Slavic Languages

This interdisciplinary study allowed me to establish, on the basis of linguistic, genetic, archaeological, historical and religious data, that linguistic concordances between Gaulish and Slavic were linked with Neolithic migrations from NorthWestern India and Pakistan to Iran, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, the Caucasus, the North of the Black Sea, Danubic and Balkan Europe, Gaul and Iberia, where Neolithic farmers contributed to the formation of the megalithic civilisation which developed in Gaul from 5.000 BC and brought an archaic language stemming from a Trans-Eurasian original language. This explains the linguistic concordances I established between Gaulish and Dravidian languages-250 common words from the 500 words I studied (and 160 with Burushaski), as well as with Altaic, Uralic, Kartvelian, Anatolian and Middle-Eastern languages. This also explains similarities I have found in the organisation of the Society and religion, which lead certain researchers to suggest, on the basis of the spread of the very ancient haplogroup H2 P-96 from India to Western Europe, that first Europeans and proto-Dravidians had an ancient common origin, as macrohaplogroups F and K, from which stem all European haplogroups, and haplogroup H could appear in India.

Setting the stage Focus of this talk Syntax and semantics of disjunction (1) James speaks Russian or German. a. [James speaks Russian] or [James speaks German] b. James speaks [Russian or German] Meanings of some expressions can vary depending on the presence of other expressions nearby:

This is the revised version of my seminar presentation at the St. Climent University of Sofia at the seminar on the "Evolution of the grammatical structure in Russian and Bulgarian. A contrastive perspective: corpus analysis and formal grammars'.  (Sofia, 15 October 2018) Several typos and mistakes are fixed.

This article addresses the semantic evolution of a particular spatial meaning which derives from the motion verb ‘to go past/by’ and represents the common diachronic source for originally locative prepositions ‘past/near to’ in Slavic languages. The first part introduces some general issues on grammaticalization studies and contextualises the present study within the field. The second part outlines the main theoretical assumptions of the analysis, focusing on the mechanisms of linguistic coding and inferential enrichment involved in the process of semantic change. The diachronic development of the Polish mimo suggests that its concessive meaning derives from spatial relations through the concept of additivity in discursive sequences. The validity of this hypothesis is further investigated through the comparison of the synchronic meaning and use of the etymologically related forms mimo/мимо in modern Czech, Russian, Slovak and Slovenian. As a result of the examination, two parallel paths of meaning change have been proposed: (i) SPACE > EXCLUSION > OPPOSITION and (ii) SPACE > ADDITIVITY > CONCESSION

Keywords: grammaticalization, semantic change, linguistic coding, inferentional enrichment, connectors, space, contrast, Slavic languages.

Appeared also online: Mediazioni online Rivista Internazionale del Dipartimento SITLeCno. 13, pp. 28
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http://www.mediazioni.sitlec.unibo.it/images/stories/PDF_folder/documentpdf/slavistica2012/10_latos.pdf

The article analyzes the pre-Slavic and Carpathian lexicon, borrowings of different times and specific terms in Moravian terminology of the mythological characters, considering the all-Slavic background. Based on the comparison and confrontation of demonological vocabulary and beliefs of the Moravian and Moravian-Silesian ethnographic regions with the Czech and Slovak regions, the isoleks and isodoxes that connect or separate these three closely related West Slavic regions, and partly continue in Slovenian and Croatian dialects.

