Regulation And Governance

Blockchain and other business disruption technologies have created a buzz in the last few years and have become an inevitable discussions topic in the financial circles. It will have game-changing impact on businesses, particularly on the banking and financial services. Consortium or Enterprise Blockchain is the latest technological evolution allowing us to build hybrid blockchains (public and private) using features such as permission restriction and multiple controlling authorities. These hybrid features allow easy yet controlled information sharing between various stakeholders. After getting acceptance in areas such as remittance & supply chain financing, blockchain is now making inroads into sub-sectors such as asset and wealth management. This article demystifies blockchain concepts and demonstrates an implementation for the mutual fund (MF) industry. MF industry is plagued by slow processing. For example, it takes days together to onboarding a new investor, transactions take a date to appear on statements while NAV computations takes hours to compute and show up for registrars to process transactions. We explore how smart contracts can help cut the transaction processing but will blockchain provide high speed and latency necessary? Can investor statements be accessed dynamically? Will distributed information sharing and decentralization system save costs and time for the stakeholders, particularly in client onboarding, NAV dissemination? How can blockchain help in KYC and other compliance related activities? Can mf scheme portfolios and factsheets get constructed automatically and available with real time updates? How can regulators and auditors have easy access to information as and when they want? Finally, we will examine some of the challenges or hurdles that come in way towards the implementation.

When investigating the evolution of the FDA that led it to an era of regulatory capture by pharmaceutical companies, the role of Reagan’s neoliberalism and his administration is clear and undeniable.
To fully understand the scope of the capture of the agency, we will investigate the roles of the individual commissioners, the financial relationships between the industry and the representatives in Congress and the FDA who serve with industry sympathies, and the agency scandals such as the “Pay to Play” meetings and the controversial use of “trade secrets” laws. After evaluating the critical moments of deregulation, public opinion shifts, and policy construction it is apparent that the era of New Right conservatism during the Reagan era built the foundation that led to the regulatory capture of the Food and Drug Administration.

How to Design Impactful Laws - Treatise on Legistic and Legisprudence  in the Age of Soft Law

La loi peine toujours plus à « faire la loi » à l’ère du droit souple et de la globalisation. Afin de produire un impact législatif aussi juste qu’optimal, la légistique doit proposer dans ce nouveau contexte une démarche permettant d’intégrer démocratiquement la force du droit souple dans le processus législatif, de pair avec le contrôle de constitutionnalité des lois, sans se contenter d’améliorer la clarté des textes.

Ce traité présente les fondements de la légistique, constituée historiquement pour faire recouvrer à la loi sa rationalité, son efficacité, sa clarté et sa concision.

Il explique comment :
- créer une analyse d’impact intégrée qui prenne en compte toutes les composantes du développement durable parmi la multiplicité des instruments d’action tant publics que privés (légistique matérielle prospective) ;
- formuler des textes clairs et cohérents (légistique formelle) ;
- évaluer rétrospectivement les effets des lois et des politiques publiques par des méthodes appelées à devenir participatives (légistique matérielle rétrospective).

Ce traité porte sur le droit suisse et le droit de l’Union européenne, avec des aspects de droit comparé. Il intègre de manière critique les développements en économie comportementale, en sciences affectives, en intelligence artificielle et en sciences de la gouvernance et de la régulation.

Il s’adresse non seulement aux juristes mais aussi aux spécialistes en sciences sociales, au personnel politique et administratif ainsi qu’à toute personne intéressée par le pilotage des politiques publiques.

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How to Design Impactful Laws: Treatise on Legistic and Legisprudence  in the Age of Soft Law

In an age of soft law and globalization, it has become increasingly difficult for the law to “lay down the law”. To ensure in this new context that its impact is as fair as optimal, legistic must go beyond mere clear legislative drafting: it has to propose a method for integrating the strength of soft law in the democratic law-making process.
This treatise presents the foundations of the sciences of legislation (legistic or legisprudence), historically constituted to make laws more rational and effective, clearer and shorter.

It explains how to:
- create an integrated impact assessment that factors in all the components of sustainable development, among the multiplicity of public and private policy instruments (ex ante material legistic);
- formulate and communicate clear and coherent texts (formal legistic);
- retrospectively evaluate laws and public policies through methods which should become more participative (ex post material legistic).

This treatise is based on Swiss and European Union law, with a look on comparative law. It includes developments in regulation and regulatory governance, behavioral economics, affective sciences and artificial intelligence.

This work is intended not only for lawyers, but also for social scientist, members of political and administrative authorities, and anyone interested in public policy evaluation.

As one of the young investment forms in emerging economies around the world, Public-Private Partnerships (“PPP”) have shown that it is one of the best ways to achieve the best of the best characteristics from both public sector and private sectors.  As comparative research, firstly, this paper would provide a general approach on PPP investment format. Next, since 2020 is a milestone for the first official law on PPP ever promulgated in Vietnam, the third chapter of the paper describe several essential sections of the PPP Law 2020 with a brief comparison to the most recent legal framework on PPP of Vietnam - Decree 63. After a review of new and old version of the law on PPP, this paper provide several current legal issues that has been around for a long period of time without effective mechanism to deal with. Besides the remained issues, several loopholes under the new regulations have been found, and it even become more and more evident when compared to international standard and practice from reports of international organisations and those of countries with world-leading PPP legal systems. To sum up, I hold that, beside my recognition for the 20-year rapid development of PPP, the Vietnamese government efforts in attracting more and more foreign and domestic private sectors into public projects for the sustainable development of the county, Vietnam should synchronise, systematise those other legal framework heavily related to PPP projects such as Law on Investment, Bidding Law, Law on Environmental Protection, and other relevant regulations. Besides that, the Law on Information Access although it comes into effect from 2018, it remains to be a “ghost” regulation since it has never been integrated into newer laws and regulations, including Law on PPP 2020. As information disclosure is one of the key parts of this paper, the Author provide substantial rule, regulation and practice in developed countries that can be a model for Vietnam to follow.

