at the time meant an advance in research on the Basque language, as well as to explain the relationship of these Basque scholars with the linguistics theories and methods of their time, and especially with the influence of Schleicher and comparative grammar in general.

En este trabajo, abordamos las formas escolares del análisis desde la interpretación que realizan pedagogos y gramáticos españoles. En concreto, ofrecemos un breve acercamiento a los tratados de Pedro Martínez como ejemplo de evolución de este tipo de ejercicios.