Forensic Psychology

The focus of this book is ultimately to present a clear and succinct view of what psychological research has revealed about terrorists and terrorism. The results are often disturbing, sometimes surprising and frequently disheartening. Perhaps most worrying of all, is the extent to which this current level and range of knowledge has repeatedly been ignored and overlooked by those tasked with the responsibility of controlling terrorism. This book aims to provide a clear, intelligent and well-informed account of what psychology has learned in the past thirty years about issues relating to terrorism. It also aims to demonstrate just how one branch of social science can provide a powerful tool for insight and guidance on one of the most challenging problems facing the modern world.

In recent past, there are a lot of research advancements in mobile forensics tools. This is so due to increase usage of mobile phones in storage of information, law enforcement, mobile online transactions, and also negatively by criminals due to increased computational capabilities. Mobile forensics devices continue to remain a very challenging task due to poor user data retrieval techniques for evidence retrieval. Recently, third party applications assume a veritable feet because it is supported by majority of mobile devices platforms, thereby making it easy to extract information of its users' for future criminal audit. This paper proposes an evidence data retrieval method from InstagramApp using two networks based platforms (that is, pure peer-to-peer (PPP) and special cluster peer (SCP) based), whose concept is to manage mobile device communication and generate multiple copies of users data/information to be dumped across three servers. The forensic test results were obtaine...

Psychology, like other mental health professions, has experienced difficulty addressing the issue of therapist-patient sexual intimacies vigorously, carefully, and effectively. Six fundamental challenges, based on frequently made comparisons of therapist-patient sex to incest and rape, are identified as crucial in addressing forms of sex abuse in which perpetrators are predominantly male and victims are predominantly female: (a) acknowledging the scope of the phenomenon, (b) affirming the notion and the mechanisms of accountability, (c) assessing the validity of allegations, (d) evaluating the nature and validity of research evidence, (e) overcoming perpetrator stereotypes and inclinations to collude with or to enable sex offenders, and (f) confronting the notion of victim responsibility.

I discuss some observations in the forensic accounting-based fraud literature, and identify the recent advances and other important issues in the literature that are worth noting. The main message in this commentary article is that fraud is complicated, and fraud complexity can significantly influence the way we undertake research in the forensic accounting and fraud literature. The practical implication is that forensic accountants, fraud examiners, and forensic accounting researchers should incorporate into their practice the complexity of fraud regardless of whether they follow an empirical, experimental, exploratory, analytical or critical approach to detect or investigate fraud.

""""""Despite being one of the most common forensic
mental health evaluations, no article has ever appeared in a
peer-reviewed journal describing how to conduct US
Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) mental health compensation
and pension examinations. This article rectifies that
paucity of information. We outline the legal framework, ethical
considerations, and administrative challenges inherent in
these evaluations. We provide separate guidelines for private
practice clinicians and VA staff or contractors.We pay special
attention to the multiple sources of collateral information
available for these exams and how to access relevant records.
The article alerts examiners to the possibility that they might
face resistance from VA officials if they screen for and assess
symptom exaggeration or feigning and that they could encounter
VA-imposed restrictions on time allotted for exams.
Specific suggestions are made for different types of exams:
Initial Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), PTSD Review,
Initial Mental Disorder, and Mental Disorder Review.""""""

Research on resiliency and recovery in forensic psychiatric patients is still limited. Information pertaining to factors associated with successful community reintegration would contribute to a more comprehensive assessment of functioning and informed treatment planning that fits within a recovery approach of service provision. Using a retrospective design involving file reviews and a 3-year follow-up period, the authors investigated the rate of successful/unsuccessful community reintegration (defined by the presence or absence of an absolute discharge/readmission to hospital) in female forensic psychiatric patients (N=48). The study evaluated the extent to which the risk and protective factors captured in the Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START) predicted a range of positive and negative outcomes in the study sample. Results showed that 47.9% of the women qualified as having successfully reintegrated into the community, with the remaining 52.1% qualifying as still being in recovery. Successful individuals possessed significantly more protective factors and significantly fewer risk factors than individuals still in recovery. Furthermore, both the vulnerability and the strength scale of the START demonstrated good predictive validity, however we did not find evidence of incremental validity of the strength scale. ). Factors such as previous offending behavior and criminal justice involvement are well recognized as strong predictors of future offending. By definition, then, forensic patients and other individuals with a history of coming into conflict with the law are already at an elevated risk for offending and violence than individuals without a criminal history. Yet even within such high-risk populations, many at-risk 1 Readmission and AD are not mutually exclusive; it is possible for a patient to have a readmission and subsequently receive an AD within the three-year follow-up period.