This Paper explores and summarises the Director's Duties of the UK Companies Act 2006 with emphasis on "the duty to promote the success of the company.

Tags:
Companies Act 2006 model articles, Companies Act 2006 summary
companies act 2006 pdf
companies act 2006 model articles
companies act 2006 regulations 2013
Companies Act 2006 UK
UK Companies Act 2006

Blockchain technology is a new general-purpose technology that poses significant challenges to the existing state of law, economy, and society. Blockchain has one feature that makes it even more distinctive than other disruptive technologies: it is, by nature and design, global and transnational. Moreover, blockchain operates based on its own rules and principles that have a law-like quality. What may be called the lex cryptographia of blockchain has been designed based on a rational choice vision of human behavior. Blockchain adopts a framing derived from neoclassical economics, and instantiates it in a new machinery that implements rational choice paradigms using blockchain in a semi-automatic way, across all spheres of life, and without regard to borders. Accordingly, a global law and crypto-economics movement is now emerging owing to the spread of blockchain.

This Article suggests that such a rational choice paradigm is an insufficient foundation for the future development of blockchain. It seeks to develop a new understanding of blockchain and its regulation through code according to the emerging “law and political economy” framework. Blockchain is much more than a machine that enables the automation of transactions according to a rational choice framework. Blockchain should instead be understood as a technological infrastructure. Acknowledging the infrastructural dimension of blockchain technology may help identify a new role for the law in its interaction with blockchain, as well as for government in its interaction with the new technology. More precisely, identifying blockchain as an “infrastructural commons” helps us recognize that law and regulation should not be relegated to the role of merely facilitating the operation of the invisible hand of the market by and within blockchain, but should rather acquire more active roles, such as safeguarding access on non-discriminatory terms to users, on a model with net neutrality and other public utility safeguards. The Article closes by proposing a “law and political economy” framework for blockchain that is based on principles of publicness, trust, and interoperability.

Much like initial public offerings produce publicly traded securities, Initial Coin Offerings (icos) produce crypto tokens tradeable on crypto exchanges. Despite an apparent need for investor protection the ico and the tokenisation phenomenon have yet to be addressed by legislative action on the EU level. The paper studies the suitability of the EU regulatory framework to capture tokenised financial instruments and utility tokens based on the views of the EU supervisory and national competent authorities. It is argued that EU regulators shall first ensure legal certainty by defining the scope of to-kenised financial instruments subject to MiFID. Further, authorisation and ongoing requirements shall be adapted to address the risks posed by distributed technology and direct global access of investors to crypto markets. Finally, there is no immediate need for a bespoke EU-wide regime governing utility tokens; fragmentation of the market is a positive development providing a testing field for future supranational initiatives.

The world is in dynamic flux and ever changing, which prompted me to update my previous paper. The 2020 CNN climate map below was tied to the hottest year ever recorded according to CNN 2. The max. temp. difference is in the Siberian Artic. Assuming average values over the period, what appears amazing is that maximum temperature differences in 10 years at the North and South poles appear to be over 10 o C. This cannot be due to human activity, particularly not in Northern Siberia. Canada seems substantially cooler at similar latitudes than Siberia. Temperatures below the Equator appear to be much lower than those above. Canada and Australia have similar development but Canada seems vastly cooler. China with a large polulation and industry, emittimg much SOx (a cooling agent) seems cooler. This cooling trend is also seen from central Asia to China. Why? It appears that CO 2 is not the culprit as its radiative forcing is small, distributed in higher population areas and not in northern Siberia. CO 2 causes photosynthesis thus greening, NASA LAI shows it 1. If so something else causes it. The answer is "very probably methane (CH 4)" and various "Clean Air" acts that outlawed Sulfur in fuels limiting SOx emissions, reducing low cloud formations which block solar heating. These Acts starteted 1970 in the US with ammendments to 1990. The EU finalized theirs in 1997. In 2000-10 China's economic expansion produced vast SOx emissions causing 1998-2008 hiatus slowing temperature rise(Fig. 21, 22) 1 .

Much effort has been expended by the regulators in Jordan to enhance the code of corporate governance (CG); however, the effectiveness of CG mechanisms in monitoring management and enhancing the value of a firm is still a puzzle. This study aims to investigate the impact of CG and cash holdings (CH) on firm value as measured by the market-to-book ratio. The sample consists of all manufacturing firms listed on the Amman Stock Exchange (ASE) over the years 2010–2017. The study hypotheses were tested using panel regression analysis. The research findings suggest that CH have a positive association with firm value, supporting the transaction and precautionary motives for holding cash. An interesting finding is that board expertise was found to be negatively associated with firm value. Gender diversity was found to be positively related to firm value, while board size, independence, and frequency of meetings were found to be insignificant. It seems that firms in Jordan regard strong CG m...