Nový slovník slovinského spisovného jazyka venuje osobitnú pozornosť frazeologickým jednotkám. Náčrt konceptu nového výkladového slovníka slovinského spisovného jazyka  (2015: 56) obhajuje celistvý opis každej frazémy. Frazému chápe ako ustálenú a reprodukovanú viacslovnú pomenovaciu konštrukciu nevetnej alebo vetnej povahy s frazeologickým významom, výraznou konotatívnou zložkou a expresívnou hodnotou. Fungovanie všetkých v slovníku prezentovaných frazém a ich variantov v súčasnom úze je overené ich frekvenciou v slovinskom jazykovom korpuse Gigafida. Hlavná podoba frazémy (tzv. „nulový variant“ alebo „frazeologická lemma“) ako aj všetky varianty sú predstavené v plnej forme.
Slovník sa snaží zachytiť všetky typy frazeologických variantov podľa slovinskej typológie (Kržišnik 1987), ktorá je vo veľkej miere ovplyvnená Mlacekovou (1984) typológiou. Predstavuje ortografické, morfologické, lexikálne, syntaktické a tiež pragmatické varianty (napr. vykanie a tykanie u pragmatických frazém). V rámci lexikálnej variantnosti prezentuje aj varianty spôsobené rozdielom medzi dokonalým a nedokonalým vidom slovies, ak takéto varianty jazykový korpus potvrdzuje. Redaktori posudzujú frazeologické varianty aj z hľadiska jazykovej normy, avšak s rešpektovaním faktu, že frazémy sú z formálnej ako aj sémantickej stránky jednotky anomálne (Čermák 1993: 46-51, Kržišnik 2010: 93) a že ich vzťah k jazykovej norme je špecifický (Kržišnik 1996). Každý variant sa musí v jazykovom korpuse objavovať natoľko často, aby redaktor mohol posúdiť, že naozaj ide o ustálenú formu, a nie o aktualizáciu (Kržišnik 1987). Okrem toho musí ísť o prototypové použitie frazémy (Čermák 2007: 572-573).
Lexikografický proces zahrňuje overovanie frazém, ktoré boli zaradené do Slovníka slovinského spisovného jazyka (SSKJ) alebo do Slovníka slovinských frazém (Keber 2011), ale aj hľadanie doteraz neregistrovaných jednotiek. Veľký dôraz sa kladie na tom, aby bol na základe korpusových údajov lexikograficky posúdený čo najväčší počet potenciálnych variantov frazémy. Preto treba kombinovať rôzne vyhľadávacie postupy. Okrem toho, že si redaktori všímajú, v akých podobách bola frazéma doteraz zachytená – ak vôbec bola – používajú napr. vyhľadávanie častých kolokátov v kontexte každého komponentu frazémy. Veľa frazém aj ich variantov počas svojej práce s korpusom nájdu aj iní lexikografi, nielen frazeológovia. Lexikografickú prácu s variantmi parémií zľahčuje sociolingvistický výskum 918 jednotiek, podľa ktorého bolo určené slovinské paremiologické minimum (Meterc 2014, 2016). V prípade tejto časti frazeológie sa odpovede okolo 450 respondentov z celého Slovinska používajú ako vstupné údaje pre korpusový výskum paremiologických variantov, ktorý je vo vzťahu k výskumu iných typov frazém špecifický (Ďurčo 2014).

In this paper I address a typological puzzle concerning complementary distribution of classifiers and plural markers. I discuss a possible interpretation of a particular type of the Polish word 'para' ('pair of') as a classifier. The analysis uses formal semantic plurality framework of Landman (2000).

