Oil and gas

Geological carbon dioxide storage (CCS) has the potential to make a significant contribution to the decarbonisation of the UK. Amid concerns over maintaining security, and hence diversity, of supply, CCS could allow the continued use of coal, oil and gas whilst avoiding the CO 2 emissions currently associated with fossil fuel use. This project has explored some of the geological, environmental, technical, economic and social implications of this technology. The UK is well placed to exploit CCS with a large offshore storage capacity, both in disused oil and gas fields and saline aquifers. This capacity should be sufficient to store CO 2 from the power sector (at current levels) for a least one century, using well understood and therefore likely to be lower-risk, depleted hydrocarbon fields and contained parts of aquifers. It is very difficult to produce reliable estimates of the (potentially much larger) storage capacity of the less well understood geological reservoirs such as non-confined parts of aquifers. With the majority of its large coal fired power stations due to be retired during the next 15 to 20 years, the UK is at a natural decision point with respect to the future of power generation from coal; the existence of both national reserves and the infrastructure for receiving imported coal makes clean coal technology a realistic option. The notion of CCS as a 'bridging' or 'stop-gap' technology (i.e. whilst we develop 'genuinely' sustainable renewable energy technologies) needs to be examined somewhat critically, especially given the scale of global coal reserves. If CCS plant is built, then it is likely that technological innovation will bring down the costs of CO 2 capture, such that it could become increasingly attractive. As with any capitalintensive option, there is a danger of becoming 'locked-in' to a CCS system. The costs of CCS in our model for UK power stations in the East Midlands and Yorkshire to reservoirs in the North Sea are between £25 and £60 per tonne of CO 2 captured, transported and stored. This is between about 2 and 4 times the current traded price of a tonne of CO 2 in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme. In addition to the technical and economic requirements of the CCS technology, it should also be socially and environmentally acceptable. Our research has shown that, given an acceptance of the severity and urgency of addressing climate change, CCS is viewed favourably by members of the public, provided it is adopted within a portfolio of other measures. The most commonly voiced concern from the public is that of leakage and this remains perhaps the greatest uncertainty with CCS. It is not possible to make general statements concerning storage security; assessments must be site specific. The impacts of any potential leakage are also somewhat uncertain but should be balanced against the deleterious effects of increased acidification in the oceans due to uptake of elevated atmospheric CO 2 that have already been observed. Provided adequate long term monitoring can be ensured, any leakage of CO 2 from a storage site is likely to have minimal localised impacts as long as leaks are rapidly repaired. A regulatory framework for CCS will need to include risk assessment of potential environmental and health and safety impacts, accounting and 1 monitoring and liability for the long term. In summary, although there remain uncertainties to be resolved through research and demonstration projects, our assessment demonstrates that CCS holds great potential for significant cuts in CO 2 emissions as we develop long term alternatives to fossil fuel use. CCS can contribute to reducing emissions of CO 2 into the atmosphere in the near term (i.e. peak-shaving the future atmospheric concentration of CO 2 ), with the potential to continue to deliver significant CO 2 reductions over the long term.

While the canonical literature on oil wealth suggests that hydrocarbon windfalls encourage repressive despotism, Kuwait provides a case of an oil-rich autocracy governing instead through popular rentierism-that is, through a broad coalition of social forces, one that furnishes enduring loyalty from below while constraining abuses of state power from above. This paper provides a theoretically guided explanation for this exceptional outcome. I argue that the Kuwaiti regime's coalitional bargains originated in the pre-oil era, when domestic opposition and geopolitical constrictions compelled it to forge new social alliances at the dawn of modern statehood. This inclusionary strategy mediated the subsequent effect of oil rents, which the regime used to institutionalize its mass base with costly material and symbolic side payments. Such popular incorporation bound large constituent classes to the regime's survival, precluding the need for widespread repression. After 50 years, these coalitional bargains have also proven remarkably resilient, as social actors have continued to endorse the autocratic leadership despite economic crisis and wartime defeat.

ogy has also demonstrated useful advantages in other financial applications, including futures trading volumes prediction in bankruptcy prediction, are limited to back-propagation neural networks. Their well-known disadvantages, however, limit the practical usefulness , stocks selection (Kryzanowski, Galler, and Wright, 1993), forecasting exchange rates (Kuan of neural discriminant models. Instead, a probabilistic neural network with fewer of these difficulties is proposed. Using data from the U.S. and Liu, 1995), and real estate valuation (Worzala, Lenk, and Silva, 1995).

