Police Ethics

Both war and policing involve the use of force. While force in war is more often than not lethal, in policing it usually falls short of killing. It is not surprising therefore that there should be a vast body of work by (broadly) Western scholars on the ethics of war most of which focuses on killing therein, whereas there is very little philosophical work by similar scholars on the ethics of policing in general, and police killing in particular. This is a regrettable state of affairs, not least because police violence, and in particular lethal violence, is a fact of daily life in most parts of the world – as attested by a growing and rich ethnographic literature which, though empirical in the main, nevertheless grasps with ordinary people’s ethical stand on police killings.
In this paper, my brief is to scrutinise some divergences and convergences between the ethics of war on the one hand, and the ethics of policing in particular. I focus on killing, and argue that those acts are governed by the same moral norms, whether they are committed by combatants against other combatants, or by police officers against criminals (and vice versa).

ABSTRACT
This article provides the reader with a literature review with the aim of finding out about the origin and  system of  police  accountability  in  England  and  Wales.  It  is  hoped  that  the  article  will  help  to
identify  some  important  conceptual  considerations  that  ought  to  betaken  into  account  by  any professional  and  responsible  police  departments  seeking  to  embrace  accountability  in  its  policing procedures.

This  article  explores  the  sensitive  issue  of  police  accountability  to  civilian  oversight  bodies  in
controlling  police  excesses.  At  the  centre  of  the  discourse  lies  the  tacit  acknowledgement  that  the enormous  power  and  authority  invested  in  the  police  does  lead  to  corruption  and  excesses  unless adequate checks and balances are installed. 

Keywords:  Police  Accountability,  Police  Ethics,  Police  Integrity,  Policing  the  Police,  Civilian
oversight bodies of Police.

Dr. Kovács István

Vezetői státusz, és kommunikáció a parancsuralmi rendszerben, különös tekintettel a Rendőri Hivatás Etikai Kódexére, valamint a vezetési stílusokra a Lasswell modell alapján.

A személyes kapcsolatok a résztvevők egymáshoz viszonyított hatalmi-, és státuszhelyzete által meghatározottak. Különösen igaz ez a kommunikáció vonatkozásában is. A Rendőri Hivatás Etikai Kódexe szerint a vezetők személyes példamutatásukkal ösztönzik munkatársaikat, igénylik, és meghallgatják véleményüket, tanácsaikkal, és iránymutatásukkal segítik a munkavégzést. A Lasswell által kidolgozott kommunikációs alapmodell azt vizsgálja, hogy a kommunikáció során ki, kinek, és mit mond, milyen csatornán keresztül kommunikál, és mondandójával milyen hatást ér el. A tanulmány e modell alapján azt vizsgálja, hogy az autokrata, a demokratikus, és a laissez-faire vezetési stílus kommunikációja a gyakorlatban hogyan valósul meg, érvényesülnek-e az etikai alapelvek.
Kulcsszavak: vezetési stílusok, vezetés-, és szervezéselmélet, kommunikáció, rendőri etika, Lasswell modell

Leadership status, and communication in the command system, with particular reference to the Code of Ethics for the Police, as well as leadership styles based on the Lasswell model.

Personal relationships are defined by the relative power and status of each participant. This is especially true incommunication too. According to the Code of Ethics of the Police Service, colleagues are encouraged by leaders’ personal exemplary, they listen to their opinions, giving advice and guiding them to work. The basic communication model developed by Lasswell examine who communicating to whom and what they say, what channel they communicate and which is the effect of the communication. The study examines how is realized the communication of the autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire leadership style in practice, whether the ethical principles prevail.
Keywords: leadership styles, leadership theory, communication, police ethics, Lasswell model

Miért fontosak a rendőrök számára az erények? A rendőri hivatás feladatellátásához olyan képességek szükségesek, amelyekkel a mindennapi szolgálat a lehető legjobban végrehajtható. Ezeket a magyar közjogtudomány egyik jeles képviselője, Concha Győző munkásságán keresztül vizsgálom kiemelten, mellette azonban szerepet kap a témához kapcsolódóan további írók munkássága is. A tanulmányban olyan erényeket keresek, amelyeknek helye volt a rendőrség munkájában a dualizmus korában. Az állami és társadalmi berendezkedéstől független olyan elemek felkutatása a célom, amelyek a rendőr végrehajtói munkáját lehetővé téve ma is meghatározó jelentőségűek.

Kulcsszavak: rendőri erények, állandó őrködés, diszkrecionális hatalom, fizikai erő alkalmazása

Győző Concha and Police Virtues

Why are virtues important to police officers? Performing the duties of a police profession requires skills that enable the best possible performance of day-to-day service. I examine these in a special way through the works of Győző Concha, one of the prominent representatives of the Hungarian public law, but the works of other writers related to the topic also play a role in my essay. In this study, I seek virtues that can play a significant role in the work of the police in the age of dualism. My goal is to find elements that are independent of the state and social system, which have a decisive importance in enabling the law enforcement work of the police officer.