Record of the Macedonian language from the 16th century

The texts presented for analysis in this article were produced by the Institut Detudes Slave, De L'universite De Paris in 1958, and are a study based on words and phrases from Macedonia in the 16th century. It is one of the earliest manuscripts written in a purely Macedonian vernacular tongue, and its content was collected from the village of Bogatsko, which is found in the region of Kostur in the south-west of Macedonia. The author remains anonymous and the only likely conclusion that can be drawn is that he may have spoken the Macedonian language natively or acquired it as an additional tongue due to living in close proximity to people who spoke it. The texts were written using the Greek alphabet, which was not uncommon in the Macedonian Peninsula during the Ottoman period, as similar examples with the Albanian and Vlach languages have demonstrated.
Vocabulary and Linguistic Characteristics The texts reveal distinctive local features that have tenaciously survived the ages, and are still present in a number of today's spoken Macedonian dialects. This fact reveals the remarkable consistency of the Macedonian language despite the lack of state support or schooling until the 20th century. Below is a sample of words from the texts, along with linguistic characteristics peculiar to the language of the Macedonians. Animal/Food/Anatomy Terms - Mrave (Ants); Tsurvets (Worm), Sokol (Falcon), Vraptsi (Birds), Golobi (Pigeons), Kokoshki (Chickens), Petel (Rooster), Oftsi (Sheep), Kozi (Goats), Jagne (Lamb), Mechika (Bear), Elen (Deer), Lisitsa (Fox), Kon (Horse), Krusha (Pear), Meso (Meat), Sireni (Cheese), Jajtsa (Eggs), Vino (Wine), Sol (Salt), Zhito (Grain), Koska (Bone), Gas (Buttocks), Kuro (Penis), Made (Testicles). Unique and Loan Words - The word Galuhtsi (Mice) is used, which can also be said as Gluhtsi or Gluftsi, and Macedonians are the only people who use this word. The word Veligden (Easter) is used, pronounced with the 'g' in Macedonian only. Turkish loans are very rare, one example being Jorgano (Blanket). Dialectal and Jat Features - The Kostur region contains dialects that have retain several archaic characteristics, such as the word Ranka (Hand) rather than the more common Macedonian variant of Raka. An interesting trend is found in the use of multiple transitions of the Jat feature that is present in various Macedonian and Slavonic dialects. For example, the text employs the word Dedo (Grandfather) and not Djado, yet Hljap (Bread) and not Lep or Leb. Definite Articles - The typical Macedonian postfixed definite article is exhibited in words such as Krushata (The Pear) and Dushata (The Soul). It is also noted in the word Patot (The Path) for 'the path' , although as the case of Jorgano (The Blanket) demonstrates, the 't' at the end can also be dropped, as in several of today's Macedonian dialects.
Words and Phrases, Unchanged for Centuries. Containing a rich glossary and in excess of 300 words and phrases, the texts demonstrate the strength of the Macedonian language through preservation. Following is a comparison of sentences between the texts and the Macedonian dialect of Bitola as spoken today. 16th cent., Kostur dialect 21st cent., Bitola dialect Gospodine, brate, da si zdrav, da si prost, ostavi ni da spime, ela da jame, i da pieme, dol da pojdime, da rabotime. Gospodine, brate, da si zdrav, da si prost, ostai ne da spiame, ela da jaime, i da piame, dolu da pojdime, da rabotime. Imate hljap-o da kupime, imate vino da kupime, ot koja strana da pojdime vo Bogatsko. Imate lep da kupime, imate vino da kupime, od koja strana da pojdime vo Bogatsko. As can be clearly noticed, most of the vocabulary and grammar is identical. All of the elements that would later be required to rejuvinate the Macedonian people as they were shaking off centuries of subjugation, were present during this period. The language of the people had solidified, a tradition of heraldry and symbolism had developed which incorporated the emblem of a rapant lion and historical figures from Macedonia's past, and the churches continued preserve the local customs and serve as cultural centres for the population. The significance of all these elements together cannot be overstated, the language of medieval Macedonia is the same as the language of the Macedonians today. Unfortunately, only a small portion of the larger amount of Macedonian literature from the Middle Ages has survived, much of it being looted and destroyed by Greek-speaking officials, clerics and teachers. Nevertheless, Macedonian as a language reached its current form centuries before the creation of the Macedonian Peninsula states in the 19th and 20th centuries.

Abstract: The article deals with the interaction of international and native prefixes and prefixoids in Russian and Czech word formation. We explain the reasons for the inter- lingual asymmetry in this area: (1) the structural features of the language: e.g. in Czech, unlike in Russian, adverbs are easily turned into prefixes/prefixoids (rádoby-, skoro-, také-/taky-, etc.) and (2) language contacts (the expressive and colloquial morphemes truc- and monstr-, which were adopted into Czech from German and French and are not used in Russian). The final part of this article discusses processes common to both the Czech and Russian languages and caused by the influence of English (through the exam- ple of new meanings of the international prefix anti-).

Temčinas S., Języki kultury ruskiej w Pierwszej Przeczypospolitej, in Kuczyńska M. (ed.), Między Wschodem a Zachodem: Prawosławie i unia, Warszawa, 2017 (Kultura Pierwszej Przeczypospolitej w dialogu z Europą: hermeneutyka wartości, t. 11), s. 81–120.

This article presents Slavic languages in diaspora (SLD) from a broad geographic and diachronic perspective, i.e., worldwide and including old and new Slavic migrant communities with diverse historical and political backgrounds. Accordingly, the definition of SLD is discussed on the one hand within the paradigm of contact linguistics and historical dialectology and on the other hand within the paradigm of the sociolinguistics of migrant communities. The article provides linguistically significant information from the history and demography of Slavic migrant communities (Russian, Polish, Ukrainian, BCMS, Bulgarian, and Czech) and describes their sociolinguistic framework. Furthermore, the article gives a brief comparative overview of the main linguistic features of SLD and the current state of research in the field.

https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-slavic-languages-and-linguistics-online/diaspora-slavic-languages-in-COM_036122

