Police and criminal justice ethics

Convocation Address at Bethel University, August 29, 2016 about recent troubles in Minnesota, particularly the shooting of Philando Castille, and our responsibility as followers of the Gospel. There is an audio link also available. After you click the link, it's the first one in the queue; fast-forward to 15:00:  https://itunes.apple.com/us/itunes-u/2016-2017-chapel-college-arts/id1148681753?mt=10

The current work examined police officers' decisions to shoot Black and White criminal suspects in a computer simulation. Responses to the simulation revealed that upon initial exposure to the program, the officers were more likely to mistakenly shoot unarmed Black compared with unarmed White suspects. However, after extensive training with the program, in which the race of the suspect was unrelated to the presence of a weapon, the officers were able to eliminate this bias. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the elimination of racial biases and the training of police officers.

Although FASD is first and foremost a health issue, it is a consideration in the justice system because individuals with FASD have contact as victims, witnesses and offenders. This chapter will draw on research with justice professionals to argue that there is an ethical need, and indeed an obligation, for appropriate training to better prepare police to work with clients that have FASD. By illustrating the ways in which many frontline workers misunderstand FASD, coupled with the stigma associated to FASD, this chapter argues that individuals with FASD have unique needs and the stakes in the justice system are simply too high to not have appropriate training in place to meet those needs.

The current work examined police officers decisions to shoot Black and White criminal suspects in a computer simulation. Responses to the simulation revealed that upon initial exposure to the program, the officers were more likely to mistakenly shoot unarmed Black compared with unarmed White suspects. However, after extensive training with the program, in which the race of the suspect was unrelated to the presence of a weapon, the officers were able to eliminate this bias. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the elimination of racial biases and the training of police officers.

An analysis of the Netflix series, "When They See Us", by Ava DuVernay and the racial biases in police activities, the reevaluation needed in interrogation processes, and the blasphemous involvement from former president, Donald Trump, in the Central Park Five court case.

This writing, "Creative Community Policing Initiatives in Columbia, South Carolina," appears as Chapter 4 in Dennis Stevens' edited book, Policing and Community Partnerships.  To meet the public safety needs of increasingly diverse neighborhoods in cities across the nation, creative and innovative community policing initiatives seem to be required to curb and to prevent crimes and related problems and to bridge the gap between the police and citizens through community involvement in policing activities. Community policing is guided by the values of building partnerships, people helping people, and community organizing. In this light, community policing initiatives in Columbia, South Carolina, are characterized by the concept of "shared responsibility." In this chapter, therefore, the creative and innovative community policing initiatives in Columbia, South Carolina, are examined. This discussion thus focuses on questions as they relate to the community initiatives of the Columbia Police Department and the City of Columbia, South Carolina.

Wrongful imprisonment as the name suggests best describes a legal situation where a person is convicted and incarcerated in connection with a crime that he or she has not committed. While statistics and surveys have shown a significant rise in the trend in the past two decades, not much has been discussed on the adverse psychological impact the victims face after they are exonerated.
This paper reviews existing literatures and examines content of surveys conducted on exonerees by the Innocence project and other researchers, and draws a substantive background with available information on their life and mental experiences, post-prison. The research also identifies other notable factors that contribute to the challenge of wrongful convictions and imprisonment in the criminal Justice System.
Accessing contents of various interviews and personal accounts, the research draws to the conclusion that psychological challenges are a significant problem for exonerees; and the outcomes are highly devastating. Proper Legislation is also proposed to create guidelines and establish clear policies on the issues that have been identified to mar the accuracy of the judicial system in delivering just judgments and reduce the risk of wrongful imprisonment.

Abstract: This is the first of the country-specific European Social Survey topline results reports. Focusing on UK data from the Round 5 module entitled 'trust in justice,'we link people's perceptions of police legitimacy to their compliance with the law and their willingness to cooperate with the police and criminal courts. We also extend the existing literature by addressing wider forms of trust and people's attachment to order and security. Framing the findings in the context of a long and rich history of policing by consent, we ...