Keywords: police virtues, constant guarding, discretionary power, use of physical force

In the defining scenario of the 1971 Warner Brothers film 'Dirty Harry' 'A 14-year old girl has been kidnapped and is being held captive by a psychotic killer. The killer, 'Scorpio', who has already struck twice, demands $200,000 ransom to release the girl, who is buried with just enough oxygen to keep her alive for a few hours. [Inspector 'Dirty Harry' Callahan] gets the job of delivering the ransom. At the meeting Scorpio decides to renege on his bargain, let the girl die and kill Harry. Scorpio escapes but Harry manages to track him down and finally confronts Scorpio. Harry shoots him in the leg as he is trying to escape. Standing over Scorpio, Harry demands to be told where the girl is buried. Scorpio refuses to disclose her location; demanding his rights to a lawyer. As the camera draws back from the scene Harry stands on Scorpio's bullet mangled leg to torture a confession of the girl's location out of him.' 1 This scenario provides a vivid example of a kind of situation which has attracted a deal of comment in police ethics literature under the title 'Dirty Harry situations'.

Ευρισκόμενοι αυτό το διάστημα οι περισσότεροι τελειόφοιτοι σπουδαστές που φοιτούν στο τέταρτο έτος της Σχολής Αξιωματικών της Ελληνικής Αστυνομίας, στην διαδικασία συγγραφής της ατομικής πτυχιακής τους εργασίας, στα πλαίσια του προγράμματος σπουδών της Σχολής, πήρα αφορμή προκειμένου να αποτυπώσω ορισμένες σκέψεις για την σπουδαιότητα της διαδικασίας αυτής και πως μπορεί «μόνο» να ωφελήσει τον μελλοντικό αξιωματικό της Ελληνικής Αστυνομίας που προετοιμάζεται να αποφοιτήσει και να σταδιοδρομήσει στο Σώμα της Ελληνικής Αστυνομίας. Η σύνταξη της ατομικής πτυχιακής εργασίας, έχει ως σκοπό την απελευθέρωση του σπουδαστή από την εξάρτηση των διδακτικών βιβλίων μέσα από την αναζήτηση γνώσης μέσα από άλλες πηγές δεδομένων όπως επιστημονικά περιοδικά, το διαδίκτυο, επιστημονικά συγγράμματα και άλλα. Με την σύνταξη της ατομικής πτυχιακής εργασίας αποσκοπείται η καλλιέργεια της αυτόνομης σκέψης και η απόκτηση εμπειρίας στην ταξινόμηση του ερευνητικού υλικού που έχει συγκεντρωθεί στα πλαίσια της συγγραφής της. Μέσα από την έρευνα των πηγών που έχει γίνει, επιδιώκεται η ανάπλαση της πνευματικής προσωπικότητας του συγγραφέα-σπουδαστή και η βελτίωση της προσωπικής του ικανότητας και επιδεξιότητας στο χειρισμό του γραπτού λόγου. Ο σπουδαστής καλείται να χρησιμοποιήσει εκτενή βιβλιογραφία, να διεξάγει έρευνα μεγάλης κλίμακας ώστε να συντάξει τη πτυχιακή εργασία του και την οποία θα παρουσιάσει σε επιστημονική επιτροπή για να αξιολογηθεί. Μέσα από όλη αυτή τη διαδικασία ο σπουδαστής-συγγραφέας, καθίσταται ικανός ως μελλοντικός αξιωματικός της Ελληνικής Αστυνομίας να είναι σε θέση να μπορεί να διαχειρίζεται πηγές δεδομένων, να τις συγκρίνει και να μπορεί να συνθέσει ένα επιστημονικά τεκμηριωμένο κείμενο για οποιοδήποτε θέμα συναφές το επαγγελματικό και ακαδημαϊκό του ενδιαφέρον κληθεί να αντιμετωπίσει στη μετέπειτα πορεία και καριέρα του.