Article for the DiDIY blog (http://www.didiy.eu/blog) discussing the threat to gun control from digitally manufactured (e.g. 3D printed) weapons. Continues a discussion initiated by Vincent Müller and Wouter Tebbens.

Available at http://www.didiy.eu/blogs/digitally-manufactured-weapons-can-they-be-controlled.

Autorzy stawiają sobie za cel rozpoznanie i scharakteryzowanie polskich warunków współpracy jednostek samorządu terytorialnego z organizacjami pozarządowymi. W głównym nurcie rozważań znajdują się więc prawne, politologiczne, ekonomiczne i socjologiczne aspekty współpracy międzysektorowej. Zastosowanie multidyscyplinarnego podejścia pozwala na diagnozę najważniejszych cech, a także barier przedmiotowej współpracy. Ułatwia również zaproponowanie konkretnych rozwiązań i rekomendacji, mających na celu podniesienie jakości funkcjonowania tej konkretnej relacji międzysektorowej.

The Keynesian theory states that economic growth is positively affected by government spending, while Classical theory states that economic growth is negatively affected by government spending, as is stated by neoclassical public choice theorists (Nyasha & Odhiambo, 2019). Based on these theories, many authors have carried out research on the impact of economic freedom on economic growth by analyzing various empirical cases. Bergh and Karlsson (2010) with the findings from his paper confirmed that the countries with the highest government size have an elevated growth in the globalization index of KOF and the Fraser Institute’s economic freedom index. The main aim of this paper is to analyze the government size impact on the growth of the economy in the Western Balkan in the time period 2000–2017 according to Fraser Institute’s data, incorporating the following econometric models: fixed and random effects, pooled ordinary least squares (OLS), and Hausman-Taylor IV. With these models,...

Bangladesh lagged in microfinance regulation until 2006 when it established Microcredit Regulatory Authority (MRA). So far, MRA has granted license to around 650 Microfinance Institutions (MFIs); and has been supervising them with prudential and non-prudential regulations. We assessed the impact of regulation on cost efficiency using from pre-regulation and post-regulation data of 182 MFIs. Panel data analyses robustly show that regulation improves cost efficiency; directly through changing behavior of the MFIs, and indirectly through increasing staff productivity and portfolio size. We found partners of PKSF—the wholesale lending agency in Bangladesh—and unsubsidized MFIs are more efficient than others.

This background document discusses transnational regulation in an effort to frame policy options for a formal, global approach for public agencies to regulate the supply of medicines. It also explores how the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) can best facilitate the interests of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other medicines regulatory agencies on this issue moving forward. The background document follows in three parts. The first part sketches the challenges facing public regulators regarding the diversification of global supply chains, including the consequent proliferation of substandard and counterfeit drugs and the need to leverage resources and build regulatory capacity globally to accomplish mandated domestic public health missions. The second part applies a theoretical framework for tackling these challenges and outlines a typology of policy options. The third part discusses how CFR might organize an initial meeting to discuss the experiences of other sectors in order to help advance discussions already underway by the Heads of Medicine Regulatory Agencies.

What kinds of governance agendas emerge at frontiers of commercial expansion, where routine economic relations traverse differences of ethnicity and degrees of formality? In the Balim Valley in the highlands of Indonesia's easternmost Papua province, mobilities and trade intersect at adjoining peri-urban markets and minivan terminals. The 'terminal economy' at the edges of Wamena, the region's bustling hub, is a threshold between rural and urban life, where indigenous livelihoods are subordinated to Indonesia's expanding commercial networks. Here, a cosmopolitan population-including indigenous Papuan highlanders and newcomer merchants from distant Indonesian regions-gathers to buy and sell local horticultural produce and imported commodities, transit between modes of transportation, and engage in a variety of formal and informal economic activities. This article traces the emergence of a multifaceted commercial regulation agenda, in the wake of demands for the recognition of indigenous contributions to the regional economy. It considers recent indigenous-formulated regulation policies in the context of the region's commercial history, one that is marked by a colonial devaluation of indigenous economic life and, more recently, by uprisings, inter-ethnic tensions, and government attempts to control and contain informal vending. The article conceptualizes commercial regulation as a convergence between efforts to contain disruption and demands for the revaluation of marginalized economic practices. It argues that commercial regulation is especially salient in regions that have been relegated to an end-point position in national and global commodity distribution paths.
http://tinyurl.com/y6z4ekd6

Innovation is essential to the improvement of public sector services, yet restrictive regulations may constrain this process. This paper draws on the school autonomy literature to advance our understanding of the effect of regulatory constraints on public sector innovation, using Queensland's Independent Public Schools (IPS) program as a case study and example of regulatory change. The IPS program commenced operation in 2013. Schools are accepted into the program through an expression of interest application. Application forms require individual schools to outline the 'innovative educational programs or practices' the school will be able to implement if it is accepted as an IPS (Innovation Question). A textual content analysis was undertaken of the Innovation Question for a total of 127 successful applications in the 2013, 2014 and 2015 rounds. Coding was developed based on the Schumpeterian forms of innovation. Overall the results show that the Queensland IPS initiative will foster innovation according to principal's perceptions about the innovative practices that they will be able to implement as an IPS. The paper finds that the current centralised service delivery model is constraining innovation with respect to staffing flexibility, school partnerships, leasing and licensing of facilities and in managing school buildings, facilities and infrastructure.