Abstract : this study, which first aim was to demonstrate the correspondences between the Gaulish language and the Slavic languages, between which I found 500 common words, allowed me also to demonstrate, on the basis of genetical, archaeological and religious data, that those correspondences were linked with ancient migrations linked with the diffusion of the Dravidian civilisation of the Indus Valley to Iran, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, the Caucasus, the North of the Black Sea, Danubian and Balkanic Europe, towards Gaul and Iberia, where the Neolithic agriculturalists contributed to the formation of the megalithic civilisation which developed from -5.000. This explains also the linguistic correspondences I established between Gaulish and Dravidian languages – 250 common words from the 500 words I studied, as well as similarities I found in the organisation of the Society and the religion, which lead certain researchers to suggest, on the basis of the diffusion of the very ancient gene H2-P96 from India to Western Europe, that the first Europeans and the proto-Dravidians had a common origin.
Extrait : cette étude, dont l’objectif initial était de démontrer les correspondances entre le gaulois et les langues slaves, entre lesquelles j’ai trouvé 500 mots communs, m’a en outre permis de démontrer, sur la base de données génétiques, archéologiques et religieuses, que ces correspondances étaient liées à des migrations anciennes liées à la diffusion de la civilisation dravidienne de la vallée de l’Indus vers l’Iran, la Mésopotamie, l’Anatolie, le Caucase, le Nord de la Mer Noire, l’Europe danubienne et balkanique, la Gaule et l’Ibérie, où les agriculteurs néolithiques ont contribué à former la civilisation mégalithique qui s’est développée à partir de -5.000. Cela explique aussi les correspondances linguistiques que j’ai établies entre le gaulois et les langues dravidiennes - 250 mots communs sur les 500 mots étudiés, et les similitudes que j’ai constatées dans l’organisation de la société et la religion, qui amènent certains chercheurs à suggérer, sur la base de la diffusion du gène très ancien H2-P96 de l’Inde à l’Europe de l’Ouest, que les premiers Européens et les proto-Dravidiens avaient une origine commune.

In: Multidimensionality of vocabulary in the literary language (2018): 117–133.
The chapter analyzes the semantic, structural, and functional features of the Ukrainian socio-political vocabulary in given period. It describes external factors which influence the language of internet media, such as Revolution of Dignity, Russian-Ukrainian hybrid war, post-truth politics, and other phenomena of social and political life. The research demonstrates change in semantic contents of socio-political vocabulary and emergence of a new associative field "Military affair." It investigates numerous neologisms in the given thematic layer and brings to light most productive methods, for instance, prefixation, blending, semantic change and borrowing. The study highlights trends in socio-political vocabulary functioning in the internet media and examines use of lexicon from pop-culture phenomena (for example, "The Lord of the Rings" and "Game of Thrones") in the Ukrainian political discourse.

(= Slavonic names for mosque with special regard to Polish, Silesian, Czech and Slovak data). -- Abstract: Even though mosques are a typical element of the Islamic culture the channels through which their designations came into Slavonic (as well as some other European languages) are not really well known. This author divides Slavonic reflexes of the Arabo-Turkic word into eight groups and discusses the reasons for their various shapes. The essay is composed of three parts: (1) Background and Western European data; (2) Slavonic and German; (3) Results and questions. The most interesting aspect is that of a semantic difference between two types of words (meczet ~ mešita ~ mošeja and džamija) and its importance for the etymology, as well as some comments on the source of the Czech and Slovak word on the one hand and the Russian term on the other. In the end of part (2) particular attention is paid to the question whether the Silesian name was borrowed from Polish or from Czech.

This paper deals with certain aspects of accentuation of the Čakavian dialect of Blato on the island of Korčula from a historical and wider dialectological perspective. The material in the paper is based completely on a recently published dictionary – Milat Panža ([2014]). The topics discussed are posstonic acute length, locative plural in *-axъ (and the accent of *nasъ, *vasъ), one archaic length alternation in the verb "činiti", the accentuation of the "za me" type and some minor issues.

Az ismertetendő kötet a szerzőnek azon munkáit tartalmazza, amelyek az utóbbi években, sőt évekkel korábban jelentek meg, főként a Magyar Nyelvőr és a Magyar Nyelv hasábjain. Ez a könyv tehát úgy is felfogható, mint egy közel 30 éves kutatói múlt összefoglalása: összegzése mindannak a tudásanyagnak, amelyet a szerző velünk, a kötet olvasóival az adott tárgykörre vonatkozóan megosztani szándékozott. Mindezek az ismeretek NYOMÁRKAY ISTVÁN professzor gondos, hozzáértő válogatásában tárulnak elénk, aki tematikus rendszerbe illesztette az egyes cikkeket és tanulmányokat.

