Competition Law

L’avvento della sharing economy ha rivoluzionato molti servizi proponendo modalità che fuoriescono dagli schemi legislativi. Al centro del dibattito degli ultimi anni vi è il trasporto pubblico non di linea, il quale si trova a dover subire la concorrenza di Uber. Ma questo servizio innovativo è fortemente ostacolato da una legge ormai obsoleta che disciplina il trasporto non di linea e che descrive un regime di riserva statale che chiude il mercato ai soli tassisti. In questo lavoro si cercherà di evidenziare le carenze di tale regime al fine di individuare uno spiraglio per il servizio di mobilità prestato da Uber. Per questo si analizzerà il funzionamento della disciplina del trasporto non di linea, ci si interrogherà sulla necessità dell’apposizione della riserva in tale settore, si individueranno i problemi che l’apertura a Uber arreca alla collettività e si considererà una possibile risoluzione ai contrasti. L’analisi delle condizioni della riserva statale sanciti nella Costituzione e le risposte alle medesime problematiche provenienti da altri Stati, suggeriscono una possibile alternativa agli schemi fissi dell’ ordinamento italiano. Questo induce a riconsiderare i tradizionalismi della materia del trasporto pubblico non di linea e a svincolarsi dalla rigidità di schemi rigorosi

This book is designed as a working tool for the study and practice of European Competition Law. It is an enlarged and updated fifth edition of the highly practical guide to the leading cases of European Competition Law. This new edition also contains detailed coverage of State Aid law. Each chapter begins with an introduction which outlines the relevant laws, regulations and guidelines for each of the topics, setting the analytical foundations for the case entries. Within this framework, cases are reviewed in summary form, accompanied by analysis and commentary. This seminal text is essential reading for competition law students and practitioners.
Further details: http://www.bloomsburyprofessional.com/uk/eu-competition-law-9781509909858/
For a 20% discount when ordering from publisher, use discount code: CV7

O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar, com base em uma pesquisa de história legislativa e história do pensamento econômico, se houve uma “revolução do antitruste” no Brasil. A tese da “revolução do antitruste” parte do pressuposto de que, antes da década de 1990, quando teria ocorrido no Brasil a “revolução”, o antitruste brasileiro não utilizava “elementos de análise da teoria econômica”. Esta tese procura demonstrar não somente que, desde seus primeiros anos, o antitruste nacional se utiliza de elementos de teorias econômicas, mas também que há uma convergência entre antitruste e as correntes de pensamento econômico dominantes no período em estudo. O corte cronológico do trabalho vai de 1930 a 1964, por duas razões: primeiro, por falta de literatura significativa especificamente a respeito do antitruste brasileiro do período e, segundo, para demonstrar que, desde o primeiro período de existência da legislação concorrencial brasileira, antitruste e pensamento econômico estão próximos um do outro. A pesquisa se divide em quatro capítulos: no primeiro, situa-se o problema estudado, fixando-se o conceito de “revolução do antitruste”, a origem do debate nos Estados Unidos e como essa perspectiva foi importada para o Brasil; no segundo, faz-se uma análise do antitruste brasileiro no período estudado, buscando elementos não só jurídicos, mas também políticos e econômicos acerca dos tópicos propostos; no terceiro, traça-se um panorama das correntes de pensamento econômico dominantes no período, de modo a ter um quadro teórico e ideológico das ideias econômicas mais influentes à época; no quarto e último capítulo, cotejam-se os dois quadros traçados – ou seja, o antitruste nacional, de um lado, e as correntes de pensamento econômico, de outro – com o intuito de verificar a convergência entre eles, examinando o acerto da pressuposição histórica concernente à “revolução do antitruste”, a saber, que, antes da “revolução”, o antitruste não se utilizara de elementos de teoria econômica ou, em outras palavras, que antitruste e produção intelectual de natureza econômica não estavam relacionados um ao outro.
Palavras-chave: antitruste; história do direito econômico; Estado; pensamento econômico; Brasil.

In this thesis, I have examined whether the current approach to competition policy is suitable for the distinct characteristics of the digital economy. It is particularly difficult to define the relevant market and rely on market share test as a proxy for market power in the digital economy mainly because of its dynamic nature. As the market boundaries shift so rapidly in dynamic markets, having a static perspective when defining the relevant market might fall short when assessing competitive constraints that an undertaking may face in the near future. In this regard, this thesis calls for a change in the traditional assessment of market power, and it proposes to replace the relevant market/market share paradigm with a more economic effects-based method, such as estimating the elasticity of residual demand. By doing so, competition authorities can assess competitive constraints from a broader perspective without necessarily being limited to a particular relevant market or any formalistic structure.

