Pronominal system

This paper discusses pronominal clitics in Ketama Berber (Western Rif, Morocco). Ketama Berber is usually considered as a variety of Senhaja Berber. It is the westernmost and the most divergent Senhaja variety. The paper is based on fieldwork data collected by the author during several fieldwork trips in 2013-2016 and on Lafkioui 2007. After a general introduction to Ketama Berber (Section 1), its pronominal clitics are discussed (Section 2): clitic pronouns of the direct object (Section 2.1) and of the indirect object (Section 2.2). Special forms of clitic pronouns and their origins are explained. Clitic pronouns in Ketama/Senhaja are compared with Ghomara (based on Mourigh 2015) and Tarifit (based on Lafkioui 2007). Section 3 draws conclusions and summarizes the study.

Pronominal orientation is widely argued to be universal component of human languages. Meanwhile, the pronominal system of Philippine languages (henceforth, PL) has always been an obscure subject of investigation. With approximately 150 living languages, the structures of pronominals are just as many. This study attempts to explicate the grammatical functions, along with other known phenomena such as cliticization, homography, inclusivity/exclusivity, person-deixis interface, and hierarchy of some languages in the Philippines. Using an ergative-absolutive analysis, this cross-linguistic investigation of Philippine languages presents examples that illustrate the distinctive features of personal pronouns. Using a 100,000-word corpus for each language included, there are various similarities and differences revealed by the study: (1) some languages allow encliticization and some don't; (2) homography, as well as inclusivity/exclusivity, is a persistent feature of the languages; and (3) the strength of hierarchy poses semantic constraints, among others.

Türkçenin en eski yazılı tanıklarından beri, üçüncü tekil şahıs iyelik ekinin üzerine bir çekim veya türetme eki getirildiğinde bu iki ek arasında “pronominal n” adı verilen bir /n/ sesi ortaya çıkmaktadır. Türkçede benzer bir /n/ sesi, kişi ve işaret zamirlerinin çekimli şekillerinde de görülür. Yakın zamandaki araştırmalar, pronominal /n/ sesinin bazı örneklerde yalın hâlde de görüldüğünü ortaya koymuştur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, bu bulgulara dayanarak üçüncü tekil şahıs iyelik ekinin ve pronominal /n/ sesinin kökünü araştırmaktır. Öncelikle, Türkçe iyelik eklerinin kökeni sorgulanmış ve bu eklerin Proto-Türkçede ilgi durumu eki görevinde olan *+(X)n ekini almış kişi zamirlerinin ekleşmesiyle oluştuğu ortaya konmuştur. Ardından, ikinci tekil şahıs iyelik ekinin tarihsel gelişiminde Yenisey dillerindeki iyelik ön eklerinin olası etkisi üzerinde durulmuştur. Pronominal /n/ sesinin üçüncü tekil şahıs iyelik ekine eklenmiş arkaik ilgi eki *+(X)n olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Aynı ek, Eski Türkçede isimler üzerinde araç durum ekine, iyelik ekleri üzerinde ise belirtme durumu ekine dönüşmüştür. Eski Türkçe +(n)Xŋ ilgi ekinin yardımcı ünsüzü de aynı ekin kalıntısıdır.

Although nobody doubts today that a Ural-Altaic protolanguage is an obsolete idea there still exists some peculiar conformity between Uralic and Altaic that cannot easily be explained by simple borrowings. In this article some similarities between Turkic and Uralic pronouns are to the fore.

The category of pronominal locutions has been neglected in grammatical descriptions as well as in phraseological studies. This is mainly due to the theoretical complexity of the very concept of pronoun. This chapter has a double aim: on the one hand we describe the theoretical development of the category of pronominal locutions since its first formulation by Casares; and on the other hand we approach to the pragmatic values that motivate the use of pronominal locutions instead of pronouns. These values are illustrated here by means of contextualized examples of personal and indefinite pronominal locutions.