Rather than treating them as discrete and incommensurable ideas, we sketch some connections between human flourishing and human dignity, and link them to human rights. We contend that the metaphor of flourishing provides an illuminating aspirational framework for thinking about human development and obligations, and that the idea of human dignity is a critical element within that discussion. We conclude with some suggestions as to how these conceptions of human dignity and human flourishing might underpin and inform appeals to human rights.

In Ghana and many countries in Africa and beyond, many researchers in various research institutions including some police
training institutions are less familiar with police training practices because of the scanty information available on this
subject. This paper therefore aims at providing novice researchers with a starting point in becoming more informed when it
comes to police training practices. This literature is shared with the aim of providing a basic understanding when it comes to
police and their training practices in Ghana. This paper looked at areas like the history of policing, the concept of training,
police training practices, philosophy informing police training programme, scope of training in the Ghana Police training
academies, efficacy of training, role of policing in Ghana, training methods in the Ghana Police Service and the challenges
facing police training academies. Methodologically, the National Police Training School, the Ghana Police Academy and the
Winneba Police Command and Staff College were the focus of this paper by providing secondary data to furnish this paper.
Also, based on observational evidence at the police training schools, researchers had enough literature to support scholarly
evidence. It has been revealed from the review that the most effective teaching and learning method that is used by the police
training academies is classroom instruction which is solely delivered in English Language as the medium of instruction [1].
It has also been deduced that lecture method had the largest impact on trainees learning. Also, it was observed that most of
the trainees took within 6-8 months to complete their training programme. Finally, it was clear that lack of proper equipment/
logistics, lack of infrastructure, inadequate number of instructors, lack of motivation of instructors, interference in the
recruitment process from top-level management, low level of technology, and poor maintenance culture were identified as the
major challenges faced by the police training academies. Based on these challenges identified and listed, researchers
recommend that Government and other stakeholders of the police service must help to provide good training facilities,
infrastructure and enough funds to support quality training delivery. Also, the stakeholders must help to minimize the rate of
political interference during the recruits’ selection processes with the help of parliament enacting a law or devising a code of
conduct. In addition, it is recommended by the researchers that the Government, in collaboration with the Ghana police
administration, and the Ministry of Interior must improve upon the level of motivation and salary packages of the police
service to make it more interesting and attractive to the youth which will in turn keep them in the police force to help maintain
law and order in the country and to lift up the moral standards in the Ghana Police Service. The paper also recommends that
more instructors should be recruited in order to balance the teacher-student ratio and improve the quality of teaching delivery
in the training academies. Lastly, researchers recommend that the government in collaboration with the Ministry of the
Interior through the police administration should establish a progressive capacity building programmes for officers and
trainees to acquire new skills and effective ways of enforcing law and order and to be abreast with changing environment in
order to empower the police agencies to properly use the computer and other forms of technology in their daily operations.

Miért fontosak a rendőrök számára az erények? A rendőri hivatás feladatellátásához olyan képességek szükségesek, amelyekkel a mindennapi szolgálat a lehető legjobban végrehajtható. Ezeket a magyar közjogtudomány egyik jeles képviselője, Concha Győző munkásságán keresztül vizsgálom kiemelten, mellette azonban szerepet kap a témához kapcsolódóan további írók munkássága is. A tanulmányban olyan erényeket keresek, amelyeknek helye volt a rendőrség munkájában a dualizmus korában. Az állami és társadalmi berendezkedéstől független olyan elemek felkutatása a célom, amelyek a rendőr végrehajtói munkáját lehetővé téve ma is meghatározó jelentőségűek.

Kulcsszavak: rendőri erények, állandó őrködés, diszkrecionális hatalom, fizikai erő alkalmazása

Győző Concha and Police Virtues

Why are virtues important to police officers? Performing the duties of a police profession requires skills that enable the best possible performance of day-to-day service. I examine these in a special way through the works of Győző Concha, one of the prominent representatives of the Hungarian public law, but the works of other writers related to the topic also play a role in my essay. In this study, I seek virtues that can play a significant role in the work of the police in the age of dualism. My goal is to find elements that are independent of the state and social system, which have a decisive importance in enabling the law enforcement work of the police officer.