While matrix clauses pronouns are almost never dropped in matrix clauses in Russian, silent pronouns are licensed in almost all kinds of embedded clauses. Null pronouns in such positions share similarities with PRO, but they also differ from PRO in many respects. In this paper, I show that there are two kinds of environments in which such pronouns can appear. The first kind of environment includes complements of attitude verbs, where there is strong evidence for a syntactic relation between the null pronoun and its antecedent. In the second kind of environment, which includes sentential adjuncts and embedded wh-questions, the nature of this relation seems to be different. I propose that Russian possesses a minimally specified silent pronoun which is phonologically deficient and must cliticize onto a higher projection and thus can only be found in the presence of an overt complementizer. I adopt the proposed in Holmberg (2005) that a major feature of pro-drop phenomena is the valuation of the D feature of the null pronoun. I propose that in Russian the null pronoun is unable to value this feature inside the clause where it is merged and therefore needs to probe outside the clause to get the D feature valued. The difference between properties of silent pronouns in the two kinds of environments is derived from the exact mechanism by which the valuation takes place. In the case of complements of attitude verbs, the valuation takes place as a result of an agree relation, in other cases the valuation takes place via a topic-chain.

The monograph presents contrastively some basic syntactic structures in Russian and Slovenian. It contains the first comprehensive contrastive description of syntactic relations in contemporary Russian and Slovenian. The study consists of three parts: The first part provides a description of different types of agreement and government in Russian and Slovenian. The second part includes an analysis of differences in expressing reflexivity. The final part provides a contrastive analysis of different types of hierarchical relations between clauses, focusing on basic features of different kinds of coordination and subordination.

Monografija je kontrastivna predstavitev nekaterih temeljnih skladenjskih zgradb v ruščini in slovenščini. Je prvi temeljitejši opis skladenjskih razmerij v sodobni ruščini v primerjavi s slovenščino. Razprava je trodelna. Prvi del obsega opis ujemanja, vezave in primika, drugi del vključuje analizo razlik pri izražanju povratnosti. Zaključni del kontrastivno obravnava še različne tipe hierahičnih razmerij med stavki, predvsem osnovne značilnosti priredij in podredij.

Статья посвящена лингвистическому анализу «русского» чешского перево-
да Нового Завета Н. П. Апраксина в церковнославянско-чешском издании
1892–1897 гг. Языковые характеристики этого текста позволяют говорить о по-
следовательной церковнославянской интерференции на различных языковых
уровнях, мотивированной стремлением переводчика актуализировать «общеславянские
» элементы в чешском литературном языке. Этот опыт представля-
ет попытку возвращения к идеалу единого славянского литургического языка
и к общему для славян кирилло-мефодиевскому наследию.
The article deals with linguistic analysis of the «Russian» Czech translation of New
Testament of Nikolai Apraksin in the Church-Slavic-Czech edition of 1892–1897.
Language characteristics of the text let make a conclusion about consequent Church-
Slavic interference on different linguistic levels inspired by the translator’s desire
to actualise «common Slavic» elements in the Czech literary language. This was an
attempt to go back to the ideal of a common Slavic liturgical language and the common
for all Slavs heritage of Cyril and Method.

Dedicated to Karl Gutschmidt. pdf contains front matter and contents (for both volumes). Vol. 2 contains diachrony (prehistory, Old Church Slavonic, early vernacular development), grammaticography, lexicography, dialectology, standardology, varieties, typology

There are three basic methodological requirements – known for almost a hundred years – which
must be fulfilled to properly determine the etymon (Greek: ἔτυμον) of a word borrowed from an
Oriental language (in most cases a Turkic language). The article presents a fourth requirement
concerning not the etymon itself, but rather the ways it has been permeating the Slavonic languages, and partly also the West-European ones, which adds to the complexity of the research
situation. In order to show the methodological problems the lexical examples have been divided
into five groups: (1) real Orientalisms; (2) borrowings from Turkish and other Turkic languages;
(3) Orientalisms from Western Europe; (4) alleged Orientalisms; (5) unexpected Orientalisms.
The conclusion is that the future of the research into borrowings – not only Orientalisms, and not
only in the Polish language – will be based on cooperation of etymologists who at the same time
are philologists of various languages.

A contrastive approach towards concepts "good" and "evil" in Bulgarian and Russian Languages. Based on proverbs and questionnaire answers is constructed a matrix model for linguocultural comparison. It is not a surprise that the kernel elements in this matrix are basically the same for Bulgarian and Russian languages. However peripheral semantic elements show some differences.

This Excel file is a WORK IN PROGRESS on Indo-European basic lexicon, aligning PIE reconstructions from IEW, LIV and Mallory-Adams with intermediate reconstructions of IE sub-families found in several other sources (mainly Brill / Leiden etymological dictionaries): see dedicated sheet for details on sources.
Reconstructions with a green background have more complete data than those with a white background.
This DRAFT database is intended as a stepping stone for researchers who want to explore external genetic relationships between Indo-European languages and other language families.