The phraseological category of pronominal idiom is located at a crossroad among several grammatical categories: noun phrases, nominal idioms, and even pronouns. Although it has a certain theoretical development, the existence of pronominal idioms as a discrete phenomenon has recently been questioned. In this paper, several reasons why the category of pronominal idioms is considered valid and necessary are exposed. The first argument, from a historiographical point of view, is based on the concept of grammatization: the category of pronominal idiom is a consequence of a progressive process of codification related to a linguistic reality that did not fit properly into the preexisting categories. The second argument is of a historical nature: the grammaticalization features of pronominal idioms, which keep them separated from other close categories, are pointed out. As a result, the category of pronominal idiom and its different types are theoretically substantiated: from the best known subcategories, such as personal pronominal idioms (e.g. mi menda, este cura) or quantifying idioms (e.g. todo quisque, ni el Tato) to new subtypes that are added, such as distributive pronominal idioms (tirios y troyanos) and demonstrative pronominal idioms (el […] que viene).

The paper explores the position of Hittite enclitic personal pronouns within the enclitic chain. It is suggested that the placement variation was much wider spread than is standardly acknowledged and is not parallel for plural and singular dative pronouns.

As is widely known, verbal clitics in Berber include the pronominal series (IO and DO) and the directionals (DIR: ventive and ientive, although the latter might be absent). The clitics can appear together in a clitic chain, with maximally three members. When they do so, they normally appear in the fixed order: IO+DO+DIR. The order of the clitics remains the same whether they appear in the postverbal position in the “unmarked” contexts (e.g. perfective, affirmative) or in the preverbal position in “marked” (attraction) contexts (e.g. non-realized, negation). These rules are only partly observed by Ketama Berber – a westernmost Senhaja Berber variety spoken in northwestern Morocco. Thus, the “classical” scheme is found in the postverbal position: IO+DO+VENT (VENT is the only directional clitic in Ketama). However, in attraction contexts, various deviations from the classical scheme are found depending on the kind of the clitics and on the dialect. In the dialects under investigation, when two pronominal clitics occur simultaneously, the clitic complex is usually split, with the IO appearing before the verb, and DO after it (partial clitic fronting). The DO clitic may be (seemingly) repeated, i.e. can appear on both sides of the verb (clitic repetition). Complete clitic fronting is grammatical, but not common. When all the three clitics appear simultaneously, IO and DO are still split, while the ventive clitic is usually repeated: it appears after the IO in the preverbal position, and after the DO in the postverbal position. Various other deviations from the “classical” scheme are possible, depending on various factors. The present study investigates the deviant constructions and attempts to explain how they might have come into being. The research is based on the fieldwork data collected by the author.

El objeto de esta contribución es el estudio de los pronombres del tipo (1-4), denominados tradicionalmente "pronombres opcionales", "dativos superfluos" o "dativos éticos". Aquí usaremos el término "pronombres superfluos" y distinguiremos dos grandes tipos: los de (1-3) que llamaremos "dativos benefactivos" y el de (4) al que nos referiremos como "pronombre aspectual". 1

This volume brings together a cross-section of recent research on the grammar and representation of pronouns, centering around the typology of pronominal paradigms, the generation of syntactic and semantic representations for constructions containing pronouns, and the neurological underpinnings for linguistic distinctions that are relevant for the production and interpretation of these constructions.

➲ Español en contacto con el tzutujil en Guatemala: cambios en el sistema pronominal átono de tercera persona RESUMEN: En este artículo se presentan los resultados de una investigación llevada a cabo en una comunidad bilingüe español-lengua maya en Guatemala, concretamente de un estudio sobre la variación en el sistema pronominal átono de tercera persona de la variedad de español que se encuentra en contacto con el tzutujil. La situación de bilingüismo intenso en la que se encuentran ambas lenguas permite analizar la variación lingüística en el español desde la perspectiva del contacto lingüístico, que en este caso se manifiesta mediante una simplificación del sistema pronominal.