Keywords: police virtues, constant guarding, discretionary power, use of physical force

Imprisonment is a widespread punishment all over the world, but prison is for most of us an unknown experience and anything we know is mostly through media and cinema representations. Therefore, it is very likely these representations play an important role in formation of our social representation for this matter. Additionally, the audience captivated for issues which are unknown and unreachable and that relate to the criminal behavior and action of institutions of social control of crime, but also to life in prison. In this article we will refer, first to the way of representation of prison in fictional films and television series, secondly the research which have been developed about the relationship between the fictional representation of the prison and the audience’s reception and finally we see what impact have all these to criminal justice community, since research saw that “skilled public” in criminological knowledge share the same perceptions for prison with others.
Key words: prison, fictional representations, reception of audience, social construction, criminological knowledge

This paper argues that armed policing is institutionally racist, specifically in countries that have undergone colonisation like New Zealand. The argument is that more democratic policing models are characterised by their largely unarmed status, because the consent of citizens to be policed is essential under these circumstances. Policing by consent allows the public the democratic right to access a criminal justice system. However, the introduction of firearms to routine policing can indicate the State’s acceptance that a bullet can be used to circumvent democratic processes, such as a trial, which challenges the rights of the public as citizens. While Britain has typically utilised policing by consent for its citizens it is notable that an armed militarised approach was taken in its colonial territories. New Zealand started out as a militarised armed police designed to suppress the indigenous population. Once this was mostly achieved, unarmed policing by consent became the policing model of choice. In more contemporary times the unarmed status of the police in New Zealand is being challenged. The Police Association appears determined to overturn the more democratic policing by consent model and revert to something that more closely resembles the armed colonial policing model.

On April 20, 2021, Ma'Khia Bryant, a 16-year-old African-American girl, was fatally shot by police officer Nicholas Reardon in Columbus, Ohio. Body camera and security camera footage released after the shooting shows Bryant brandishing a knife and charging two women consecutively, leading up to the moment Officer Reardon fired four shots; Bryant was struck at least once. Bryant immediately collapsed and was unresponsive. Reardon and other officers on the scene administered first aid. Bryant was transported to Mount Carmel East hospital in critical condition where she was later pronounced dead at 5:21 p.m. EDT... Reactions from the public included both support of the actions of the officer and protests against the killing.

In this case, a police officer encountered one person with a knife pursuing another person in a manner that could reasonably be interpreted as having intent to kill. In halacha, the pursuing person is called a rodeif, and the pursued person a nirdaf. Although not always identified as such, the third party is often identified as a matzil (lit. one who saves). In our analysis of this case from a halachic perspective, we will use these terms.

Our essay explores whether Officer Reardon’s conduct would be condoned by a protocol based on ideal halachic parameters.

Every state needs a special prosecutor’s office dedicated to the investigation and prosecution of identity theft/financial fraud, which is often a multi-jurisdictional crime. This would facilitate a robust investigation and prosecution of such crime. There are numerous problems that arise with localized prosecution in the investigation and prosecution of financial crimes and identity theft. It is a pervasive crime and the number of victims, limited government resources, overworked or inexperienced prosecutors, lack of knowledge or understanding of the elements of the crime, and application of the traditional approach to jurisdiction used in physical crimes further compound the problem.

Current laws criminalizing non-consensual pornography (commonly referred to as “revenge porn”) are insufficient, both in Italy and internationally. This essay delves into whether requiring affirmative consent for the disclosure of sexual images can strengthen non-consensual pornography laws internationally. Answering this question in the affirmative, this essay evaluates the Italian law on “revenge porn” and identifies the law’s core principles, specifically the elements of the offense and the mental elements required to establish it.
The current legal framework governing non-consensual pornography ignores crucial elements of the crime that are unique to non-consensual pornography and require close analysis. This essay first reviews recent instances of non-consensual pornography in Italy that prompted the passage of legislation to address the issue. Next, it analyzes the Italian law that criminalizes non-consensual pornography and outlines its strengths and weaknesses. Finally, it compares the Italian law with international non-consensual pornography statutes to show that requiring affirmative consent to the sharing of intimate photos can save non-consensual pornography laws internationally.