“Informal Communities and Cannabis Regulation in the Emerald Triangle”, chapter for
"The Illegal, the Immoral and the Criminal: Transnational Perspectives on Informality", edited by Polese A., Russo A., Strazzari F.,
Palgrave&MacMillan, 2018 (in print)

This article aims to contribute to recent debates on research methods in public administration by examining the use of quantitative methods in public administration research. We analyzed 1,605 articles published between 2001-2010 in four leading journals: JPART, PAR, Governance and PA. Results show that whereas qualitative methods are still predominant compared to quantitative methods (56 versus 44 percent), the field is becoming increasingly quantitative. Of quantitative methods used, surveys are most dominant, while a combination of methods is used far less often. In general, very few studies use a mixed methods design. As to the areas of research, we found that the use of quantitative methods is unequally distributed; some subfields (public management) use quantitative methods more often than others (policy and politics), and some journals (JPART, PA) publish articles on quantitative research more than others (Governance). Implications for public administration research are discussed.

Analisar a arte de rua e os mecanismos que a controlam nos permite entender melhor as cidades contemporâneas. Justamente por ocupar um lugar que é muitas vezes marginal e contestado, os artistas de rua e suas táticas de sobrevivência e legitimação expõem dinâmicas de poder, políticas culturais questionáveis, dificuldades de acesso aos espaços públicos, disputa pelo direito à cidade e observância das leis. As tentativas de regular a arte de rua podem nos dizer muito sobre determinados momentos históricos, as disputas da/na/pela cidade e, ainda, como as pessoas vivem juntas em ambientes urbanos complexos. O objetivo do presente trabalho é discutir brevemente como a arte de rua – enquanto prática comunicacional – pode evidenciar as disputas pela cidade. Apresenta-se aqui uma abordagem interdisciplinar, com foco na regulação da arte de rua e dos espaços públicos em que elas acontecem, com base em pesquisa de campo realizada em duas cidades: Rio de Janeiro e Montreal.

Die Digitalisierung einer Vielzahl von Inhalten sowie deren dezentrale Vernetzung durch das Internet-Protokoll hat zu einem massiven Anstieg im Ausmaß, der Reichweite und Geschwindigkeit von Informationsflüssen geführt. Diese Entwicklungen nähren den Traum des globalen freien Meinungsaustausches, der erreichbarer als jemals zuvor erscheint. Doch ermöglichen digitale Technologien auch neue Kontrollmöglichkeiten, nicht nur von Meinungsäußerungen, sondern auch von sozialen Praktiken, die sich im Netz entwickeln. Die fördernde Rolle des Internets im Bezug auf Zugang und Austausch von Informationen wurde oft von Politikern (z. B. Clintons "Freedom to connect") und internationalen Organisationen (La Rue, 2011; Dutton et al., 2010; OSCE, 2011) unterstrichen. Allerdings stößt die Grenzenlosigkeit des digitalen Informationsaustausches an das bereits bestehende Konstrukt nationaler Inhaltsregulierungen. Die bestehende Gesetzeslage zur Regulierung von Inhalten erstreckt sich auch auf digitale Formate, jedoch berücksichtigen diese keine bestehenden geografischen Grenzen. Die dezentralisierte Struktur des Internets und die Möglichkeit eines jeden Nutzers, anonymen und grenzüberschreitenden Zugang zu Informationen anzubieten und zu erhalten, stellt Regulierungsbehörden in allen Ländern vor die Frage der Umsetzung von länderspezifischen Gesetzen im Internet (Johnston/Post, 1996). Durch die Liberalisierung des Telekommunikationssektors in den 1980 und 1990er Jahren liegt die Informationsinfrastruktur auch größtenteils in den Händen B. Küllmer ()

O presente trabalho não objetiva discutir a existência ou inexistência de um direito à tutela dos dados pessoais nem seus eventuais contornos, mas sim discutir estratégias regulatórias colocadas em prática, tendo como premissa a existência de tal direito e seu conteúdo já solidificado, ao menos em princípio, na doutrina sobre o assunto . Dado este enorme passo, deve-se, entretanto, atentar a uma questão relevante e anterior a qualquer discussão sobre direitos e deveres específicos: como regular?

Organizadores: Sérgio Branco, Chiara de Teffé
Editora: Lumen Juris

Autumn Conference on European Sate Aid Law 2017, 24 November 2017, Madrid.
(Session III).

The speech provide an overview of the key issues on the relationship between environmental and energy taxation and State aids and to show how ECJ case-law on the electricity networks theme can give some light on this complex field.