This contribution is an introduction to the conference on Police Integrity and the subsequent book. It starts by placing the subject of the conference in a wider context and introduces the concept of integrity in its many facets. It addresses the importance of this notion for the police, the question of why integrity is violated and gives possible ways to safeguard or promote integrity. The third section deals with the framework of the book ‘Building Police Integrity; A Post-Conflict Perspective’ and outlines the chapters that follow

This chapter considers how the rights and interests of interrogators should shape interrogation ethics. What can States ask of their police and military interrogators, given that certain interrogation techniques may have lasting moral and psychological effects on practitioners? I reject a prominent theory advocating a complete separation between professional and nonprofessional moral spheres as well as a theory that expects professionals to martyr themselves by using expedient methods even if they are conventionally considered immoral. I develop a theory of professional ethics involving a triangulation among the rights and interests of professionals, their clients, and their "targets." The chapter applies the preferred standard of professional ethics to different modern interrogation methods. It draws on interviews with over a dozen interrogators to highlight concerns about the emotional toll that certain techniques may have on the interrogator. I conclude with recommendations on how interrogators using modern rapport-based techniques can engage in self-care to avoid compassion fatigue and moral injury.

Although a common maxim among many practitioners argues that police departments should recruit their way out of the African American confidence race gap by hiring more minority officers, that maxim is unfounded and redirects our recruitment efforts away from hiring to ensure procedural justice and police effectiveness-the two most powerful determinants of African American confidence in the police. The author's nationwide survey revealed that African Americans living in cities with more racially representative law enforcement agencies were no more confident in local law enforcement than those living in cities where African Americans were underrepresented. That same survey proved, instead, that African American confidence is far higher where local police forces deliver procedural justice and effective policing than where local police forces are merely racially representative. This article presents the survey findings and explores the policy implications for law enforcement recruitment.

This authored book offers an institutionalist-based philosophical analysis of the use of lethal force by police officers and military combatants according to which the moral rights and duties of these institutional role holders differs from one another and also from that of ordinary citizens. As such, it is at various with standard revisionist accounts. It is of interest to those researchers and students in police ethics and military ethics in particular.

The purpose of this paper is to assess the impact and effectiveness of the emerging new community policing philosophy in the San Jose Police Department. It has been said that the greatest problem with formulating the community policing philosophy (Dicker,1998; Trojanowicz, 1994) is the evaluation and accountability aspect. The San Jose Police department in 1992 initiated the process of community policing philosophy into their department. The need spawned from political, social and special interests groups applying pressure to make some type of change with the current practice. With the media coverage of the Rodney King incident (Dye, 1998) exacerbating the idea of bad cops there was a need to change policing practices. I will evaluate if the philosophy was formulated to achieve the goal of the policy. My goal is to gauge the extent of the impact of this policy on the community by the use of reports, formulation, implementation, evaluation, community participation and department allegiance of the new policy.

Öz: Mesleki etik ilkeleri, örgütlerin varlık nedeni olan yürüttükleri hizmetlerin kalitesi için hayati derecede önemlidir. Mesleki etik kurallarına uyulmadığı sürece verilen hizmetlerin değeri ve anlamı tartışmalı bir duruma gelecektir. Meslek etiği ilkelerine uyulmasının polis teşkilatı için önemi çok daha fazladır, çünkü bu teşkilat insanların hayat kalitesini yakından etkileyen güvenlik hizmeti sunmaktadır. Ayrıca bu teşkilat, sahip olduğu zor kullanma yetkisi nedeniyle bu yetkinin suiistimaline daha yatkındır. Polislerin etik ilkelere uyumunun artırılması, polis yozlaşmasının önlenmesi, halkla ilişkilerin geliştirilmesi ve hizmet kalitesinin artırılması için polislerin etik konusundaki pozisyonları ve algıları anlaşılmalıdır. Bu kadar önemli olmasına rağmen ülkemizde polis etiği üzerine yapılan bilimsel alan araştırmaları yok denecek kadar azdır. Bu araştırma alandaki bu boşluğu doldurmak amacıyla yapılmış ve araştırmada polislerin meslek etiği hakkındaki algıları, etik dışı davranışları değerlendirme düzeyleri ve polislerin etik algılarını etkileyen etkenler incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın verileri farklı rütbelerdeki 484 polisten toplanmıştır. Veriler SPSS 17.0 programı üzerinde betimsel istatistikler, t-test, ANOVA, korelasyon ve çoklu regresyon testleri kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular polislerin ciddi bir sorun olarak gördükleri etik dışı davranışların teşkilatta nadiren yaşandığını ve bu davranışlara yüksek cezalar verildiğini göstermiştir. Polislerin bu algıları cinsiyet, medeni durum, eğitim seviyesi ve etik eğitimi alma durumuna göre farklılaşmazken, yaşı, kıdemi ve rütbesi daha fazla olanlar etik dışı davranışları daha ciddi bir sorun olarak algılamaktadırlar. Abstract: Codes of ethic are crucial for a profession to produce services in quality. In case of not obeying ethical principles, services would be meaningless and futile. Codes of ethic are more important for police organizations because they work for security, which can affect people's quality of life. In addition, police can use force on citizens, which makes policing are more conducive to corrupt. Police officers' obeying codes of ethic have great potential to protect police corruption, to build public trust and to produce better security service. On the other hand codes of ethic are one of the most neglected subjects in policing. Also, there is a small number of research study investigating police codes of ethic. This current study investigated the police officers' perceptions related to codes of ethic and the factors affecting these perceptions. The data were collected from 484 police officers with different levels of rank using questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, correlation and multiple regression tests on SPSS 17.0. Findings showed that police officers perceived that some unethical behaviors are more serious than some others. Serious unethical behaviors are seen less frequently, but punished more severely. Police officers' age, level of rank and year of service can cause significant changes on their perceptions related to codes of ethic.