In recent past, there are a lot of research advancements in mobile forensics tools. This is so due to increase usage of mobile phones in storage of information, law enforcement, mobile online transactions, and also negatively by criminals due to increased computational capabilities. Mobile forensics devices continue to remain a very challenging task due to poor user data retrieval techniques for evidence retrieval. Recently, third party applications assume a veritable feet because it is supported by majority of mobile devices platforms, thereby making it easy to extract information of its users' for future criminal audit. This paper proposes an evidence data retrieval method from InstagramApp using two networks-based platforms [that is, pure peer-to-peer (PPP) and special cluster peer (SCP)-based], whose concept is to manage mobile device communication and generate multiple copies of users data/information to be dumped across three servers. The forensic test results were obtained from PPP and SCP developed to securely extract data from mobile devices. This shows that, SCP outperformed PPP in terms of the time taken to fulfil forensic auditor's request, throughput and broadband utilisation which are 42.82% to 57.18%, 56.81% to 43.19% and 35.41% to 64.53% respectively.

Is an offender with mental health problems fully responsible for their offences? Should certain criminal behaviors be treated with incarceration and rehabilitation—or counseling and psychotherapy? Mad or Bad? asks these questions, and more. It is a cutting-edge text that provides a comprehensive introduction to mental health problems and criminal behavior, and considers the most common and effective therapeutic approaches for working with offenders and victims of crime. - Part 1 explores the predominant tensions between forensic and therapeutic agendas; - Part 2 considers how criminal and ‘insane’ identities and careers may be considered gendered, classed, culturally, and age-dependent experiences, and be related to power and oppression; - Part 3 examines issues around sex and sexuality in forensic and therapeutic settings; - Part 4 introduces a range of therapeutic approaches for working with offenders and victims of crime; - Part 5 covers forensic and therapeutic practices, includ...

Purpose Individuals with diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) within criminal justice settings are a highly heterogeneous group. Although studies have examined differences between those with and without ASD in such settings, there has been no examination of differences within the ASD group. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on the findings of a service evaluation project, this paper introduces a typology of ASD within forensic mental health and intellectual disability settings. Findings The eight subtypes that are described draw on clinical variables including psychopathy, psychosis and intensity/frequency of problem behaviours that co-occur with the ASD. The initial assessment of inter-rater reliability on the current version of the typology revealed excellent agreement, multirater Kfree =0.90. Practical implications The proposed typology could improve understanding of the relationship between ASD and forensic risk, identify the most...

Communication of rights guidelines are a document jointly authored by a group of 21 linguists, lawyers, psychologists, and interpreters that outlines seven recommendations for how the right to silence (and other rights) can be better worded and communicated by the police to non-native speakers of English.

Clinicians and legal practitioners have often assumed, uncritically, that sensational interests are predictive of sadistic personality disorder (SADPD). This association has never been empirically tested in a non-pathological sample. Using a sample of adults (N = 219) from two countries, a four-factor SADPD structure was identified. A latent variable model was used to test the hypothesis that Sensational Interests Questionnaire (SIQ) scores would be associated with SADPD scores, after the separation of general and specific variance. The general association was not significant, but a direct pathway from SIQ Criminal Identity to SADPD Antisocial was required, to improve model fit. SADPD was predicted largely by normal personality traits. Sensational interests are therefore not a simple signifier of deviance or sadism, in clinical and legal contexts. However, Criminal Identity may emerge as a risk factor for certain forms of antisocial behaviour, and should be investigated further.