Pronominal orientation is widely argued to be universal component of human languages. Meanwhile, the pronominal system of Philippine languages (henceforth, PL) has always been an obscure subject of investigation. With approximately 150 living languages, the structures of pronominals are just as many. This study attempts to explicate the grammatical functions, along with other known phenomena such as cliticization, homography, inclusivity/exclusivity, person-deixis interface, and hierarchy of some languages in the Philippines. Using an ergative-absolutive analysis, this cross-linguistic investigation of Philippine languages presents examples that illustrate the distinctive features of personal pronouns. Using a 100,000-word corpus for each language included, there are various similarities and differences revealed by the study: (1) some languages allow encliticization and some don't; (2) homography, as well as inclusivity/exclusivity, is a persistent feature of the languages; and (3) the strength of hierarchy poses semantic constraints, among others.

• RESUMO: Como parte das pesquisas sociolinguísticas desenvolvidas no interior do projeto ALIP (Amostra Linguística do Interior), privilegiamos, neste artigo, a apresentação de resultados gerais decorrentes da investigação de três fenômenos variáveis na fala do interior paulista: (i) a concordância verbal de primeira pessoa do plural; (ii) a concordância verbal de terceira pessoa do plural; (iii) a alternância pronominal entre as formas de codificação da primeira pessoa do discurso do plural nós e a gente. Assumindo os preceitos teórico-metodológicos da Sociolinguística laboviana, mostramos, por meio de comparações interdialetais, como tais fenômenos variáveis se inserem no cenário mais amplo da pesquisa sociolinguística sobre o português brasileiro. Os resultados permitem constatar aproximações e distanciamentos entre a fala do interior paulista e de outras variedades do português brasileiro, o que põe à mostra a importância da descrição de mais essa variedade, ainda pouco conhecida no cenário sociolinguístico brasileiro. • PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Português paulista. Concordância verbal. Alternância pronominal. Contextualizando o Projeto ALIP (Amostra Linguística do Interior Paulista) Considerando os avanços da pesquisa sociolinguística no Brasil nas últimas décadas, pode-se considerar que os estudos variacionistas sobre as variedades paulistas ainda se encontram na sua infância e, portanto, em dívida com a composição de um retrato sociolinguístico do Português Brasileiro (PB), no que toca ao oferecimento de um espectro mais amplo da fala paulista. Em outras palavras, comparados a trabalhos variacionistas envolvendo outras variedades do PB (citem-se aqui as variedades cariocas, catarinenses, paranaenses, gaúchas, mineiras, pessoenses, dentre outras), podem-se considerar escassos trabalhos nessa mesma linha envolvendo a fala paulista, seja a da capital, seja

The distinction between direct and indirect speech has long been known not to reflect the crosslinguistic diversity of speech reporting strategies. Yet prominent typological approaches remain firmly grounded in that traditional distinction and look to place language-specific strategies on a universal continuum, treating them as deviations from the “direct” and “indirect” ideals. We argue that despite their methodological attractiveness, continuum approaches do not provide a solid basis for crosslinguistic comparison. We aim to present an alternative by exploring the syntax of logophoric speech, which has been commonly treated in the literature as representative of “semi-direct” discourse. Based on data from two unrelated languages, Wan (Mande) and Ainu (isolate), we show that certain varieties of logophoric speech share a number of syntactic properties with direct speech, and none with indirect speech. Many of the properties of indirect speech that are traditionally described in ter...

Desde un enfoque descriptivo, con sustento en un marco tipológico funcional, se analiza la marcación de las categorías de persona y número en la palabra verbal del chichimeco jonaz (ISO-639-3 pei), lengua otopame hablada en el estado de Guanajuato. Con base en la distinción entre recursos concatenativos y no concatenativos, se describe en detalle cada paradigma pronominal y de número, a saber: prefijos de TAM-persona-número, sufijos de objeto, sufijos de número, mutaciones consonánticas y alternancias tonales. Además, se identifican diferentes recursos para la marcación de número verbal, categoría que no había sido mencionada para las lenguas otopames.

Pronominal systems are among those with the highest degree of variability in varieties of English. This may in part be due to the fact that many standard English varieties display some irregularity which is often 'remedied' in speech and/or informal written registers of both native (L1) and non-native (L2) varieties.