Την Παρασκευή 16/03/2018 είχα την τιμή και την χαρά να συμμετέχω στο 6ο Συνέδριο Security Project με θέμα: "Φορητές Κάμερες για τις Αρχές και τις Υπηρεσίες Ασφάλειας (Police Body Worn Cameras): Λογοδοσία, Ευκαιρίες & Κίνδυνοι". Το 6ο Συνέδριο Security Project – που πραγματοποιηθηκε στις 16 & 17 Μαρτίου 2018 στην Αθήνα, στο Wyndham Grand Hotel, από την Smart Press και το περιοδικό Security Manager – αποτελεί την ετήσια κορυφαία συνάντηση των ειδικών και επαγγελματιών στον τομέα της ασφάλειας και ταυτόχρονα το μεγαλύτερο και σημαντικότερο συνεδριακό event για το management, τις υπηρεσίες και τις τεχνολογίες security στην Ελλάδα.
http://www.securityproject.gr/

Codes of ethic are crucial for a profession to produce services in quality. In case of not obeying ethical principles, services would be meaningless and futile. Codes of ethic are more important for police organizations because they work for security, which can affect people’s quality of life. In addition, police can use force on citizens, which makes policing are more conducive to corrupt. Police officers’ obeying codes of ethic have great potential to protect police corruption, to build public trust and to produce better security service. On the other hand codes of ethic are one of the most neglected subjects in policing. Also, there is a small number of research study investigating police codes of ethic. This current study investigated the police officers’ perceptions related to codes of ethic and the factors affecting these perceptions. The data were collected from 484 police officers with different levels of rank using questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive statis...

In this thesis I seek to demonstrate that the legal and customary norms defining the permissible use of lethal force by police are more restrictive than those defining the permissible use of lethal force by military personnel. I argue that in many cases this asymmetry can rest on a foundation provided by the moral norms of individual self- defense, but that the strength of this foundation is contingent on the context in which lethal force is used. Provided that three contextual asymmetries between police and military operations hold, we can morally justify the asymmetric legal and customary permissions granted to these two institutions on the basis of threat, liability, necessity, and proportionality. However, there are limits to the moral grounds these norms can provide. In cases where the three contextual asymmetries begin to break down, the moral foundation offered by the moral norms of individual self-defense weakens. In cases of contextual equivalence, we are forced to adopt one of two conclusions. Either we accept that our legal and customary norms are without moral foundation in such cases, or we must find alternative moral reasons to morally justify the asymmetry. In the final section I briefly draw out the strengths and weaknesses of both positions and offer some discussion of what other moral reasons we might use to shore-up the moral foundation for the asymmetry in the legal and customary norms regulating the permissible use by military and police institutions.

In 1997 the NSW Police Force (NSWPF) implemented a complaints process on the recommendation of the Wood Royal Commission. Client advocates and legal practitioners who represent disadvantaged clients reported client avoidance of the complaints process as a form of dispute resolution and, when it was used, dissatisfaction with the outcomes. Using a mixed-method survey with input from Community Legal Centres New South Wales Inc, the experiences and perceptions of 493 New South Wales practitioners about the complaint process were examined. Results revealed widespread dissatisfaction and mistrust in the process, more extreme among those with personal experience using the system. Reasons for avoiding the system included a perceived lack of independence in complaint investigation, ineffective communication between police and complainants and experiences of victimisation by the police after making an official complaint. Recommendations to improve the use of the process include creating more...