In order to identify the most suitable way to assess market power in the digital economy, this thesis is structured as follows. Chapter II explains what digital economy is, how it emerged, and what makes it different from the rest of the economy by identifying its distinguishing characteristics. After providing an overview of the digital economy, Chapter III gives more theoretical insight to the concept of market power. First, it explains the importance of market power within the social market economy. In the second part, it introduces various definitions of market power as provided by different institutions and scholars, describing the defining characteristics of these definitions afterwards. Having explained the concept of market power, Chapter IV focuses on how market power is assessed. By doing so, it explains not only the traditional indirect assessment of market power, but also the direct assessment of the latter. After clarifying what the digital economy is, as well as the concept of market power and how it is assessed, Chapter V evaluates the suitability of current understanding of market power in the digital economy. Then it explains what the challenges of assessing market power in the digital economy are when applying conventional techniques. In the light of these findings, it finally suggests a blueprint of how to assess market power in the digital economy. Lastly, Chapter VI provides the summary of findings and the final conclusion.

The ultimate objective of the present paper is to empirically investigate the effectiveness of competition policy in developed and developing countries. Although its importance is continuously increasing, the effectiveness of competition policy still seems to lack the attention that it would deserve. At the present state of art, the number of academic contributions that attempts to estimate its impact on relevant economic variables appears very limited, in particular for the less developed countries. However, an empirical literature aimed at measuring in objective terms the effect of competition policy on economic growth is emerging, starting from narrow variables of interest, such as Gross Domestic Product and Total Factor Productivity. As a result, the principal aim of the current work is to contribute to this branch of research, focusing on broader indicators of market performance, in order to understand whether the presence of an antitrust authority has a significant impact, thus an effective utility, on the level of competition of a country. | Samà, Danilo (2013), The effectiveness of competition policy: an econometric assessment in developed and developing countries, Law & Economics LAB, LUISS “Guido Carli” University, Rome, Italy, pp. 1-50.

Better understanding of how public works are procured through policy, regulation and upon acquisition is increasingly important. This knowledge can shape how architects can effectively impact wider architectural culture through improving quality, social values and advice to clients, while more successfully obtaining such commissions. In the UK the application of these regulations, which cascades multiple impacts from RIBA Stage 0 through subsequent work stages and extends into the private sector, is in urgent need of reform. Architects need to improve their knowledge of procurement to ensure a more sustainable built environment is achievable and also need to engage in advising clients and industry better to effect the necessary changes in procurement, to deliver more appropriate, simpler, robust, accessible and innovative procurement. Reform has been long overdue but is now an absolute necessity.

Im April 2019 ist das Gesetz zum Schutz von Geschäftsgeheimnissen („GeschGehG“) in Deutschland in Kraft getreten und hat die bisherigen Regelungen hierzu im Gesetz gegen den unlauteren Wettbewerb („UWG“) abgelöst. Was Geschäftsgeheimnisse eigentlich sind und warum man sie besonders schützen muss, soll hier kurz zusammengefasst werden. Dieser Beitrag ist am 31.8.2019 in Fuldaer Zeitung (Hessen, Deutschland) erschienen.

The competition reforms brought about by the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 have intentionally overlooked the uncertainties that still engulf ‘public interest mergers’ in the UK. The Secretary of State retains a residual power to propose new public interest exceptions and there is speculation of what form these new interests could take. This note alludes to some of the proposals for new public interest criteria and considers the implications of these on the future of UK merger control.

REPRODUCEREA ESTE INTERZISĂ FĂRĂ CITAREA SURSEI / REPRODUCTION IS PROHIBITED WITHOUT CITING THE SOURCE
The concept of ”European posting of workers” mainly covers the situation where a company located in one EU country posted an employee to work in another country, when it has to provide a service in that state. Such a situation is circumscribed to the principle of free movement of persons and services, which is one of the foundations of the European Union. In the context of the Iron Curtain fall, a shift of workers from East to West was predictable, including through the posting mechanism. This kind of evolution has also been faced by the EU in previous enlargements. In the last decade, this posting of workers was considered by West European countries as ”social dumping”. But is this „social dumping” real? Does the current ability of companies from lower-wage and lower living standards countries to post their workers in richer European countries even causes to the last ones a social dumping effect for their national economies? Or, on the contrary, social dumping is just a pretext, behind which is hidden their desire to ensure economic protectionism for their own country, which also implies a blocking of the access of workers of other states to their labor market?