This research work examines police brutality and violation of human rights in Nigeria causes and its implications. The objectives of the study is to establish some cases of police brutality in Nigeria; to investigate the causes of police brutality and violation of human rights in Nigeria; to ascertain the implications of police brutality in Nigeria and to recommend ways to prevent police violence in Nigeria. To be able to achieve these objectives, four research questions were raised, such as, are there testimonies and evidences of human rights violation in Nigeria by the police? What are the causes of police brutality and violation of human rights in Nigeria? What are the implications of police brutality in Nigeria? How can police brutality and violation of human rights be prevented in Nigeria? The study made use of descriptive analytical method to analyze data gotten from secondary source such as academic journals, Newspaper publications, Television documentaries, Internet, relevant textbooks etc. Albert Bandura Social learning theory was adopted in this research, which explains that police, violates people's right with impunity because they watch as other officers who violate people's rights are not well sanctioned. The research reveals that police brutality in Nigeria has led to loss of lives, torture of detainees and extortion of suspects. Some of the recommendations are; The Nigerian police commission should strictly investigate and sanction erring officers, there should be a proper police reform, men of the Nigerian police should be subjected to a thorough mental examination before engaging them to service etc.

ABSTRACT
Background: Law enforcers need  to be more knowledgeable about GBV  Mean sexual violence knowledge and attitude scores increased significantly between pre
knowledgeable about Gender-based violence (7.25±2.44 and 7.28±2.19 and 5.02±1.98; P <
(GBV). This study aimed to improve the 0.001) and post-intervention (7.98±2.44 and knowledge, attitude, and perceptions of police 7.28±2.19; P<0.001). The proportion of
officers on GBV respondents with good knowledge and attitude
Methods: An intervention study with pretest scores also increased significantly (P<0.05).
post-test design. Pre-intervention phase Conclusion: Educational intervention improved consisted of a questionnaire interview of 484 police officers' knowledge and attitudes. There is a
police officer, 3 focus group discussions, 6 need to educate all officers on GBV
in-depth interviews, and a 5-year review of Keywords: Police officers, GBV, Intervention,
police records. The intervention was three-day violence prevention.
health education programme held in batches for 500 police officers. The evaluation was done INTRODUCTION
on 464 officers 6 months after The United Nations (UN) defines violence intervention. A multi-stage sampling against women as any act of gender-based
the technique was used to select officers from the violence that results in or, is likely to result in area commands, divisions, and police stations. physical, sexual, or mental harm or suffering to
Data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS women including threats of such acts, coercion or software package version 25. arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring
1 Results: Rape was stated as the commonest in public or private life. Gender-based violence
form of sexual violence (SV) (63.1%) seen. (GBV) is a major public health concern and a
1 About 25% of officers had had cause to settle a violation of human rights.
cases of rape; cases managed in the last 5 The study involved over 24 000 women in 10
years ranged from 1 to 5. Retrospective countries, including three African countries, and
a survey of police records revealed that rape showed that the prevalence of GBV is high in
(48%), indecent assault (31%) and defilement in many countries and regions of the world. Among
(20%) were forms of SV reported. A woman who had ever been in a spousal or partner
increase in the number of cases reported was the relationship, 1571% of women experience
observed each year between November and physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate
February. FGD revealed a recent rise in rape partners at some point in their lives, 1361%
cases and indecent assault on females. reported ever having experienced physical
Barriers to handling rape were highlighted. violence by a partner; 449% reported having
I
experienced severe physical violence by senior officers, 1000 inspectors, and 3,000 junior partners; 659% reported sexual violence by officers. The command has 6 units namely
partner at some point in their lives with the Mobile- police unit (“Mopol”) Criminal
figures for most sites falling between 10% investigation Bureau / Department (“CIB / CID”)
and 50%; and 2075% reported experiencing Motor Transport Office, Traffic Warden Unit,
one emotionally abusive act, or more, from a Welfare Unit, and Monitoring Unit. The police