This conference is based on a published article in "The Green Market Transition
Carbon Taxes, Energy Subsidies and Smart Instrument Mixes" (Critical Issues in Environmental Taxation series), Edited by Stefan E. Weishaar, Associate Professor of Law and Economics, Faculty of Law, University of Groningen, the Netherlands, Larry Kreiser, Professor Emeritus of Accounting, Cleveland State University, Janet E. Milne, Professor of Law and Director of the Environmental Tax Policy Institute, Vermont Law School, US, Hope Ashiabor, Associate Professor of Law, Faculty of Business and Economics, Macquarie University, Australia and Michael Mehling, Deputy Director of the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, US (2017)

Recent changes in patterns of public service provision, sometimes associated with the`regulatory state', have been said to have eroded citizenship and diminished accountability. This paper responds to these challenges by outlining a toolbox of four transparency mechanismsinformation, choice, representation, and voice -as alternative devices that can be built into the architecture of public service regimes, to increase responsiveness and answerability. Using insights drawn from cybernetics and transaction cost analysis, this paper looks at the consequences of different choices of combinations of mechanisms in allocating authority in line with competing administrative doctrines of fiduciary trusteeship and consumer sovereignty. Attention is drawn to differences in`cost profiles' between different public services that can facilitate or inhibit consumer choice as a basis for understanding the suitability of different combinations of mechanisms to specific public services. A contingency model determining the suitability of particular mechanisms to particular services of different`cost-profiles' is presented. Given the variety of public services and among different public service architectures in the regulatory state, it is argued that this differentiated approach to transparency and accountability provides a more effective response to holding public services accountable than narrower traditional notions of political accountability.

Staatliche Steuerung war in den Augen zahlreicher kritischer Kommentatoren wenig erfolgreich. Die Liste von Beispielen für Steuerungsversagen oder doch zumindest Steuerungsprobleme ist lang; die mit Erfolgen eher kurz. Hinzu kommt, dass Steuerung heute vor neue Herausforderungen gestellt ist, welche in der traditionellen politikwissenschaftlichen Steuerungsforschung bislang nur unzureichend abgebildet sind (siehe Dose 2003: 32 ff.): Denationalisierungsprozesse, die zunehmende Relevanz der Mehrebenenverflechtung sowie die weitgehende Aufhebung der Trennung von Staat und Gesellschaft (Grande 1999: 382; Hoffmann-Riem 2005: 200 ff.; König 2005: 1469). Zusammenfassend lässt sich mit Schuppert (2005: 460) formulieren, dass der Wandel der Staatlichkeit eine Erweiterung der Steuerungstheorie zu einer Governancetheorie erfordere. Gleichfalls wenig Beachtung finden in der engeren steuerungstheoretischen Debatte die verschiedenen Formen von Unsicherheit (Knight 1921). ähnlich unberücksichtigt sind die politischen Kosten, die entstehen, bis eine Einigung über eine Governance-Maßnahme erzielt wurde. Es existiert bislang kaum eine Vorstellung, wie diese Einigungskosten systematisch in Policy-Design-Konzepte integriert werden können. Noch gravierender ist der Mangel an Fähigkeiten zur systematischen Analyse von gesellschaftlichen Problemen, obwohl diese immer wieder gefordert wird (Ingraham 1987: 611; Mayntz 1987: 90; Landfried 1991: 6; Benz 1994: 223). Wegen dieser Unzulänglichkeit hat auch noch niemand versucht, abstrakte Kategorien gesellschaftlicher Probleme mit den Governance-Instrumenten zu verbinden, obwohl auch dies — wiederum — von Experten der internationalen Governance-Forschung angemahnt wird (Peters 2000).

This article analysis Governments and interest group’s intermediation of employment interest under neo-corporatism to understand young third-country immigrants’ transition to work in  Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland. Existing research pointed to neo-corporatism that  emphasize large interest group organization cooperates with each other and with public
authorities in interest intermediation to reconcile competing group’s interest with the public,  but the governance leads to inequality. Although neo-corporatism involves regulatory  weakness, there is still little research in Central Eastern European (CEE) countries explaining  Government and interests’ group intermediation of employment interest under neo-corporatism to understand young third-country immigrants’ transition to work. Based on a  qualitative cross-national case-oriented research approach with fewer-country comparison,  documents, published and unpublished scholastic texts are collected and analysed by a  document and content analysis technique to fill in this gap. The findings show that exchange  interaction, industrial restructuring, and compliance monitoring instruments are a major  perceived influence in neo-corporatism governance with a lack of public value accountability  that may impair the reconciliation of social dispute when looking at issues such as young third-country immigrants and socioeconomically disadvantaged groups in interest  intermediation setting. The study demonstrates certain decentralised multilevel corporatist  governance similarities but dissimilarities from the country’s institutional context. The  outcome points to regulatory administrative devices to manage interest group’s crisis and  young vulnerable people’s employment opportunities. This is relevant to bureaucratic  accountability and deliberate democracy, but the risks to democratic deficit, competitiveness,  political inequality, and inefficiency in the complex policy implementation process may  impair ethnic minority people’s belongings, jeopardize public the trust, and hampered open democratic values.

This essay addresses the topic of directors' liability from both the corporate law and public policy perspectives. The paper comments how laws other than core  company law impose obligations and liabilities on directors for public interest reasons . The essay proposes that in examining what the responsibilities of directors are, and ought to be, we must do so through the wider lens of public policy rather than the narrow lens of company law alone.  As companies are virtual entities which can only act through humans, the key question is when should humans be liable for the acts of a company. "Limited liability" is the limitation of a shareholder's liability (qua shareholder) to the value of their shares in the company. It is not some type of 'force shield' for a company's officers. The paper identifies some factors relevant to addressing what liabilities and accountabilities should directors be under.