The Turkish Competition Authority has published and released for public consultation “the draft Guidelines on the Assessment of Abusive Exclusionary Conduct by Dominant Undertakings” with regard to the prohibition of abuse of a dominant position under Article 6 of the Act on the Protection of Competition 1994. Having been prepared very similar to the European Commission’s “Guidance on the Commission’s Enforcement Priorities in Applying Article 82 of the EC Treaty to Abusive Exclusionary Conduct by Dominant Undertakings” in terms of both structure and content, the draft Guidelines are the first formal piece of secondary legislation in the area of unilateral conduct in Turkish competition law. This article critically analyses the substantial content of the draft Guidelines. Within this context, it answers the question as to whether there is a need for Guidelines under Article 6 in Turkey, discusses the prospective content and legal status of these Guidelines in the event of such a need, comments on the objective that has been pursued or should be pursued under Article 6 in these Guidelines and refers to any other elements that should be included in the future Guidelines.

The fact that people are increasingly locked into their smartphones, tablets and other technological tools which put work, games and music at their fingertips has an impact not only on everyday life but also on competition issues. Indeed, in recent years, several courts and competition authorities have
observed that patent holders may acquire a dominant position as their IP rights happen to be essential to implement a specific industry standard.

This Article discusses the application of European competition law to standardization activities and associated Intellectual Property Rights (“IPR”) Policies and licensing arrangements. It briefly discusses the objectives of standardization activities in Europe and contains a general introduction into relevant principles of European Community (“EC”) competition law. This is followed by a review of principles and antitrust case law relating to: (a) restrictions on membership and access to the standardization process; (b) possible spill-over effects; (c) standard depth and over-standardization; (d) selection of technology for standards; (e) access to standards information and essential IPRs; (f) IPR Policies and problems associated with non-disclosure, late disclosure, or incomplete disclosure of essential patents; and (g) compulsory licensing of essential IPRs under Articles 81(3) (ex Article 85(3)) and 82 (ex Article 86) of the Treaty Establishing the European Community (“EC Treaty”...

The aim of this article is to clarify whether fixing of purchase prices, without the creation of a disguised cartel leading to anti-competitive effects in the downstream market, should constitute a per se infringement. Although joint purchasing is an effects-based infringement, it has been argued in the academic literature that fixing purchase prices without specific output limitation in the downstream market may not constitute a per se infringement. However, this article argues that fixing of purchase pricing without necessarily a downstream output restriction can be considered to be a per se infringement.

The Trade Competition Act B.E. 2560 has recently come into force. The Commission Notifications related to merger control was published in the Royal Gazette on 28 December 2018. The author wrote this article to communicate with the readers who are interested in merger control under this Act. The Article is divided into two parts. Part one is about the mergers which may result in a substantial lessening of competition under Section 51 paragraph one. Part two is about the mergers which may result in a monopoly or a dominant business operator under Section 51 paragraph two. In part one, the author compares the said provisions with the International Competition Network Recommended Practices, Singapore and Taiwan merger control. The study shows that the merger under Section 51 paragraph one is not compatible with the ICN, Singapore, and Taiwan, especially the definition of 'a substantial lessen of competition.' This issue affects the Commission's capability to regulate business operations to maintain free and fair competition.

Denna bok tar ett samlat grepp om rättsliga och idrottsliga åtgärder mot doping. Boken utreder bland annat vad som utgör doping, vilka motiv som ligger bakom olika åtgärder och när olika regler är tillämpliga. Den behandlar också det faktum att vissa dopingbekämpande åtgärder inom idrotten är rättsligt förbjudna. Författarens ambition är inte att undergräva idrottens antidopingarbete, utan att peka ut brister och problem för att i förlängningen stärka kampen mot doping, genom utformningen av ett regelverk som är förenligt med rättsliga krav.

A systematic revision of the notion of facilitating practices is put forward in this paper, with the purpose of relaxing the long-debated tension between economic and legal perspectives on oligopoly. Whereas the law knows of just one collusive illegal conduct, namely agreements, in economic theory the focus on internal enforcement makes the distinction between agreements and other behaviour resulting in

In the age of free-market economy, business entities are involved in competitive practices. This sometimes leads to monopolization by way of anti-competitive agreements, abuse of dominance, mergers and hostile-takeovers between business entities which results in distortion of the market. The purpose of monopoly is to earn maximum profit, usually at the cost of consumers and rival competitors, more than the natural profit which the fair and free competition endures. To prevent monopolization and to ensure a free-market economy is in place, most countries have a system of competition laws whereby allocation of resources is purely based on demand and supply.