The New York Police Department (NYPD) public safety initiative, Stop-and-Frisk, caused great controversy when four white police officers racially profiled, fired 41 bullets, killed an unarmed West African man, Amadou Diallo, and was acquitted. People of color in New York are racially profiled and disproportionately charged with misdemeanor crimes and “extremely harsh, punitive sanctions of the Rockefeller Drug Laws.” (Gray, 2009)  For justice to work, NYPD must respect that all people are created equal; therefore, all people must be treated equal. Donna Lieberman, Esq. said, “NYPD is stopping and frisking African-American and Latino New Yorkers for doing nothing more than walking down the street.

An analysis of the organization and ethics of the Sparks Police Department which is located in Washoe County, Nevada and is east of adjoining Reno, Nevada. The study covers the demographics, crime stats, employment hiring, organizational structure, internal investigations and discipline.

This is a summary of my master's  research project studying about migrant youth crime in Norway. I have conducted this research as part of my MA degree program specializing in human trafficking, organized crime and migration @ St Mary's university, Twickenham, London.

Policing by consent: Topline Results (UK) from Round 5 through the research process, from a theoretical problem to the interpretation of statistical results. The materials have been prepared by survey experts. Eight topics are now available using data from the ESS. NESSTAR ESS Online Analysis package uses NESSTAR which is an online data analysis tool; documentation to support NESSAR is available from the Norwegian Data Archive Services (http://www.nesstar.com/index.html) and accessing it via the ESS website will bring users to dedicated information. The European Social Survey provides free access to all of its data and documentation. These can be browsed and downloaded from its website: http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org. Specific initiatives have been developed to promote access to and use of the growing dataset: these include EduNet an e-learning tool and NESSTAR an online data analysis tool. Both can be accessed through the ESS website. EduNet The ESS e-learning tool, EduNet, was developed for use in higher education. It provides hands-on examples and exercises designed to guide users Accessing the European Social Survey Data and Documentation Public attitudes matter in democratic societies. They reflect what citizens believe, want, fear and prefer. They are difficult to measure, are often unexpressed, and cannot be inferred from electoral choices alone. Nor can they be gleaned from media opinion polls which tend to give momentary and incomplete glimpses of attitude formation and change. The European Social Survey provides detailed accounts of public attitudes and behaviour utilising high quality scientific methodologies and repeat measures over time.

Personas desaparecen y mueren en mano de la policía. Quienes ven esas noticias no ven colores de piel, mucho menos racismo. Tal vez sea el momento de empezar a verlo. "Una combinación de violencia policial y racismo, un cóctel fatal en los Estados Unidos de larga data", dicen la mayorías de noticias en los diarios argentinos sobre el asesinato de George Floyd, marcando el racismo como una cuestión lejana. Entender el racismo como una cuestión universal es una de las premisas que más le conviene al progresismo, a la intelectualidad e inclusive también a la política local. Pensar que los asesinatos racistas de mano de organismos estatales son lejanos, nos permite no ver que los asesinatos a personas marrones y racializadas que suceden en argentina son racismo, los diarios nacionales titulan sus muertes como gatillo fácil, solo casualidad, la violencia policial no se mezcla con el racismo acá, y esa negación no tiene color político. Racismo es algo que podemos ver en una realidad lejana pero mala palabra para nombrar en casa. Entender el problema en Argentina es ver que las balas apuntan más a los cuerpos marrones, a los descendientes de indígenas y campesinos que habitan en la urbanidad, a los pobres, a las personas que viven en las villas. Personas desaparecen en mano de la policía, personas mueren en mano de la policía. Y quienes ven esas noticias no ven colores de piel, ni tampoco ven racismo. Tal vez sea el momento de empezar a verlo. estos son los nombres de algunas personas asesinadas en manos de la policía por su clase social y su color de piel. ¿Cuánto vale la vida de esos "negros de mierda", el insulto predilecto de gran parte de la sociedad argentina que refi ere a muchxs de nosotros, que hoy ya no están? ¿Cuando nos vamos a hacer cargo del racismo que carga Argentina como país que niega nuestra historia, se calla ante nuestros asesinatos y vive en constante discriminación hacia nuestras existencias? ¿Cuánto valen las vidas de las personas marrones e indígenas? Desde Identidad Marrón se hace un llamado a cuestionar la violencia policial, el racismo institucional, el racismo per sé y se exige Justicia por George Floyd tanto como por todos los asesinatos racistas en mano del estado argentino.