This paper will discuss the political and legal aspects of the maritime disputes in the Eastern Mediterranean and the factors relevant to their conciliation. The first part of the paper introduces the Mediterranean Sea and the relevance of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) regime in its basins. Subsequently, the author summarizes relevant historical cleavages in the Levant Basin, with a focus on relevant modern Lebanese-Israeli, Lebanese-Syrian and inter-Cypriot events. Part III will discuss the increasing interest in EEZ delimitation over the past decade due to hydrocarbon prospects in the Eastern Mediterranean and the geopolitical and maritime challenges that have since taken shape. Finally, based on the Law of the Sea and previous examples from around the world, the author discusses relevant legal avenues for achieving balanced solutions to maritime tensions in the region and presents the most relevant criteria in delimiting maritime boundaries.

El presente artículo busca mostrar a grandes rasgos los principales requerimientos técnicos para escuelas y centros de entrenamiento a tenerse en cuenta en la construcción y administración de los mismos. Teniendo en cuenta los siguientes referentes internacionales:

• NFPA 1402 “Guía para la construcción y puesta en Servicio de Escuelas Contra Incendio”.

• NFPA 1403 “Estándar para Entrenamiento con actividades prácticas de llama viva”.

At the beginning of 2019, Russia was quite confident it would be able to either redirect its gas transit to the EU away from Ukraine before the expiration of the transit contract or renew the deal on Moscow’s own terms. But despite Gazprom’s (i.e., the Kremlin’s) transit diversification strategy, the new five-year deal shows that the Ukrainian transit corridor still remains of paramount importance for Russia

Questo studio si propone di analizzare alcune recenti dinamiche della
geopolitica dell'energia, focalizzando la trattazione degli argomenti sul
contesto e sulle fattispecie che compongono il quadro di costituzione del
partenariato energetico sino-iracheno, venuto in essere in un particolare
momento storico per la regione mediorientale, il ritorno in patria delle
truppe statunitensi alla fine della seconda Guerra del Golfo (2011).

In this paper we discuss why and how Russia needs to shield herself from the negative consequences of the US dollar’s worldwide financial domination. The apparent political will of the Russian regime to transform the ruble into a reserve currency has to cope with the objective reality of a ruble perceived as a nonreliable store of value. The proposition of starting to settle energy exports in rubles is explored. The paper is organized around a series of chapters dealing with political, economic and financial matters pertinent to the actual Russian predicament, including an analysis of the ruble’s weaknesses and strengths. In the conclusion the author argues that the ruble in its present form is way too weak to become a hard currency and therefore a reserve currency. The case for linking the ruble to gold is proposed in parallel with a cautious increment of the ruble’s use in Russia’s energy contracts, bearing in mind that the Russian economic reality is partially that of a petrostate.

Petroleum industry has a major share in the world energy and industrial markets. In the recent
years, petroleum industry has grown increasingly complex as a result of tighter competition,
stricter environmental regulations and lower-margin profits. It is facing a challenging task to
remain competitive in a globalized market, the fluctuating demand for petroleum products and the
current situation of fluctuating high petroleum crude oil prices is a demonstration that markets
and industries throughout the world are impacted by the uncertainty and volatility of the
petroleum industry.
These factors and others forced petroleum companies for a greater need in the strategic planning
optimization and sensitivity analysis in order to make decisions that satisfy conflicting multiobjective goals of maximizing expected profit while simultaneously minimizing risk. These
decisions have to take into account uncertainties and constraints in factors such as the source and
availability of raw material, production and distribution costs and expected market demand.
This book discusses the full aspects concerning the Petroleum Refinery starting from its history
reaching a plant design for the products refinery processes and naphtha processing with the help
of an industrial simulation programs such as Aspen HYSYS. It covers refinery classification, crude
oil structure and economics, in addition to the refinery processing line from the beginning of the
handling of the feed introduced to plant units passing through the desalting, preheating, flashing
units till reaching the separation processes in distillation towers producing the refinery products,
vacuum tower distillation and the naphtha processing using the modern technique Methaforming
that are all discussed theoretically and simulated for a real-life Petroleum Plant Production Units
using the industrial simulating programs.
This finally demonstrate the full image of the petroleum refinery processes importance to the local
and international world of petroleum and petrochemical industries and human’s life.

The evolution of Caspian Sea basin energy transmission networks is entering a crucial phase. Azerbaijan is the crucible where questions concerning the future structure of geo-economic relations in Eurasia (and also therefore crucial aspects of the general geopolitical structure of world politics) are today being resolved. Azerbaijan’s significance arises both from the volume of its natural energy resources and from its irreplaceable role as a bridge from Central Asia and the Caspian Sea basin to the Black Sea basin and Europe. Most recently, this significance has only been underlined by the implementation of a multi-vectored energy export strategy. Long-term and short-term historical perspectives put into relief the significance of the expanding geo-economic energy relations between Greater Central Asia and Greater Southwest Asia.