Recent research argues that robots could replace workers in dangerous work environments to reduce occupational injuries. However, robot development and usage in most developing countries remain at an infant stage, robots may increase the likelihood of occupational injuries due to conditions such as limited human capital and defects. By using a city-level dataset based on the Guangdong Province in China, we find that robot application is associated with an increase in the rate of occupational injuries in the first two years, and then exhibits nonsignificant and even negative effects afterwards. We also find that local governments can reduce or even eliminate the effect of robot application on occupational injuries by strengthening safety regulations. In addition, although local governments are keen on pushing robot application and industrial intelligence, the wide application of robots may impose a burden on the public health expenditure of local governments due to occupational injuries. This study extends our knowledge by challenging the traditional view that robot application can reduce the rate of occupational injuries, and also provides suggestions on the safety regulations of developing countries at the early stage of industrial intelligence.

Objetivo: Abordar a questão da propriedade intelectual (PI) na governança de dados, especificamente, dados advindos da pesquisa científica ou (e-Science). Justifica-se ao considerar a contribuição e importância da gestão organizacional contemporânea na implantação e organização de sistemas que comportam dados advindos da pesquisa científica e, que possam ser compartilhados e aferidos quanto às questões legais. Resumo: Os avanços nas tecnologias digitais e redes de contatos ou networks alteraram radicalmente como tramitam os dados atualmente. Os caminhos de produção, disseminação, gerenciamento e uso de dados científicos e todas as áreas da ciência estão guiadas por dados, todas as pesquisas dependem do fácil acesso e uso dos dados. Conjuntamente com estes avanços tecnológicos cresce a necessidade de políticas e regimes de uso dos dados científicos, o presente artigo traz à tona as questões sobre a propriedade intelectual e os sistemas de dados. A governança de dados é muito discutida no momento atual pelas questões de privacidade, qualidade, e segurança, mas ao que concernem em parte as questões que apresentam a propriedade intelectual, carece de reflexão.

Abstract
The confluence of energy and climate policies has led to a tense situation where the traditional liberalization process is being progressively combined with the interventions and measures
towards a low carbon economy .
This new framework reveals the shift from a regulatory programme targeted at opening the energy market put in place in a decade of “energy packages” to a priority task of decarbonisation. At the same time it reveals that the liberalisation policy pursued by the
Commission is in conflict with a stark increase in national policies and measures largely aimed at achieving climate change mitigation goals through the implementation of new technologies such as renewables.
A turning point in designing the relations between the EU Commission and the Member States is article 194 of the Lisbon Treaty. Tension between the idea of a common Union approach and a national approach based on the interests of individual states emerges. Hence MS are allowed to retain strong rights in energy. Their ‘sovereignty’ over their resources and national energymix is acknowledged.
In literature often energy is seen as an area of shared competences as stated under article 4 of the TFEU and detailed in the specific article on energy. However both the interpretation of article 194 and the written text of the same seem to evoke a different allocation of the competences at EU and national level.
Therefore this paper argues that the competences in energy are allocated according to an ‘intersecting’ structure where they are to be put together like pieces of a puzzle.
The need for a ‘box’ where the objectives promoted by the Commission and the MSs’ divergent interests can meet is behind the proposal of an Energy Union which arose, rather unexpectedly, when the 2014 crisis of Russia’s annexation of Crimea pushed energy concerns to the top of the
list of priorities. The strategy of the Energy Union is an attempt to reconcile divergent goals: on the one side, the EU’s more than ten-year policy of liberalisation for a fully integrated energy market and, on the other, the new imperative to achieve specific outcomes of emission reductionthanks to interventions in the energy market.
While the liberalisation process has been implemented on a common track to remove state monopolies for a more open and integrated market, the decarbonisation policies are undertaken by national governments with sole regard to their own needs. Such a counter-trend can result in a sort of re-nationalisation of the energy market and in deep distortions of the internal market.
The proposal for a revised Renewable Energy Directive, providing for a framework to achieve the 2030 renewable target, aims at integrating renewable energies in the market and ensuring “utmost coherence” of the policy proposals.
Even though in the Energy Union the Commission is pushing towards a higher level of integration, the effective convergence of national policies would require a different structure of article 194 Tfue and centralized competences in the Commission’s hands.
On these premises, the ‘Winter Package’ reframes energy policies and the regulatory system and represents a compromise between instruments steering the market and decentralized initiatives.
In fact the lack of a project of governance was “the hole” in the heart of the Energy Union plan.
The paper will point out that this project is an attempt to coordinate the institutional design for decarbonisation with the well-established regulatory scheme. Therefore this model of governance outlines new modes of dialogue between the Commission and MS based on direct
relationships where the Commission is at the centre collecting initiatives towards common outcomes. Such a coordinating structure seems to refer to the “hub and spoke” model. Its advantageous feature is that all the entities may cooperate, even if with different roles. The reframing of the relationships in the decarbonising policies is developing, on the regulatory side, thanks to the ongoing presence of national regulators cooperating within Acer as confirmed in the proposal of regulation recast.