Justice Dhananjyay Chnadrachud, in Ion Exchange (India) Ltd., In re2, commented that the “law should be leisurely to retard corporate restructuring as it is one of the means employed to meet the challenges and problems confronted by business enterprises”. However, mergers still need to be regulated as they can use market power which can negatively impact competition and harm consumer welfare by stopping other players from entering the market. There are various provisions under different legislation's like the (indian) Companies Act, 2013, SEBI Regulations, FEMA, which govern the merger of companies in India.

The paper annexed herewith, tries to provide a complete understanding of the concept of mergers and its regulations under the applicable Indian laws.

This article analyses how the concept of collective dominance is applied in the case law of the European Control Merger Regulation and how the assessment criteria have been developed through this case law precedence. In spite of the extensive development of the notion of collective dominance accompanied by the improvement of the checklist of the criteria on which the European Commission founds its assessment of collective dominance, legal uncertainty still remains.

The CFI judgment in the Airtours case constitutes a clear indication that legal uncertainty is not likely to fade. In the aftermath of Airtours, reforms were adopted that included the adoption of the SIEC test as a more efficient tool in assessing collective mergers. The Airtours judgment outlined three criteria for the assessment of collective dominance, namely transparency, retaliation and countervailing power by customers and competitors. The IMPALA judgment, the first annulment of a clearance decision, implies a lower threshold for collective dominance than the Airtours judgment set.

This article will present an extensive account of the development of the concept of collective dominance under the ECMR. It will assess the factors that make a market conducive to collective dominance and determine the criteria that need to be applied by authorities in the assessment of mergers leading to collective dominance.

Stosowanie unijnego soft law jest w praktyce źródłem wielu wątpliwości. Z jednej strony, dotyczą one możliwości zaskarżania aktów prawa giętkiego przed sądami unijnymi. Z drugiej zaś – sprecyzowania wymaga stopień, w którym soft law wiąże organy i sądy, tak na poziomie unijnym, jak
i krajowym. Niniejsze opracowanie poświęcone jest temu drugiemu zagadnieniu. Precyzując dostępne w doktrynie definicje prawa giętkiego, autorka analizuje zagadnienie samozwiązania aktami soft law unijnych organów, jak również problem ich stosowania przez Trybunał Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej. W dalszej kolejności artykuł porusza kwestię związania organów państw członkowskich, w tym problem zastosowania soft law względem jednostek. Tłem dla powyższych rozważań jest unijne prawo konkurencji.

L’esperienza concreta mostra come le imprese farmaceutiche, nel frammentato panorama europeo dei regimi di fissazione dei prezzi e di rimborso dei medicinali, riescano a praticare, per i farmaci orfani, dei prezzi molto piu` alti rispetto ai farmaci comuni. Il fatto che tali prezzi siano determinati in modo sostanzialmente indipendente dai criteri ordinari di fissazione dei prezzi dei medicinali ha indotto in dottrina a ritenere che possano sussistere gli estremi di un abuso di posizione dominante, sotto forma di applicazione di prezzi “eccessivi” ai sensi dell’art. 102, lett. a), TFUE.
Il presente lavoro si propone di sviluppare tale intuizione di partenza, assumendo l’ipotesi che la normativa antitrust europea possa contribuire a ridurre il livello dei prezzi dei medicinali considerati, nel tentativo di bilanciare l’interesse sociale a che le imprese farmaceutiche abbiano sufficienti incentivi a sviluppare farmaci anche per patologie rare con l’interesse, altrettanto generale, a che i prezzi di questi medicinali siano sostenibili per i SSN.

I diritti di traduzione, riproduzione e adattamento totale o parziale e con qualsiasi mezzo (compresi i microfilm e le copie fotostatiche) sono riservati per tutti i Paesi. Fotocopie per uso personale del lettore possono essere effettuate nei limiti del 15% di ciascun volume/fascicolo di periodico dietro pagamento alla siae del compenso previsto dall'art.