Inappropriate use of legal authority, even misuse of them, will affect the use of citizens' rights and their life quality adversely. Therefore, behaving according to the values of professional ethics is one way of assuring the implementation of police job in terms of the ideal standards. One of the ways to make the police comply with the professional values is having them educated on ethics. The very first phase on this objective is the training institutions. In recent years, more emphasis has been given to ethics training at schools in Turkey, and hence, all the police cadets are given the ethics training. However, the assessment of students' perceptions on the ethics training has not been studied so far. In that regard, this empirical study examines from different dimensions the perceptions of the students at a police vocational school (PVS), which is a vital institution for human sources for the Turkish National Police. Furthermore, by using an experimental research design, it explores how the education and socialization processes affect the perceptions of police' professional ethics. The data were collected through surveys done in three stages of pretest, posttest, and control groups, during a twoyear-period, at a PVS. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson Product Moment Correlation and MANOVA tests in the SPSS 17.0. The findings showed that the education and socialization processes during the two years, have not changed the perceptions of the students about the seriousness of unethical behaviors. Similarly, it is found that the education and socialization processes during the two years have not influenced the police cadets' perceptions on how frequently unethical behaviors occur in the organization, either. However, after the two-year process, the students started to perceive the unethical behaviors less serious, except for the behaviors of violations of individual rights. Having similar results from the previous year’s second graders can be explained as, this decrease may be due to the process of two years at the PVS.

In 1997 the NSW Police Force implemented a complaints process on the recommendation of the Wood Royal Commission. Client advocates and legal practitioners who represent disadvantaged clients reported client avoidance of the complaints process as a form of dispute resolution and, when it was used, dissatisfaction with the outcomes. Using a mixed-method survey with input from Community Legal Centres New South Wales Inc, the experiences and perceptions of 493 New South Wales practitioners about the complaint process were examined. Results revealed widespread dissatisfaction and mistrust in the process, more extreme among those with personal experience using the system. Reasons for avoiding the system included a perceived lack of independence in complaint investigation, ineffective communication between police and complainants and experiences of victimisation by the police after making an official complaint. Recommendations to improve the use of the process include creating more opportunities for informal dispute resolution.

2 This is a conceptual paper on police deviance and its multi-faceted forms. It seeks to address the lack of an adequately formulated framework in the literature of the breadth and depth of police misconduct and corruption. The paper argues for the use of a proposed ‘sliding scale ’ of police deviance by examining the nature, extent and progression of police deviance and crime using research in Australia and Canada as illustrative case studies. This sliding scale is designed to research, capture, and store and hence extend the knowledge base of what constitutes police deviance at the level of the individual, the group and the organisational contexts of policing. As such, the conceptual framework is a robust yet flexible research tool and it’s utility as a sliding scale constitutes a step forward in advancing the knowledge on police deviance and criminality through adopting an integrated and holistic approach to managing such knowledge.

The virtues of the good leader have been discussed for centuries and across cultures. In recent times, the virtues of the good manager have also received a good deal of attention. This paper frames the issue of good leadership in terms of the collective goods to be provided by the organisation being led and discusses good leadership in policing institutions in particular.

Ethics in Criminal Justice – ED 705.605.91 The Johns Hopkins University

Summary

In the case of Far From Home, several New York City police were attending a ceremony in a hotel outside of their jurisdiction in Washington D.C. After a rowdy night of drinking and partying, the officers began acting unprofessionally, specifically, taking off their clothes and using the escalator rails as a beer shoot. There were many complaints from the hotel staff and guests to the Metro Police Department. When contacted, the New York City officers expressed nonchalance and stated that they were not only off duty, but far from their home jurisdiction. The question here is did these officers act unprofessionally and immorally? To arrive at an answer, one must evaluate what obligations the officer's had and to whom at the time of the incident. Here, we can use Dreisbach's evaluation of professional obedience. From the brief summary, it appears that they broke no laws, other than possibly disorderly conduct. Although none of the officer's were arrested, I would point to the NYPD's Code of Conduct, particularly, their obligation to act with the highest regard to professionalism. Dreisbach writes, " the virtuous professional knows that good moral decision making depends on a proper balance of concern for consequences, rules and duties (Dreisbach, 2009, p. 205). " I believe that in our assessment of a possible solution, we can look to see if these officers' behavior exhibited " concern for consequences, rules and duties. " I assert that their behavior exhibited no regard for their obligations to their ethical and moral obligations as a law enforcement officer and further exhibited no regard to the consequences of their actions. We can only assume that the NYPD has a rule or " special order " that obliges officers to follow certain procedure and abstain from unbecoming behavior while representing the NYPD on official, off-site and off-duty business (Dreisbach, 2009, p,211). In this case, the best resolution would be to refer them to discipline by the NYPD Board of Ethics to see if their behavior warrants punishment. A second possible solution would be to put them all on administrative leave. Due to the nature of their behavior and the numerous complaints and subsequent involvement of the Metro Police Department, we can assume that their behavior was unprofessional. I argue that their behavior did not reflect any concern for others nor a regard for the reputations of their fellow officers. While it may have been in their right to consume alcohol and have a good time, when these officer's began to cause a public nuisance, including pouring beer down an electric escalator and use it as a slide, they exhibited extremely poor judgment. These officers should be admonished for their behavior and written up for such behavior. In looking to Dreisbach, I would say that these officers also did not act according to " reason, intuitions, community norms or tradition (Dreisbach, 2009, p. 212). "

This academic research has been conducted within the project on “Ethics for the Prevention of
Corruption in Turkey (TYEC)” which was funded by the European Commission and implemented
by the Council of Europe in co-operation with the Council of Ethics for the Public Service of the
Republic of Turkey.