How do we regulate a changing technology, with changing uses, in a changing world? This chapter argues that while existing (inter)national AI governance approaches are important, they are often siloed. Technology-centric approaches focus on individual AI applications; law-centric approaches emphasize AI's effects on pre-existing legal fields or doctrines. This chapter argues that to foster a more systematic, functional and effective AI regulatory ecosystem, policy actors should instead complement these approaches with a regulatory perspective that emphasizes how, when, and why AI applications enable patterns of 'sociotechnical change'. Drawing on theories from the emerging field of 'TechLaw', it explores how this perspective can provide informed, more nuanced, and actionable perspectives on AI regulation. A focus on sociotechnical change can help analyse when and why AI applications actually do create a meaningful rationale for new regulation-and how they are consequently best approached as targets for regulatory intervention, considering not just the technology, but also six distinct 'problem logics' that appear around AI issues across domains. The chapter concludes by briefly reviewing concrete institutional and regulatory actions that can draw on this approach in order to improve the regulatory triage, tailoring, timing & responsiveness, and design of AI policy.

Référence complète : Frison-Roche, M.-A., Les conséquences régulatoires d'un monde repensé à partir de la notion de "donnée", in Frison-Roche, M.-A. (dir.), Internet, espace d'interrégulation, série "Régulation", Journal of Regulation - Dalloz, 2016, p.183-207.

Lien : http://mafr.fr/fr/article/les-consequences-regulatoires-dun-monde-repensee-a/

Résumé : La première conséquence régulatoire tient au fait que ce que l'on désigne souvent comme "l'objet" de la donnée (la personne, l'entreprise pour la donnée financière, l'économie pour le rating, etc.), n'est que sa source, son "sous-jacent", la donnée étant fabriquée par une entreprise ou par l’État  tandis que son objet est bien plutôt l'usage pour lequel cette donnée a été construite et articulée à d'autres.  La donnée est donc autonome de son sous-jacent, est mise en masses affectées, prend une valeur économique en fonction des désirs qu'en ont ses utilisateurs et ses acheteurs, devient disponible hors du temps et de l'espace dans le numérique. Cela implique une interrégulation spécifique.

Mais la donnée est aussi le Janus du numérique, car, nouvel or noir, pur instrument financier, par nature immatérielle, la donnée conserve pourtant la trace des personnes. Elle la conserve, la met en exergue et en danger. Le Droit peut alors établir de force une indissociabilité entre la donnée et son sous-jacent, pour protéger celui-ci, notamment s'il s'agit d'une personne, ou pour atteindre celui qui utilise l'information.  Cette double-face de la donnée entraîne des chocs de régulations dans Internet. Le cas Safe Harbor l'illustre.

En outre, tout Internet ramène vers l'internaute, dans lequel l'on verrait volontiers "Le Grand Interrégulateur". Mais est-ce si adéquat, légitime et efficace ? Le "consentement," auquel renvoie l'interrégulation assurée par l'internaute lui-même, fait naître le doute. En revanche, sous le vocable déplacé de "droit à l'oubli" se dissimule une arme efficace qui peut frapper ceux qui accaparent les données dans une économie numérique qui semble se constituer dans un mécanisme anté-marché, c'est-à-dire dans une régression qui pulvérise l'autorégulation marchande elle-même pour remplacer les actes juridiques d'échange par des actes juridiques conjonctifs, organisation que pour l'instant le Droit et la Régulation ont bien du mal à appréhender, faute des qualifications juridiques pour ce faire.

Le "droit à l'oubli" requalifié à travers la catégorie des actes conjonctifs serait un premier pas pour satisfaire un objectif de la régulation, assurant à la fois la protection de l'innovation et la protection des personnes, dans un futur qui doit rester toujours ouvert et que nulle puissance économique ou politique ne peut s'approprier.

Analisar o processo normativo nas agências reguladoras é uma tarefa que não pode se restringir apenas a esse aspecto, mas que deve ser precedida do entendimento de suas origens, remontadas historicamente em outros países, tanto quanto no Brasil, das motivações que ora levaram a decisão dessas criações, passando naturalmente pelo entendimento das características das agências, suas tipologias, seus propósitos e, indubitavelmente, pela autonomia e pelo poder inerente de cada uma delas.

Globally, the energy sector is fast nearing a tipping point of no return, transitioning from fossil fuel to renewable energy. Business is turning to the IT department to leverage technology that will reduce organisational wide production and operational cost in a fast changing economy. The business expects the IT department to be innovative and build new IT competencies for a rapid response to the transition towards renewable energy. This study contributes new knowledge regarding the impact of management theory and approaches on the successful implementation of IT in the African Oil and Gas industry. The research shows that capabilities such as innovation and people competencies are growing in importance while IT leadership is becoming a critical role in supporting and delivering on the business objectives as enabler and transformational agent of business. Capabilities such as systems thinking, business acumen and interpersonal skills are key IT management competencies for transform...

This Report presents an analysis of the heritage regulatory framework of six cities with Spanish fortifications in the Caribbean: San Juan, Puerto Rico; Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic; La Habana, Cuba; St. Augustine, Florida, USA; Veracruz, México and Cartagena de Indias, Colombia.