As a result of the processes of globalisation and of technological revolution, markets now transcend countries’ physical borders. Increasingly interconnected, borderless and digitalised global markets, thus, tend to develop mass markets, increase the integration of enterprises and so produce goods and provide services that are readily accessible for consumers. Easy access improves knowledge transfer and raises economic efficiencies and expectations. However, there are
also downsides. The ever-diminishing distinction between goods and services in these markets poses a threat to the diversity of goods and services and, consequently, to small market players at both country and company level. Thus, the rise of anti-competitive cross-border economic activities such as collusion, international mergers and filling dominant positions gives reason to pause and revisit the relationship between competition and trade from the perspective of African countries, where national markets are generally small and where small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) represent the majority of market players. While economic analysis of trade on its own often assumes static models, attention to competition and especially to the interface between
trade and competition and between its laws and policies reveals possibilities of enhancing the focus on the diversification and development of productive capabilities that are crucial for the economic development of the small-scale national market players, and inclusive growth, within most African states. In this chapter we present such a perspective to economic policymaking in part by distinguishing between trade and competition at the level of economic activity (section 2) and trade and competition laws (section 3) when discussing their interrelations. We illustrate the latter by evaluating whether and to what extent the behaviour of cross-border economic operators is currently disciplined, with a specific focus on South Africa, one of Africa’s largest economies. South Africa has a well-articulated policy architecture for trade and competition; is a party to both major southern African regional agreements, the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) and the Southern African Development Community (SADC); and is involved in recent initiatives directed at African integration. We then conclude the chapter (section 4).

Samenwerken in de zorg is niet zonder risico, maar ook niet onmogelijk. Van belang is dat zorgaanbieders – waaronder worden verstaan: AWBZ-instellingen, ziekenhuizen en vrijeberoepsbeoefenaren – een goede inschatting maken van het beoogde doel en het gevolg van de samenwerking.

We propose a simple and accurate test method for recognizing anticompetitive sham suits. We consider the problem of testing the null hypothesis that a lawsuit vis-´a-vis an actual or potential competitor is not sham against the alternative that the suit is sham. We develop game theoretical model of bargaining and litigation in the context of entry deterrence, to analyze the incentive of a predator, reacting strategically to the judicial norm creating process, to pursue sham litigation and achieve anticompetitive goals. The theory implies that the question of whether an illegal sham act is baseless or not is irrelevant. When considering open suits-against-competitors to antitrust liability, assessing whether the
alleged predator’s legal expenditures can be expected to pay off is necessary, but insufficient. An appropriate test for sham litigation should be based on close examination of the market structure and thorough analysis of the economic relationship between the parties in dispute. Reputation is the hallmark of the test: the incumbent battles to maintain others’ perception of its readiness to fight entry via frivolous legal battle.

Em 1986, David Teece publicou o artigo Proting from technological innovation: Implications for integration, collaboration, licensing and public policy, que contribuiu significativamente para o estudo dos impactos das inovações tecnológicas no mercado. A sua análise da gestão da inovação colaborou na construção de concepções mais realistas da forma, contrapondo-se e aprimorando as perspectivas teóricas mais tradicionais. Como reconhecimento da importância dessa pesquisa, em 2006, a Research Policy, revista na qual foi publicada o referido trabalho, organizou uma edição especial de comemoração dos 20 anos de sua publicação. A relevância daquele artigo se confirma ao saber que, em julho de 2006, ele era o mais citado dos que já foram publicados pela revista, com um total de 681 citações naquela época. Isso se deve à perspectiva interdisciplinar que o autor conferiu à abordagem do tema da inovação, o que acabou garantindo uma dimensão mais ampla do assunto. Nesse contexto, o presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar as contribuições e a atualidade do artigo de David Teece de 1986, especialmente no que tange ao debate relacionado aos direitos de propriedade intelectual. Foi realizada pesquisa teórica que se ancora no diálogo entre o artigo da década de oitenta e alguns autores que publicaram na edição especial da Research Policy de 2006 (vol. 35, nº 8), dentre eles o próprio Teece. O presente trabalho foi, portanto, dividido em duas seções. Na primeira, serão abordados os principais aspectos do artigo de 1986, evidenciando, sobretudo, a visão do autor sobre a importância dos ativos complementares na obtenção de lucros com a inovação e sua interface com os regimes de apropriabilidade. Na segunda, fundamentalmente a partir dos artigos de Gary Pisano, Giovani Dosi, Luigi Marengo, Corrado Pasquali e Richard Nelson publicados na Research Policy, vol. 35, nº 8, (2006), serão expostas as conclusões destes autores e de outros no que tange à aplicação da teoria Profiting from Innovation (PFI) sobre os regimes de apropriabilidade, sob a luz das mudanças contemporâneas na natureza da propriedade intelectual.