The  overall  objective  of  TYEC  is  to  contribute  to  the  prevention  of  corruption  in  Turkey  in
accordance with European and other international standards through the implementation and
extension of the code of conduct, and the development of anti-corruption measures.

An Evaluation of an Article Entitled “Polis Efendilere Mahsus Terbiye ve Malumat-ı  Meslekiye” (Police Training and Professional Knolwedge of the Police) (2002), in  Police Professional Ethics , (Ed. İhsan Bal & M. Bedri Eryılmaz), Ankara: Police Academy Publications

Being one of the basic human needs, security is the most important public services provided by the law enforcement agencie strategies and policing models to provide public order and security. Now more than ever, it is very necessary for police to repair relations with the people they serve by stepping up as the security services when conducted in an ethical manner directly affects the work of high quality that matters to society and enhance the life quality of people. Respected researchers are stressing the importance of developing the be successful. It is obvious that 21 of ethical mind as ethical behaviors are essential to policing a democratic so should be equipped with ethical values that we must develop to meet the challenges of the future. It is believed that complying with the ethical values and principles will improve the quality of security services police serve. It is potentially have on policing services. In short, this paper aims to extrapolate the ethical mind to the profession of policing and to identify how the ethical mind could impact upon pol Copyright © 2016, Dr. Mehmet Murat Payam. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Att unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Öz Bu çalışmanın amacı, polis ve polis adaylarının gözlemlerine göre polislerin mesleki etik dışı davranışları ile ilgili görüşlerini belirlemektir. Bu amaçla bu araştırmada tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu Malatya ve Elazığ Polis Meslek Yüksek Okulundaki 89 polis ve 231 polis adayı oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma verileri, araştırmacı tarafından geliştirilen "Etik Dışı Davranışlar Ölçeği" ile toplanmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin analizinde betimsel istatistikler ve t-testi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, genel aritmetik ortalama bağlamında polisler, meslektaşlarının mesleki etik dışı davranışları "Hiçbir Zaman" yap-madıklarını düşünmektedirler Polislere göre, meslektaşlarının en sık yaptığı etik dışı davranış "Usulsüz atama için ikili ilişkileri kullanma" iken, meslektaşları tarafından en az yapıldığını düşündükleri etik dışı davranış ise, "Görevini yerine getirirken rüşvet alma" davranışıdır. Genel olarak polis adayları ise, polislerin mesleki etik dışı davranışları "Çok Nadir" yaptıklarını düşünmektedir. Polis adaylarına göre de polislerin en sık yaptığı etik dışı davranış "Usulsüz atama için ikili ilişkileri kullanma", polislerin en az yaptıkları etik dışı davranış ise "Görevini yerine getirirken "rüşvet alma" davranışıdır. Katılımcıların görüşleri okul değişkenine göre değişmezken, görev değişkenine göre değişmektedir. Araştırma bulgularına göre, hizmet öncesi ve hizmet içi eğitimlerinde polis ve polis adaylarının meslek etiği ilkelerine daha duyarlı hâle gelmeleri için eğitim programlarının hazırlanması ve bu konuda gerekli önlem ve denetimlerin alınması önerilebilir.

Observance of certain ethical principles is necessary in every profession. They guarantee that professional duties will be performed not only in compliance with the law but also in line with certain moral rules. Without respect of moral rules and ethical norms, all human activities would be deprived of social and moral dimensions. The principles of professional ethics are extremely important when it comes to performing police work because they have special significance for citizens’ security, state security and suppression of various forms of crime. The special importance of police activities necessarily leads to a greater accountability of police officers in terms of legality in performing their tasks. As the principle of legality encompasses the principle of ethics, they should be regarded as parts of the same whole. The acquisition of ethical principles is part of the socialization process, but the adoption of specific principles which are important for the operation of the police is also an important segment of permanent police education and training provided at all levels of study at the Basic Police Training Centre in Sremska Kamenica and at the Academy of Criminalistic and Police Studies in Belgrade. This is a prerequisite for good training of police officers and their ability to respond to all challenges of police work.
The paper discusses the ethical aspects of police officers’ work at all levels. The author analyzes the provisions of the Code of Police Ethics (“Official Gazette of RS”, No. 17/2017) concerning the principles of legality and the rule of law, police and judiciary cooperation, organization and functioning of the police, recruitment of police personnel, duties and the rights of police officers, police activities and powers, scientific research and international cooperation. The paper aims to point out the importance of close observance and consistent application of ethical principles in the work of the police in order to secure the implementation of the rule of law principle.
Keywords: police, Code of Police Ethics, rule of law.