Ευρισκόμενοι αυτό το διάστημα οι περισσότεροι τελειόφοιτοι σπουδαστές που φοιτούν στο τέταρτο έτος της Σχολής Αξιωματικών της Ελληνικής Αστυνομίας, στην διαδικασία συγγραφής της ατομικής πτυχιακής τους εργασίας, στα πλαίσια του προγράμματος σπουδών της Σχολής, πήρα αφορμή προκειμένου να αποτυπώσω ορισμένες σκέψεις για την σπουδαιότητα της διαδικασίας αυτής και πως μπορεί «μόνο» να ωφελήσει τον μελλοντικό αξιωματικό της Ελληνικής Αστυνομίας που προετοιμάζεται να αποφοιτήσει και να σταδιοδρομήσει στο Σώμα της Ελληνικής Αστυνομίας. Η σύνταξη της ατομικής πτυχιακής εργασίας, έχει ως σκοπό την απελευθέρωση του σπουδαστή από την εξάρτηση των διδακτικών βιβλίων μέσα από την αναζήτηση γνώσης μέσα από άλλες πηγές δεδομένων όπως επιστημονικά περιοδικά, το διαδίκτυο, επιστημονικά συγγράμματα και άλλα. Με την σύνταξη της ατομικής πτυχιακής εργασίας αποσκοπείται η καλλιέργεια της αυτόνομης σκέψης και η απόκτηση εμπειρίας στην ταξινόμηση του ερευνητικού υλικού που έχει συγκεντρωθεί στα πλαίσια της συγγραφής της. Μέσα από την έρευνα των πηγών που έχει γίνει, επιδιώκεται η ανάπλαση της πνευματικής προσωπικότητας του συγγραφέα-σπουδαστή και η βελτίωση της προσωπικής του ικανότητας και επιδεξιότητας στο χειρισμό του γραπτού λόγου. Ο σπουδαστής καλείται να χρησιμοποιήσει εκτενή βιβλιογραφία, να διεξάγει έρευνα μεγάλης κλίμακας ώστε να συντάξει τη πτυχιακή εργασία του και την οποία θα παρουσιάσει σε επιστημονική επιτροπή για να αξιολογηθεί. Μέσα από όλη αυτή τη διαδικασία ο σπουδαστής-συγγραφέας, καθίσταται ικανός ως μελλοντικός αξιωματικός της Ελληνικής Αστυνομίας να είναι σε θέση να μπορεί να διαχειρίζεται πηγές δεδομένων, να τις συγκρίνει και να μπορεί να συνθέσει ένα επιστημονικά τεκμηριωμένο κείμενο για οποιοδήποτε θέμα συναφές το επαγγελματικό και ακαδημαϊκό του ενδιαφέρον κληθεί να αντιμετωπίσει στη μετέπειτα πορεία και καριέρα του.