Climate change is one of the most pressing issues of this century. Due to the urgency of the issue and the
pressure on governments to act, the debate on climate change is moving quickly from the political level to
focused conversations on policy choices and implementation options.
This background paper discusses the role of competition policy and enforcement in supporting and
incentivising sustainable and pro-competitive business practices. It analyses the practical approaches that
competition authorities may take when assessing cases with an environmental dimension.
Looking at past experiences in cartels, co-operation agreements, abuses of dominance and merger
control, the paper explores the question of how competition authorities can integrate economic and noneconomic environmental effects into the competitive assessment from the legal and economic perspective.
It also identifies the challenges posed by the current legal and economic frameworks, highlighting best practices to overcome them.

The issue of competition law, a key factor, to guarantee market freedom. Changes and implementation in the Albanian legislation of the Law on Protection of Competition. A strong competition enhances efficiency between companies in a free market. The creation of a European standard and the challenges that Albania has undertaken through the Stabilization and Association Agreement has led to the creation of relevant pertinent authorities for the guarantee and implementation of the legal framework aimed at protecting competition among many commercial entities. Creating defence mechanisms to guarantee fair competition is one of the challenges that our state has taken in consideration to realize in the framework of the Stabilization and Association Agreement. The regulation of cross-sectorial relations within the economic market, which is open to cooperation with the European market, is achieved by creating a legal base that is appropriate and approximated to that of the European Union countries, butwith the application of the Competition Law aiming at preventing misuse and realization of basic principles.

Staat de ACM als vertegenwoordiger van het mededingingsbelang in of boven de maatschappij? Recente beoordelingen van publiek-private duurzaamheidsinitiatieven suggereren het laatste. In deze bijdrage wordt de positie van de ACM ten aanzien van dergelijke duurzaamheidsinitiatieven kritisch geanalyseerd aan de hand van de recente 'kip van morgen'-kwestie. De positie van de ACM ten aanzien van duurzaamheids-initiatieven is problematisch omdat binnen het toegepaste beoordelingsraamwerk geen ruimte bestaat voor maatschappelijke belangen die niet kwantificeerbaar zijn. De positie van de ACM is tevens onnodig omdat Europese rechtspraak ruimte biedt voor een breder beoordelingsmandaat. Deze bijdrage doet een aanzet voor de vorming van een bruikbaar alternatief model om met duurzaamheidsinitiatieven, zoals de 'kip van morgen'-kwestie, om te gaan. Dit vereist een actieve bijdrage van zowel de ACM als de wetgever.

Artificial intelligence-facilitated price discrimination has the potential to revolutionise commerce, with the fusion of big data analytics and machine-learning algorithms allowing online retailers to personalise prices to an unprecedented degree. This paper aims to establish that unabated AI-facilitated price discrimination poses a risk of serious harm to consumers, that can be roughly bundled into economic, discrimination and autonomy harms. The paper will also interrogate the existing EU legal framework, and will focus on competition, anti-discrimination, and consumer protection law to argue that the acquis communautaire provides sufficient tools to address many of these emerging downside issues in AI-facilitated price discrimination. In this context and with regard to future policy developments, an additional special focus will be afforded to the soon-to-be-implemented EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), where it will be argued that the GDPR contains several innovative features that will likely constrain harmful AI-facilitated price discrimination in the future.

The facilitators or informers have become important subjects in the field of Competition Law. However, just as they have served to fight against the cartels, they have also been used by the latter to facilitate and cover up their organization and activities.
In the present article, the author seeks to explain and analyze the first cases resolved by the national competition authority in which said facilitators have been immersed. Likewise, an analysis of the jurisprudence on the subject is made in the United States, the United Kingdom and the European Union. Finally, the national legislation and jurisprudence on the subject is analyzed in the light of comparative law.

Los facilitadores o delatores se han convertido en importantes sujetos en el campo del Derecho de la Competencia. Sin embargo, así como han servido para la lucha en contra de los cárteles también se han usado por parte de estos para facilitar y encubrir su organización y actividades.
En el presente artículo, el autor busca explicar y analizar los primeros casos resueltos por la autoridad de competencia nacional en los cuales dichos facilitadores se han visto inmersos. De igual manera, se realiza un análisis de la jurisprudencia sobre el tema en Estados Unidos, Reino Unido y la Unión Europea. Finalmente, se analiza la legislación y jurisprudencia nacional acerca del tema a la luz del derecho comparado.