This chapter reflects on the contributions in the book ‘Building Police Integrity; A Post-Conflict Perspective’, and looks ahead to the future.  After identifying a number of key issues from the contributions and the discussions, explanations for the success and failure of police reform and building police integrity are suggested.  Referring to notions as ‘post-conflict’, ‘social order’, ‘the rule of law’, and ‘police integrity’, as well as to the sometimes unrealistic approaches in police reform, the constructionist approaches that can be characterised by their attempts to reduce uncertainty and a strong normative nature [mostly based on Western values], and differences in the culture and opinions of the actors involved, observations regarding academic research and the field of policies and strategies are made.

In 1997 the NSW Police Force (NSWPF) implemented a complaints process on the recommendation of the Wood Royal Commission. Client advocates and legal practitioners who represent disadvantaged clients reported client avoidance of the complaints process as a form of dispute resolution and, when it was used, dissatisfaction with the outcomes. Using a mixed-method survey with input from Community Legal Centres New South Wales Inc, the experiences and perceptions of 493 New South Wales practitioners about the complaint process were examined. Results revealed widespread dissatisfaction and mistrust in the process, more extreme among those with personal experience using the system. Reasons for avoiding the system included a perceived lack of independence in complaint investigation, ineffective communication between police and complainants and experiences of victimisation by the police after making an official complaint. Recommendations to improve the use of the process include creating more...

A tanulmány Magyarország történelmének rendőri hivatás szempontjából mértékadó korszakait vizsgálja röviden. A 19. és a 20. század magyar rendészet-tudományi szakirodalmából kiolvasható hivatás elemeinek feltárása a célom. A korszakban bekövetkezett társadalmi változások mellett kiemelt jelentőségű volt, hogy az állami fegyveres testületek, ezen belül is a rendőrség, jól megalapozott szakmai elvárások mentén végezze a feladatát. A rendőrség az állam-szervezeten belül, a közigazgatási hatóság egyik ágaként töltötte be társadalmi rendeltetését. A tanulmány a rendőri hivatás elemeinek vizsgálatából kiindulva írja körül annak mibenlét. A vizsgálat magában foglalja a rendészet társadalmi szerepvállalását és ezen szerep erkölcsi igazoltságát, mindemellett a rendőri állománytól elvárt képességek és erények feltárását, amelyek többek között elősegítik a rendészeti állomány integrációját és ezzel a hatékonyabb feladat-végrehajtását. Mindezeken túlmenően fontos kapcsot képeznek a rendészeti állomány és a társadalom között.
Kulcsszavak: hivatás, rendőri hivatás, rendőri etika, rendőrség története


The study shortly examines the relevant periods in the history of Hungary in terms of the police profession. My goal is to explore the elements of the pro-fession that can be read from the Hungarian law enforcement literature of the 19th and 20th century. In addition to the social changes that took place during the era, it was of paramount importance that the state armed bodies, including the police, perform their duties in accordance with well-established professio-nal expectations. The police served their social function in the state organizati-on as a branch of the administrative authority. The study describes the nature of
the police profession, starting from the examination of the elements. The exa-mination includes the exploration of the social role of the police and the mo-ral justification of this role, as well as the abilities and virtues expected of the police force, which, among other things, facilitate the integration of the police force and thus its more efficient performance. However, they form an impor-tant contact between law enforcement and society.
Keywords: profession, police profession, police ethics, police history

A rendőri állomány erkölcsi normái és problémái.... Mit is jelent mindez a valóságban? Mindenki megfelelő hangsúlyt fektet minderre? Figyelik a rendőrök önnön magukat a munkájuk során, mely majd későbbiekben kihat egész életükre; vagy fordítva? Mit is jelent ebben, - a maga értelmében - speciális szakmában, embernek lenni? Vannak erkölcsileg elítélendő magatartások, melyek pont ezen szakma gyakorlásakor válnak társadalmilag elítélendő magatartássá? Minthogy emberek vagyunk és mindenki másképp ítéli meg a különböző élethelyzeteket, itt sincs ez másképp? Tettem fel magamnak e kérdéseket, mikor elkezdtem írni ezt a dolgoztatot. Igaz, én még nem dolgoztam rendőrként, de a dolgozatom során, a rendelkezésemre álló esetleírások alapján próbálom, minél szélesebb körben és mélységében feltárni a válaszokat.