The aim of the presented work was to analyze the role of the level of self-esteem and anxiety on the quality of witnesses' testimonies, as well as the role of psychology in assessing their credibility. High self-esteem does not necessarily translate into higher quality of testimonies. It can be associated with uncritical and overconfidence. In turn, research on reinforced self-affirmation shows that the situational increase in the level of self-esteem makes the misinformation effect more resistant. Low self-esteem can be associated with shyness and verbal problems. Anxiety can be considered as a state and as a trait. Anxiety, as a state, correlates negatively with the misinformation effect. However, anxiety as a trait can moderate the impact of negative life experiences on suggestibility. The research results suggest that personality traits may influence the quality of witnesses' testimony. Therefore, we should critically approach testimony to minimize the risk of mistakes.

Shared decision-making and person centred care (PCC/SDM) are increasingly embraced framework conceptions on how to organise health care's interaction with patients. Although underlying ethical motivation may vary, PCC/SDM holds ideals of a greater adaption of health care to individual circumstances, and of recognising patients as collaborators in clinical decision-making. The PCC/SDM notion has migrated quickly across many areas where it is less clear how it applies, due to patients being in non-standard conditions with regard to personal capacities or care context, and detected to offer a number of peculiar ethical and practical challenges. But the migration has also reached areas with even less similarity to the original PCC/SDM landscape of somatic hospital care. In this presentation, we describe – based on comissioned and work in a Swedish context and ongoing research studies – three examples of this expansion and survey these for extra ethical complications: forensic care, social services and public health (outside of health care institutions). Each area offers peculiar extra ethical challenges for PCC/SDM, as they depart extensively from standard assumptions by, in various ways, embracing goals not built on the standard individualist assumptions of health care ethics. It is possible to implement adapted forms of PCC/SDM to these areas, but these cannot be assumed to serve ideals of emancipating, empowering or recognising individuals as persons. Rather, they have to be viewed though a lens of public goods aimed for in the respective areas. Clients and patients are entitled to be made aware of this fact, but regardless of this, the mentioned perspective-shift will pose particular challenges for health professionals. At the same time, PCC/SDM strategies may also open up for approaches to resolving these tensions and meet typical challenges that would otherwise have remained out of reach.

Fingerprint analysis have been the gold standard for personal identification and a most reliable means of primary identification in Disaster Victim Identification (DVI) work. However, finger printing of the dead has always been primarily performed
in the mortuary during postmortem (PM) examination. This identifier maybe lost due to the transportation and body handling
where the duration of the recovery of dead bodies could exceed 48 hours and the bodies have already started to decompose.
The objective of the study is to demonstrate the possibility of using a portable biometric reader to capture and to match with a
cadaveric fingerprint scanin order to translate into real-time identification in a large scale disaster. The authors used an optical
fingerprint biometric reader MSO 1350 and a smartphone to conduct this study. An initial pilot study of 18 subjects and a total
of 100 known deceased were used to match ownthumbprintswith theirMalaysian Identity Card (MyKad).Descriptively, 86.9%
of the cadaveric finger prints were matched. Inferential statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Version 26.0. The
analysis of the data proved that the fingerprint biometric reader

The assessment and treatment of adults who set fires deliberately is underdeveloped relative to other areas of forensic-clinical psychology. From a scientist-practitioner perspective, all clinical assessment and treatment should be guided by a theoretical and empirically based understanding of the presenting clinical phenomena. In this paper, we critically review current typologies, motives, and theories regarding the etiological features of deliberate adult firesetting. Then, using a theory knitting perspective, we synthesize the prime parts of this information into a comprehensive multifactorial framework of deliberate firesetting. The resulting Multi-Trajectory Theory of Adult Firesetting (M-TTAF) is an integration of current theory, typological, and research knowledge into a comprehensive etiological theory of firesetting along with its maintenance, and desistence. In addition to this overall theoretical framework, we summarize five associated prototypical firesetting trajectories (or patterns of characteristics leading to the firesetting behavior) that stem from our theoretical work. We examine this new theory according to key evaluative components associated with theory construction and conclude by highlighting the M-TTAF's potential application in future research and practice innovation with adult firesetters.