The purpose of the Miranda rights in the USA is to ensure that suspects know their fundamental rights under the law, yet even native speakers of English do not always understand their rights (Rogers et al., 2010, 2011). To evaluate their understanding, Grisso (1998) developed Miranda Rights Comprehension Instruments (MRCI), normed with native speakers and widely accepted in the legal community. Comprehension of second language (L2) speakers of English, on the other hand, is inferred based on their L2 proficiency but no studies to date offer the scientific basis for causal connections between L2 proficiency and understanding of the Miranda rights. The purpose of the present study was to compare understanding of the Miranda rights among native (n = 82) and advanced L2 speakers of English (n = 183) to determine whether standardized assessments of L2 proficiency can predict comprehension of the Miranda rights.

Th is article attempts to explore the failure of Pakistan’s
rulers to act effectively on the advice given to them on law and order by the civil service leadership. That the government frequently solicited the advice makes the subsequent failure on the implementation side worth examining. In order to explore this disconnect, I will draw on the declassifi ed record of the Pakistani state with particular emphasis on the “First Report of the Federal Law and Order Commission” of 1993. Pakistan’s location, demographic base, and nuclear arsenal all add urgency to the need to understand the decline in its ability to maintain internal peace, for if the ongoing administrative breakdown is not arrested the region may well revert to the chaotic circumstances that prevailed following the weakening of Mughal authority in the early 1700s. My basic argument is that heeding the advice tendered by the 1993 Federal Law and Order Commission would even today serve Pakistan well.

In the end, the plot failed. But it leaves plenty of questions—and shows where to tighten security.

By Ahmet S. Yayla
Aug. 9, 2017 7:14 p.m. ET
4 COMMENTS
Islamic State’s plan to blow up a commercial jet out of Sydney last month was “one of the most sophisticated plots that has ever been attempted on Australian soil,” police said last week. For reasons that aren’t yet clear, the terrorists aborted the attack, and police are confident the bomb would not have made it through airport security. Still, terrorists managed to acquire plastic explosives and the components needed to set it off—all shipped by airmail from Turkey. The Australian authorities discovered the plan only when, nearly two weeks later, they received a tip from a foreign intelligence service.

Make no mistake: Islamic State jihadists will continue trying to carry out spectacular terrorist attacks in the West. ISIS has lost control of Mosul, Iraq, where an estimated 30,000 of its fighters were killed. Now it is being pushed out of its putative capital, Raqqa, Syria. As it begins to look less like a traditional state and more like an insurgency, ISIS fighters will try to mobilize sympathizers around the world.

Last month, for instance, ISIS affiliates in Turkey released the “Lone Wolf’s Handbook,” a manual of 60-some pages, with dozens of illustrations, that explains the most efficient way to make a bomb or drive a truck into pedestrians. Such attacks are meant to prove that ISIS still exists and reinforce its bragging rights as the meanest, most fearsome warriors for Islamism. They’re also meant to dominate the news, particularly in the West, to help recruit future jihadists.

https://www.wsj.com/articles/isis-airmail-the-bomb-shipped-from-turkey-to-australia-1502320475

Se identifican las variables que deben abordarse en el estudio del hurto o robo de automotores y el diseño de estrategias contra este delito. Para tal propósito, se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en diferentes bases científicas de datos, se aplicó una entrevista semiestructurada a personas condenadas en Colombia por el delito de hurto de automotores y se contrastó con la evidencia empírica obtenida en diferentes análisis y trabajos de campo realizados por el OBSER-DIJIN. Se utilizó como marco teórico para el análisis la teoría de elección racional y la de la oportunidad. Como resultado, se identificaron once variables que intervienen en el fenómeno: a) rentabilidad, b) tecnología, c) facilidad de legalización, d) nivel organizativo de los delincuentes, e) seguridad, f) vigilancia informal, g) nodos de actividad, h) conducta espacial, i) penalidad, j) transnacionalidad y k) instrumentalización; se terminó por exponer una visión criminológica holística e integradora de los elementos vinculados al fenómeno, y la sugerencia de acciones de control surgidas del análisis multivariado del delito. Se concluye con recomendaciones que pueden ser usadas en la política criminal, en países o territorios con afectación de este tipo de criminalidad