As bombas de polpa tem vasta aplicação na industria com principal enfoque na Industria Extractiva. 
Este guia serve para explicar os procedimentos de selecção de bombas de polpa, o guia e baseado no guia de selecção de bombas da Warman (propriedade da Weir Minerals).

In true sense, Nigeria has made considerable efforts in reducing her gas-flaring activities. However, it is highly debated if the recorded reductions over the years are solemnly from the enacted regulations, penalties and incentives. In order to analyse the effectiveness of these instituted policy instruments including the implementation mechanisms driving their successes or failures, this research uses the Contextual Interaction Theory (CIT) as a theoretical framework.
The theory is built on the premise that Governance is essentially a myriad of interaction processes where actors in a policy setting are constantly in a game of influencing each other depending on their position in relation to others. Consequently, actors’ characteristics play pivotal roles in determining policy outcomes.
Although varieties of adhoc explanations abounds for various policy failures, ranging from inadequate motivation of responsible institutions, insufficient manpower resources, ambiguity of legislative guidelines and so on. However, empirical researches including the CIT have shown that these factors need not exclusively affect policy implementation; rather in consonance with other factors can exert some degree of influences.

O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar desperdícios no processo de solicitação de materiais visando propor melhorias através da abordagem Lean Office. O método da pesquisa utilizado foi à pesquisa-ação, o projeto se desenvolveu no setor de Cabeça de poço de uma empresa de grande porte do setor de óleo e gás da região sudeste do Rio de janeiro. A execução do método deu-se através de coleta de dados com entrevistas, consulta a documentos, observação direta e mapeamento do fluxo de valor (MFV) no ambiente da pesquisa com o objetivo se obter um maior entendimento a respeito do processo estudado. Ao final do trabalho obteve-se, primeiro, uma contribuição teórica, pois os conceitos foram aplicados em uma empresa do setor de óleo e gás, ambiente ainda pouco explorado por aplicações da abordagem utilizada. Parte das propostas sugeridas foram implantadas resultando na diminuição do lead time em até 24%. Esses resultados são consequência da melhoria da estrutura e da eliminação de atividades desnecessárias que não agregavam valor. Conclui-se que é possível aplicar os conceitos do Lean Office no setor de óleo e gás, considerando as restrições e adaptações necessárias da organização.

Compressed gas sampling for microorganisms is an important part of contamination control assessment.  This paper addresses topics related to microbial assessment of compressed gases.  These include gas purity including moisture considerations, sterile filtration, compressed gas standards, microbial contamination, microbial survival, sampling and testing requirements, instrumentation, and various sampling considerations including growth medium choice and frequency, and reporting requirements.

The purpose of this research is to assess the effects of major tax legislation on the stock prices of firms in the oil and gas industry. Event study methodology is used to examine the behavior of security prices of oil and gas firms in response to the Joint Conference Committee vote in August 1986. Event studies have been used extensively over the past twenty years to determine the impact of both firm-specific events (such as stock splits and bond downgrades) and industry-wide events (such as new regulations) on common stock prices. The major objective in these studies has been to determine the extent to which security returns around the event were different from expected returns based on a prediction model. These studies have shown that capital markets are highly efficient, i.e., stock prices adjust quickly to publicly available information as investors act in response to new expectations of risk and returns (Hill and Schneeweis 1983).

Small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) are generally acknowledged as having huge potentials for employment generation and wealth creation in any economy. Hence interest in their development continues to be in the forefront of policy debates. In Nigeria however, the sector remains relatively small in terms of its contribution to GDP or to gainful employment. Though the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry has played pivotal role in the economic development of the country since independence, with over 95% of total export revenue currently accruing from this sector, the participation of SMEs in the sector has been largely insignificant. However, the enactment of the Nigerian Content Development Act 2010 provides a number of opportunities for Nigerians to participate in the oil and gas sector. This paper examines the historical trend in the development of SMEs in Nigeria and identifies the several opportunities and competitive advantages now exclusively reserved for Nigerian companies under...

Abstract In this paper we decompose and analyze the drivers of the oil price and provide a detailed explanation of the reasons behind the price increase that took place during last decade. We address the problem of endogene' ity using a novel data set that allowed us to ...