An Insanity Defence precludes criminal liability, as the defendant was rendered incapable of understanding the consequences of the action. Due to the global relevance of the Indian Penal Code and the fact that "insanity is probably best suited for universal adoption since [it is] common to all human societies," this paper compares Singapore and India in how each state incorporates mental illness into its criminal law. While India and Singapore both adhere strictly to the common law M’Naghten Rules, Singaporean law through the concept of diminished responsibility has included provisions that nuance the role of mental illness in the commission of crimes. Although judges are not medical professionals, significant progress has been made in reliably diagnosing impulse control disorders, and making room for irresistible impulses in both criminal laws is thus long overdue.

Psychoanalyse und die forensischen Psychologie beschäftigen sich beide mit dem Ergründen von verborgenen psychischen Tatsachen. Als Oberbegriff hat Boothe  vorgeschlagen, diese unter „Latenz in Kommunikation und Beziehung“ zu erfassen. Darunter verstehen wir Gedächtnisinhalte, die auf ganz unterschiedliche Ursachen zurückgehen:

• Vergessenes, das aber nicht verdrängt ist, sondern einfach nicht heraufgeholt
• unbewusste, im Freud’schen Sinn verdrängte Inhalte
• Verleugnete Inhalte
• Schamvoll und schuldvoll Verschwiegenes
• Irrtümer, denen jemand unterliegt
• bewusste Lügen und Auslassungen, die jemand einsetzt, um andere bewusst zu täuschen
• keimende, noch nicht ausgereifte Ideen

Im Alltag hat sich die Spaltung in Latenz und Manifestes als kognitive und emotionale Überforderung erwiesen. Als Wissenschaftler sind wir uns der Divergenz sehr bewusst und arbeiten mit dem Latenten. Trotzdem glauben wir im Alltag oft an das Manifeste.
Ein Grund, weshalb das Latente oft unerkannt bleibt, ist das Fehlen einer Analysemethode, die es systematisch erfassen würde. Die Analyse von Text und Bildern mit dem offenen Ziel, allfällige latente Inhalte aufzudecken, ist als Prozedur ungenügend definiert.  Hier geht es darum, die Heuristik der Regeln des systematischen Beobachtens mit 5 Regeln und einem Hypothesencheck vorzuführen. Sie erlaubt eine vertiefte Auseinandersetzung und auch Kritik von Text- und Bildanalysen und unterstützt die Abduktion von Hypothesen.

Inevitably many terrorists and violent extremists end up in prison where they can pose formidable challenges.  Such prisoners are unusual and distinctive. As a consequence, their management can pose exceptionally difficult problems in prison and probation settings. However, our knowledge of managing and intervening with violent extremists in prison settings is very limited.  On many issues we currently have almost no published research, and much of what does exist is of poor quality. This deficiency unquestionably represents one of the most serious obstacles to developing effective strategies for promoting and facilitating disengagement from terrorism. This chapter provides an introduction to the problems and issues raised by terrorist and extremist offenders in prison settings. Critical issues around management strategies, radicalisation and deradicalisation, reform, risk assessment, as well as post-release experiences, are all explored.

Most terrorists ultimately end up in prison, yet remarkably little is known about what happens behind the prison walls and even less about when those individuals are eventually released back into society. This book provides readers with an up-to-date, informed and accessible account of what is known about terrorists and extremists in prison, what are the genuine risks and dangers, and what are the critical issues and insights in terms of management and reform. In doing so, it strips away many of the myths and media panics which have so often dominated discussions of this vital issue.