Although under existential threat in the secular world, Yiddish continues to be a native and daily language for Haredi (Hasidic and other strictly Orthodox) communities, with Hasidic speakers comprising the vast majority of these. Historical and demographic shifts, specifically in the post-War period, in the population of speakers have led to rapid changes in the language itself. These developments are so far-reaching and pervasive that we consider the variety spoken by today’s Haredi speakers to be distinct, referring to it as Contemporary Hasidic Yiddish. This chapter presents a study involving 29 native Contemporary Hasidic Yiddish speakers, and demonstrates that significant changes have occurred in the personal pronoun, possessive, and demonstrative systems. Specifically, the personal pronoun system has undergone significant levelling in terms of case and gender marking, but a distinct paradigm of weak pronominal forms exists, independent possessives have lost case and grammatical gender distinctions completely, and a new demonstrative pronoun has emerged which exhibits a novel case distinction.

[EN] This paper addresses some comparative aspects of the 3rd person possessive pronouns seu and dele in Modern Brazilian Portuguese (BP) and Old Portuguese (OP). Following Müller (1997) and Menuzzi (1999, 2003) we propose that the BP pronominal system is undergoing some change which made seu become disfavored as an anaphoric form for 3rd person referential antecedents. The generalization has a ramification for the fact that the form dele is the possessive for 3rd person. We also assume Menuzzi’s ideia that the restriction on 3rd person referential antecedents follows from a syntactic condition on anaphoric dependencies, the Chain Condition, which applies to sentential anaphora because it is the way syntax interprets Accessibility Principles, which govern discourse anaphora. In OP, however, the form seu is strongly preferred as a 3rd person possessive pronoun. In these terms, it can take referential antecedents and also be bound by quantified antecedents. We assume that the morphosyntactic properties that differentiated the two forms, seu and dele, mainly gender and number, were crucial to the historical development of the Portuguese language. Other archaic possessive strategies as the dative clitics lhe/lhes~lhi/lhis and the construction seu…dele are also discussed as evidence for dele as a possessive form. We concluded the paper with some suggestions about the cause of the diachronic reanalysis that affected the 3rd person possessive system in the history of BP.

[PT] Neste texto tratamos de algumas estratégias de posse, em particular, as que se referem a aspectos sintáticos e semânticos envolvendo os possessivos de 3a pessoa seu e dele, numa perspectiva comparativa entre duas gramáticas: a do português arcaico (PA) e a do português brasileiro contemporâneo (PB). Com base em Müller (1997) e Menuzzi (1999, 2003 a, b), rejeitamos a hipótese da perda da forma seu de 3a pessoa, por ter sido a mesma reanalisada como pronome de 2a pessoa nocional. Ao contrário, propomos que as restrições ao antecedente referencial impostas ao anafórico seu de 3a pessoa, no PB falado, evidencia que a forma está se especializando na interpretação de variável ligada. Evidencia igualmente a atuação de uma condição sintática nas dependências anafóricas, a Condição da Cadeia, que se aplica no nível sentencial e reflete a forma como a sintaxe interpreta princîpios que atuam na anáfora discursiva. No PA, ao contrário, seu é exclusivo da 3a pessoa, podendo tomar antecedentes referenciais e ser ligado por antecedentes quantificados. No entanto, o fato de não expressar morfossintaticamente os traços de número (e gênero) do possuidor pode ter sido um fator determinante no uso possessivo da forma perisfrástica dele. Embora pouco produtivo no documento arcaico estudado, dele aparece nas estrutura de redobro seu...dele, e em alguns contextos de variação seu e dele. Outras estratégias de posse são abordadas, entre elas, os usos clíticos dativos lhe/lhe~lhi/lhis. Concluímos nosso texto com uma reflexão a respeito do que teria causado a reanálise diacrônica que culminou em um traço inovativo nos usos da forma seu de 3a pessoa no PB.