Основные тезисы:
􀀀 Существующая в настоящее время практика предоставления лицензий на пользование участками недр без получения информации о земельных участках, необходимых для реализации права использования участка недр, нередко приводит к серьезным проблемам.
􀀀 Регулирующее эти вопросы законодательство в процессе своего совершенствования в настоящее время замерло на месте.
􀀀 Целесообразно выстроить систему земельно-информационного обеспечения инвестиционных процессов в области недропользования, состоящую из четырех этапов.

Oil and gas project are currently characterised by increasing complexity. The process of contracting a project appropriately in early project stage is very crucial to securing its success this can be attributed to the difficulty associated with timely completion, costs, quality and revenue. 1 As a result, different contracting strategies have been developed over time for allocation of task, responsibility, and risk.

54 years + full time experience & over 64800 satisfied clients World Wide +27818084431

Are Any Of The Serious Problems Listed Below (Or Similar) Adversely Affecting You Or Your Loved Ones...And You Are Feeling 'Powerless' To Find A Solution?

*I BRING BACK LOST LOVERS IN 24hrs.

*REMOTE CONTROL OVER LOVERS.

*ALL TYPES OF SPELL CASTING & VOODOO WORKER.

* BLACK MAGIC EXPERT & CURSE REMOVER.

* GET LUCK FROM FORE FATHERS, BRING YOUR LOVED ONES CLOSER TO YOU, WE CHASE EVIL SPIRITS, WE DO HOME PROTECTIONS, FINANCIAL PROBLEMS.

* DELAYED PACKAGES, PENSION OR ACCIDENTAL FUNDS, COME NOW!!

* IS YOUR HEALER TAKING LONG TO SOLVE YOUR PROBLEMS? THIS IS YOUR CHANCE TO BE HELPED QUICKLY.

*GET RIDE OF ANY WITCHCRAFT, BAD LUCK & CURSES.

* EXPERT IN DISTANCE HEALING.

*COURT CASES EVEN IF ONE IS CONVICTED[IF THERE'S A CHANCE OF APPEALING]


*UNFINISHED JOBS BY OTHER DOCTORS-IF NOT SATISFIED-COME TO ME.

*ARE YOU BEING FORCED INTO A DIVORCE?


*HEALERS WHO NEEDS MORE POWERS TO HEAL THEIR


* DO YOU WANT TO HAVE CHILDREN OF YOUR CHOICE?

*DO YOU WANT QUICK MARRIAGE PROPOSAL?


*HIRE SHORT BOYS TO GIVE YOU RICHNESS IN 1 WEEK.$3800

*BUY AMAYEMBE [ANCESTRAL SPIRITS] TO MAKE YOU RICH.$4500

AND MANY MORE.....CALL: +27818084431 OR VISIThttp://drpinkietraditionalhealer.wordpress.com
Email:[email protected]
http://drpinkietraditionalhealer.wordpress.com
website : drpinkie.co.za

Don't quit, Winners don't quit and quitters don't win! "If any of the issues above resonate with you and you have nowhere else to turn I can help you no matter where you are - anywhere in the World. All work is guaranteed to be 100% remote, and 100% discreet.

I have well over 54 years full time professional international experience, successfully healing the problems above (and more) for people like you... when absolutely nothing else would work."
website : drpinkie.co.za

We give the reader a tour of good energy optimization models that explicitly deal with uncertainty. The uncertainty usually stems from unpredictability of demand and/or prices of energy, or from resource availability and prices. Since most energy investments or operations involve irreversible decisions, a stochastic programming approach is meaningful. Many of the models deal with electricity investments and operations, but some oil and gas applications are also presented. We consider both traditional cost minimization models and newer models that reflect industry deregulation processes. The oldest research precedes the development of linear programming, and most models within the market paradigm have not yet found their final form.

Petroleum engineering and geology students, young and even seasoned professionals in the industry question the long-term viability of the industry. Career options and opportunities are discussed within the framework of the value of oil and gas to improving people's lives.

Industrial control systems are nowadays exposed in environments with rapid and unstable parameter changes and uses measuring equipments with critical output sensitivity. In the case of thermal gas analyzer, measurement errors are contributed by temperature, gas flow, and pressure. Error compensation is a key problem for these control systems. In recent years, it has been proven in the literature that artificial neural network (ANN) is a reliable and low cost solution to manage errors. Among all the algorithms of ANN, the back propagation is commonly used because of its simplicity and learning methodology is easy to realize. However, it has two notable drawbacks: (a) it is likely to run into local minimum, and (b) convergence is slow. Thermal conductivity gas analyzer often works in adverse surroundings, which requires fast and accurate measurements. Therefore, a strong learning network is needed. This paper proposes a novel thermal gas analyzer using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system. The effectiveness and validity of the proposed method is verified by simulation studies using MATLAB. Fuzzy membership rules are created to allow regulation of learning parameters. Further, the fuzzy adaptive network model is constructed to train large data samples while the high precision compensation of sensor error is realized by the improved flow. Simulation results reveal that the convergence speed and output accuracy is improved and the learning parameters in thermal gas analyzer are automatically corrected by the proposed method in comparison with the back propagation algorithm of artificial neural network.

we are highlighting how the biofuel as an alternative fuel source, presents the advantages behind using such an energy source, challenges behind using it, and what is the expectation of this source on the future. We will go through Brazil as a country which is making benefits behind using this clean source; and the urges of its future on using this source.