Το ζήτημα που πραγματεύεται η εργασία είναι η χρήση της τεχνολογίας των καμερών που φέρονται από αστυνομικούς κατά την εκτέλεση της υπηρεσίας τους, η οποία διαρκώς εξαπλώνεται σε ολοένα και περισσότερες αστυνομίες ανά στο κόσμο. Η παρακολούθηση και η καταγραφή της διεπαφής των αστυνομικών με τον πολίτη φημίζεται ως μέσο λογοδοσίας και ένας αποτελεσματικός τρόπος μείωσης της βίας, των διακρίσεων και της διαφθοράς.
Τα ερωτήματα που τέθηκαν στην εργασία είναι τα πλεονεκτήματα και τα μειονέκτημα που προκύπτουν καθώς και οι ευκαιρίες και οι κίνδυνοι που αντιμετωπίζουν οι αρχές επιβολής του νόμου από την υιοθέτηση αυτής της τεχνολογίας. Στην εργασία θα αναλυθεί το τι είναι οι κάμερες που φέρονται από αστυνομικούς εν ώρα υπηρεσίας (police officer body-worn cameras), το τι προσφέρουν, ποια είναι τα μειονεκτήματα και οι προβληματισμοί που εγείρουν άλλα και γιατί τελικά είναι τόσο διαδεδομένη η χρήση τους από αστυνομίες άλλων κρατών.
Η μέθοδος ερευνάς που ακολουθήθηκε είναι η ευρεία αναζήτηση σε επιστημονικά περιοδικά αστυνομικού ενδιαφέροντος αναλύοντας έρευνες και άρθρα σχετικά με το θέμα. Οι πηγές περιγράφουν την τεχνολογία και προσφέρουν σημαντική καθοδήγηση σχετικά με τα ερωτήματα που θέτονται.
Με τον έναν ή τον άλλο τρόπο οι περισσότεροι μπορεί να είναι απλά γνώστες αυτής της τεχνολογίας που χρησιμοποιείται από τις αρχές επιβολής του νόμου χωρίς να γνωρίζουν παραπάνω στοιχεία. Στην εργασία θα αναλυθεί το τι είναι οι κάμερες που φέρονται από αστυνομικούς εν ώρα υπηρεσίας (police officer body-worn cameras), το τι προσφέρουν, ποια είναι τα μειονεκτήματα και οι προβληματισμοί που εγείρουν άλλα και γιατί τελικά είναι τόσο διαδεδομένη η χρήση τους από αστυνομίες άλλων κρατών όπως των Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών ή του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου.

Résumé
Il apparaît trop souvent que la Réforme du Secteur de la Sécurité dans les pays du Sud consiste à importer des normes et des pratiques mises en place dans les pays du Nord. La nécessaire adaptation de ces normes et pratiques aux réalités locales est rarement prise en compte, ce qui hypothèque dès l’origine le dispositif mis en place. Nous prenons ici l’exemple de la Police Nationale du Tchad qui s’est engagée dans une démarche volontariste de réforme de son code de déontologie et d’émergence d’une politique publique en matière de de déontologie policière. Après avoir constaté que le code en vigueur n’avait jamais fait l’objet d’une réelle appropriation par les personnels de police, l’objet de la mission a été d’inviter les acteurs nationaux (institutions d’État, services de police, mais aussi société civile), à identifier leurs propres enjeux en matière de déontologie policière, y compris en matière d’atteinte aux droits humains. Il a alors été possible de créer un code, respectueux du cadre légal national et des standards internationaux, ainsi que de formuler une politique publique, en adéquation avec les besoins et les contraintes du pays. Nous analysons plus généralement dans cet article, les limites des dispositifs de Réforme du Secteur de la Sécurité transférés sans être régionalisés, et proposons une série de principes ainsi qu’une méthodologie facilitant l’indispensable prise en compte du contexte local, pour une meilleure intervention en matière de coopération internationale.

Abstract
It appears far too often that in countries of the Global South, Security Sector Reform consists of merely imitating the standards and practices used in the Global North. The need to adapt these standards and practices to the local reality is rarely taken into consideration, which compromises them from the time the security system is established. Here, we will use the example of the National Police of Chad, who are participating in a proactive approach to the reform of their Code of Ethics and the emergence of a public policy on police ethics. After we discovered that their current Code of Ethics had never been truly appropriated by the police personnel, our goal became to invite the national actors (government institutions, police services, and civilians) to identify their issues with police ethics, including possible human rights violations. It was then possible to create a code that not only respects the national legal framework and international standards but also formulates a public policy with an eye to the needs and constraints of the country. In this article, we provide a general analysis of the limits of Security Sector Reform measures that are adopted without providing for the specific characteristics of a particular region. We propose a methodology and a series of principles that perform the essential role of taking the local context into consideration for a better intervention in international cooperation.