Chapter to appear in L. Wetzels, J. Costa and S. Menuzzi, eds., "Handbook of Portuguese Linguistics", Wiley/Blackwell. Abstract: The chapter discusses some of the properties of pronominal forms in the two main varieties of Portuguese – European Portuguese (EP) and Brazilian Portuguese (BP) – from the perspective of “Binding Theory”.  Specifically, we focus on a few basic patterns of 3rd person anaphora bearing on some of BT’s central issues, such as the nature of binding domains and of the complementary-like distribution of pronouns and other forms that compete for bound variable readings (like reflexives and null subjects).

This paper discusses the pronominal system of Odual, which has five subsets of pronouns: personal, reflexive, interrogative, demonstrative, and indefinite. A noteworthy feature of the system is the distinction between inclusive and exclusive first person plural personal pronouns. Reflexivity is marked by a noun meaning 'self' plus a possessive pronoun, the noun varying in form depending on the singularity or plurality of the antecedent. It is noted that tense/aspect markers in Odual show limited agreement for person and number, and in some cases they do not have distinct forms to reflect the differences in the forms of pronouns occasioned by differences in person and number. Also noted is the fact that the basic word order in Odual simple clauses is SVO, and that word order in NPs to a large extent is typologically consistent with the basic word order, as many of the pronouns that function as modifiers follow the noun they modify.

No português brasileiro (doravante, PB), já está mais do que provado que a concordância verbal (CV, daqui em diante) de primeira e de terceira pessoa do plural (1PP e 3PP, daqui em diante, respectivamente) é regra variável. Normalmente, as pesquisas sobre o tema se concentram mais na investigação da 3PP do que da 1PP.

This paper presents a predication analysis of clitic pronouns in Modern Greek. Specifically, I propose that pronominal cliticization
involves covert clitic left dislocation of a non-overt pronoun. The distribution of pronominal clitics in prepositional phrases in Greek is accounted for under this approach.

This article presents the results of an interpretive analysis of direct historical accounts, which deal with pronominal placement pronominal placement in General Brazilian Portuguese, according to the concept of Rosa Virgínia Mattos e Silva (2001). The reports are studies on the linguistic characteristics of Brazilian Portuguese, dating from the year 1820 to the year 1945. Currently, these studies are ignored by contemporary linguistics, in addition to being considered questionable from the point of view of a social scientific analysis of its concepts, particularly considering that they present themselves as racist and indifferent to the contemporary contradictions of the concept of “social equality” in the use of pronouns by modern languages. However, the interpretative analysis of these reports, because of a bibliographical and qualitative research, converges with the results obtained in other contemporary linguistic studies, without these reports being considered purely scientific objects. Interpretive analysis indicates that social ideology conditions grammatical rules, and not its real social structure.

An online survey (N = 210) is presented on how the perceived utility of correct and exaggerated countermeasures against Covid-19 is affected by different pronominalization strategies (impersonal form, you, we). In evaluating the pronominalization effect, we have statistically controlled for the roles of several personal characteristics: Moral Disengagement, Moral Foundations, Health Anxiety, and Embracing of Fake News. Results indicate that, net of personal proclivities, the you form decreases the perceived utility of exaggerated countermeasures, possibly due to simulation processes. As a second point, through a Structural Equation Model, we show that binding moral values (Authority, Ingroup, and Purity) positively predict both fake news embracing and perceived utility of exaggerated countermeasures, while individualizing moral values (Harm and Fairness) negatively predict fake news embracing and positively predict the perceived utility of correct countermeasures. Lastly, fake news embracing showed a doubly bad effect: not only does it lead people to judge exaggerated countermeasures as more useful; but, more dangerously, it brings them to consider correct countermeasures as less useful in the struggle against the pandemic.

Sens dubte les combinacions de dos pronoms àtons és un dels principals maldecaps de tots aquells qui estan a favor d'una llengua més fàcil, encara que sigui a costa de l'expressivitat, de la propietat i de la unitat de la llengua. Per això ens hem decidit a analitzar a fons què en diu la Gramàtica essencial de la llengua catalana (GEIEC) i quines propostes fa. Ens centrarem sobretot a analitzar els apartats del capítol 13 («Els pronoms personals i els pronoms ho, en i hi») que fan referència a l'ordre dels pronoms i les combinacions de dos pronoms (§13.5.1 i §13.5.2), i que es correspon amb el capítol 8 de la Gramàtica de la llengua catalana (GIEC).