The research presents experimental study and investigation on the production of biodiesel from African sweet orange seeds oil. The seeds were obtained, sundried, crushed and weighed. Chemical extraction method was used to extract oil from the crushed seeds using soxhlet extractor with n-hexane as a solvent. The physicochemical properties of the oil determined were; flash 1510C, fire point 1730C, acid value 82%, product percentage yield 40% and specific gravity 0.920 at 150C. The production of Biodiesel was carried out through transesterification process from the extracted oil using methanol as catalyst. The results of the physicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel are; Cloud point 60C, Pour point 20C, Flash point 1400C, Density 0.86g/cm and Kinematic viscosity 1.938 mm2/s. The effect of methanol on the yielding of biodiesel at constant ratios of oil and catalyst was determined to be 68% at 10ml, 77% at 9ml and 72% at 7ml. The results obtained are in conformity when compare...

The objective in this paper is to present a proposal of a scale to measure the decision quality in infrastructure projects in the exploitation of oil and gas, as well as its foundations. One of the most important distinctions of Decision Analysis is the differentiation between a good decision and a good outcome, which is the approach of the scale, which occurs when decision making faces uncertainty. Therefore, a good decision does not always produce a good outcome. From this distinction, a progressive scale was designed, using an adjustment of the pairwise comparisons based on the Saaty scale achieving a quantitative hierarchy, which shows whether the decision guarantees quality, does not guarantee quality or is not acceptable. For its application, other existing decision processes used in the petroleum industry were located, from their common components a standardized decision analysis process was created, the common components are appropriate frame, objectives, decision and alternatives, risk and uncertainty, possibilities and modelling, values and exchanges and implementation and each of them subdivided into key aspects that are object of the measurement and evaluation. The objective set in a first stage was the proposed model of the measurement scale of decision quality and is subject to future validation work to verify its applicability in real life in a second stage.

Attempts by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) to standardize oil and gas accounting in the 1970s has been referred to as the "most politicised accounting argument ever" (Van Riper, 1994, p.56). Marking the only instance in which the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has declined to support the FASB's standards, the failure of the FASB to limit accounting method choice has had lasting implications with divergent methods still practised by oil and gas companies today. This study presents a narrative of this development and specifically examines the events through the lens of regulatory capture theory to show that the industry was successful in capturing the regulatory process and securing its preferred outcome.

Oil and gas produced in the Arctic seas is transported by offshore buried pipes. In some areas, however, the estimation of a safe burial depth is hampered by the possibility that ice masses can make trenches in the sea floor and damage the pipe, this process is known as "ice scouring". In order to make a safe design, knowledge is required of the soil deformation under an ice keel scouring the soil. Since it is difficult to examine ice scouring in a field test, tests have been carried out in the geotechnical centrifuge of the University of Delft. Several parameters were varied, such as speed, undrained shear strength, scour depth and multiple scouring. A grid was placed on the clay sample so that the complex deformation pattern could be visualized clearly. The soil deformation was measured by means of image processing and the horizontal and vertical loads were measured.

This article attempts to increase understanding of best practice in decision-making in strategic project management, as applied to the upstream oil and gas sector. It describes what is meant by strategic project management in that context, outlines the wide range of techniques that can be applied to managing strategic projects, and explores the elements (or dimensions) of the strategic project management process, and the appropriateness of techniques in facilitating strategic project management. It seeks to improve managerial understanding of strategic project management, by proposing a set of multidisciplinary elements framed by the balanced scorecard's (BSC) rationale, and investigating the extent to which techniques address the proposed set of elements. 

The Oil, Gas, and Mining Unit series publishes reviews and analyses of sector experience from around the world as well as new findings from analytical work. It places particular emphasis on how the experience and knowledge gained relates to developing country policy makers, communities affected by extractive industries, extractive industry enterprises, and civil society organizations. We hope to see this series inform a wide range of interested parties on the opportunities as well as the risks presented by the sector.