With the adoption of Regulation (EU) No. 910/2014 the electronic identification and the electronic trust services become particularly important to the digital document turnover at both national and European level by receiving a key role in the built-up of trust in the electronic environment and in the opportunities it offers. The new European legal framework, directly applicable to the national legislation, is expected to significantly boost the electronic identification and the electronic trust services, as a result of which these tools will substantially contribute to the increase of the transparency, the neutrality and thus of the effectiveness of electronic transactions. Регламент № 910/2014 [1], целящ повишаване на доверието и удобството в трансграничните електронни трансакции в държавите-членки на ЕС, представлява забележителен елемент в законодателния арсенал на ЕС по отношение на цифровия единен пазар, доколкото изграждането на доверие в онлайн средата в днешно време играе изключително важна роля в икономическото и социално развитие. Регламентът е забележителна крачка напред към създаването на обща рамка за сигурни електронни взаимоотношения между гражданите, бизнеса и държавните органи. Приемането на Регламент № 910/2014 е резултат от острата нужда от укрепване на развитието на цифровия пазар на ЕС чрез въвеждане на съгласувана и всеобхватна правна рамка, която да подсили най-новите постижения в областта, като в същото време отстрани установените недостатъци. I. НЕДОСТАТЪЦИ И НЕОБХОДИМОСТ ОТ РЕФОРМА Редица проблеми, предизвикващи свиване на европейската цифрова икономика и спиращи нейния растеж, бяха широко дискутирани и потвърдени няколкократно от органите на ЕС. В съобщението на Комисията от 26 август 2010 г., озаглавено "Програма в областта на цифровите технологии за Европа" [2] беше отбелязано, че разпокъсаността на цифровия пазар, липсата на оперативна съвместимост и растящата киберпрестъпност представляват основни пречки за растежа на цифровата икономика и следователно е нужно да бъдат преодолени. В друг свой документ от 2010 г.-Доклада за гражданството на ЕС, озаглавен "Премахване на пречките за упражняване на правата на гражданите на ЕС" [3], Комисията изтъква необходимостта да се преодолеят основните трудности, които възпрепятстват гражданите на Съюза да се възползват от предимствата на цифровия единен пазар и предлаганите на него трансгранични цифрови услуги. В допълнение, в свое съобщение за медиите, озаглавено "Списък със задачи в областта на цифровите технологии: нови приоритети за периода 2013-2014 г." [4], публикувано на 18 декември 2012 г., Комисията подчертава факта, че "цифровата икономика се разраства седем пъти по-бързо в сравнение с останалите икономически отрасли, но понастоящем потенциалът ѝ не може да се разгърне поради нехомогенната общоевропейска рамка на политиките". Друг установен проблем е обстоятелството, че Директивата за електронните подписи [5] обхваща електронните подписи, "но не предоставя цялостна трансгранична и междусекторна рамка за сигурни, надеждни и лесни за използване електронни трансакции" [6]. Както заглавието подсказва, Директивата за електронните подписи покрива единствено областта на електронните подписи и не съдържа допълнителни правила относно други удостоверителни услуги, които днес се считат за важни за създаването на доверие и сигурност на Европейския цифров единен пазар. II. ПРЕДИЗВИКАТЕЛСТВОТО Всички тези недостатъци представляват сериозно предизвикателство пред Европейската комисия, която през 2011 г. беше приканена от Съвета [7] да допринесе към цифровия единен пазар чрез създаване на подходящи условия за взаимно трансгранично признаване на ключови фактори като електронната идентификация, електронните документи, електронните подписи и услугите по електронно доставяне. По средата между влизането на в сила на Регламента (което се случи на 17 септември 2014 г.) и деня, когато повечето от разпоредбите на Регламента ще започнат да се прилагат (1 юли 2016 г.) може да се каже, че предизвикателството е било прието с радост и скоро ще бъде преодоляно. Регламент № 910/2014 представлява ясен и изчерпателен инструментариум за създаване на механизми и правила за надеждни и сигурни електронни трансакции. Регламентът се изправя пред предизвикателствата към международните трансакции и тяхната правна рамка, породени от развитието на новите технологии. Така Регламентът с готовност обхваща въпроси, които никога преди не са били регулирани на ниво ЕС.

This study explores the implications of different approaches to performance management forinspection work and regulatory outcomes. It assesses to what extent variations in methods forcontrolling discretion explain why in some cases regulatory inspectors limit themselves to thenarrow boundaries of their formal mandate, while in other cases they work collaboratively withinspected firms and other organizations to develop innovative strategies that solve complex regu-latory and business problems. After reviewing alternative approaches to the management of dis-cretion, I present a natural experiment that offered an opportunity for controlled comparisons oftwo current attempts to reconcile bureaucratic performance with accountability: New PublicManagement and Experimentalist Governance. Case comparisons in the area of labor inspection inBrazil – involving severance payments, fraudulent cooperatives, and safety in construction –suggest that these two approaches to the management of regulatory bureaucracies produce con-siderably different inspection strategies and regulatory outcomes. The different accountabilitymechanisms and investigation str ateg ies inspired by each of these approaches create different setsof incentives with direct effects on inspectors’ motivation and their ability to resolve compliance problems.

Dr Sweta Chakraborty reviews the current debate over health & safety regulation, representing the views of academics, regulators, government, and lawyers, including the British Safety Council and the Health and Safety Executive.

The policy brief recommends a more lenient approach to regulation based on risk management rather than hazard classifications.

It reinforces recommendations made in the Löfstedt Report, which have been adopted in the Government Response and reflected in David Cameron's pledge to "tackle the health and safety monster".