Съпоставителното изследване на близкородствените езици поражда интерес у лингвистите от дълго време и множество явления, присъщи на два или повече езици, вече са описани чрез метода на съпоставяне. В настоящото изследване се разглеждат pronomina distributiva et summativa в руския и българския език с оглед на тяхната лексикална и граматична семантика.

The phraseological category of pronominal idiom is located at a crossroad among several grammatical categories: noun phrases, nominal idioms, and even pronouns. Although it has a certain theoretical development, the existence of pronominal idioms as a discrete phenomenon has recently been questioned. In this paper, several reasons why the category of pronominal idioms is considered valid and necessary are exposed. The first argument, from a historiographical point of view, is based on the concept of grammatization: the category of pronominal idiom is a consequence of a progressive process of codification related to a linguistic reality that did not fit properly into the preexisting categories. The second argument is of a historical nature: the
grammaticalization features of pronominal idioms, which keep them separated from other close categories, are pointed out. As a result, the category of pronominal idiom and its different types are theoretically substantiated: from the best known subcategories, such as personal pronominal idioms (e.g. mi menda, este cura) or quantifying idioms (e.g. todo quisque, ni el Tato) to new subtypes that are added, such as distributive pronominal idioms (tirios y troyanos) and demonstrative pronominal idioms (el […] que viene).

This paper studies the perception of the use of the pronominal system in classroom context of some professors from the Faculty of Humanities and Education Sciences, of the University of the Republic (Uruguay). The sample consists of 12 informants, all of them professors of the aforementioned institution. In-depth interviews were carried out in order to analyze their perceptions of the phenomenon in question. The first stage of this research seeks to study how professors address their students and vice versa, always from the professors’ perspective. The results show solidarity of the pronominal system, revealing greater preference for pronominal formulas of proximity or in their absence a combination with those of distance. The second stage of this research will look into the students’ perceptions of the same phenomenon.

Como parte das pesquisas sociolinguísticas desenvolvidas no interior do projeto ALIP (Amostra Linguística do Interior), privilegiamos, neste artigo, a apresentação de resultados gerais decorrentes da investigação de três fenômenos variáveis na fala do interior paulista: (i) a concordância verbal de primeira pessoa do plural; (ii) a concordância verbal de terceira pessoa do plural; (iii) a alternância pronominal entre as formas de codificação da primeira pessoa do discurso do plural nós e a gente. Assumindo os preceitos teórico-metodológicos da Sociolinguística laboviana, mostramos, por meio de comparações interdialetais, como tais fenômenos variáveis se inserem no cenário mais amplo da pesquisa sociolinguística sobre o português brasileiro. Os resultados permitem constatar aproximações e distanciamentos entre a fala do interior paulista e de outras variedades do português brasileiro, o que põe à mostra a importância da descrição de mais essa variedade, ainda pouco conhecida no cenár...

En este artículo se muestra la forma en que la utilización de la segunda persona
tiene un valor central en el modo en que el género musical argentino llamado
“Cumbia Villera” establece una divisoria valorativamente no neutra entre propios
y extraños. Partiendo de la distinción formulada por Teun Van Dijk entre endogrupo y exogrupo, y articulándola con la visión que tiene Michel Pécheux de la
relación entre destinador y destinatario –concebida en términos de la ubicación
de ambos en el seno de una formación discursiva imaginaria– se desarrolla, más
allá de las variantes potenciales, el espectro amplio de relaciones reales entre
estos términos. El resultado de esta perspectiva de análisis, lejos de mostrar
y describir una única estrategia de posicionamiento frente al otro, muestra la
riqueza y variedad de formas por las cuales la acción identitaria deja su huella
en las expresiones discursivas, salvaguardando en todos los casos la imagen del
grupo propio a expensas de aquello que sociológicamente le resulta ajeno.