Now a day's crimes against women are increasing day by day. Along with this, illicit relationships in family members are also increasing, mostly in rural population especially in joint families. Most of the times, the culprits are near relatives or from home itself. We encountered such a case in which an adolescent girl was admitted under Gynaecologist for the presenting complaints of pain abdomen with distension. On medical examination, she was found to be having almost full-term pregnancy. However, the girl of this tender age was absolutely ignorant of her pregnancy and no one in the family including her mother could suspect her teen age unmarried girl to be pregnant. The circumstances narrated by the girl shocked the family and unfolded the mystery of this unwanted pregnancy and shameful acts with her for months together by none other than her own blood relative. The pregnancy and problems of foetal anomalies occurring as a result of such incestuous sexual intimacy are beyond imagination. The outcome of pregnancy and other socio-legal issues/problems relating to such a case will be discussed in detail in this paper.

This book presents serial killers as having disorders of imagination, imagopathy, seen through deficiencies such as failure of empathy, rigid fantasies, and unresolved projections. This disorder is a form of failed alchemy. This study challenges long-held assumptions that the Jungian concept of individuation is a purely healthful drive. Serial killers are unable to form insight after projecting untenable material onto their victims. Criminal profilers must therefore effect that insight, using active imagination, informed by their own reactions, on violent crime scene imagery. This book posits sexual homicides as irrational shadow images in our rationalistic modern culture. Consequently, profilers bridge conscious and unconscious for both inexorably splintered killers and the culture at large.
After establishing the dark fictional and non-fictional landscape of criminal profiling, Jungian Crime Scene Analysis examines how two experts, John Douglas and Robert Ressler, tacitly apply imaginal techniques in order to gather evidence about their quarries. Jungian approaches to active imagination and countertransference help to define this forensic project, grounded in the archetypal psychology concept of image.

As was written in the syllabus of Psychology 350 class, this course was planned to introduce a background of forensic psychology to undergraduate students interested in how psychological knowledge can be applied in criminal cases and settings. This paper was written in order to apply the theoretical knowledge taught in this class on fundamental issues in forensic psychological to a criminal setting that is the serial murder case in the movie Citizen X (1995). Thus, this paper is a reaction paper on Citizen X focusing on the fundamental issues of criminal psychology.

Keywords: Citizen X, Psychology 350, reaction paper

Secondary victimization occurs when victims of crime feel they have been subjected to inadequate, insensitive or inappropriate treatment, attitudes, behaviour, responses and/or practices by criminal justice and social agencies, which compound their original trauma. In order to investigate how an under-researched group of victims of crime may be subjected to secondary victimization by the criminal justice system (CJS), which in this research refers to the police, the Coroner's Service and the legal (or court) system, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 women who had been bereaved by homicide. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) identified instances of multiple secondary victimization from all systems considered. Recommendations for how to reduce the secondary victimization of 'co-victims' of homicide are made, including: improving communication and promoting understanding between co-victims and the CJS; statutory rights for co-victims; and participatory rights in the legal process, such as access to victims' lawyers or auxiliary prosecutors.

The author examined the relation between anonymity and aggression in violent interpersonal assaults that occurred in Northern Ireland. Of the 500 violent attacks that the author studied, 206 were carried out by offenders who wore disguises to mask their identities. The findings revealed that significant positive relationships existed between the use of disguises and several measures of aggression. Disguised offenders inflicted more serious physical injuries, attacked more people at the scene, engaged in more acts of vandalism, and were more likely to threaten victims after the attacks. The author discussed these results within the framework of deindividuation theory.

Investigators are continually faced with the task of detecting deception. Assessment Criteria Indicative of Deception (ACID) is a system of interviewing and credibility assessment that maximizes verbal cues to detect deception, and teaches content analysis that highlights attempts to withhold, distort, or manipulate information. The ACID technique has been successful in discriminating honest from deceptive statements when credibility determinations are made either by statistical methods or trained raters. Unfortunately, the training has required several hours and application has required the time-consuming process of transcription. The current study demonstrates the utility of ACID following a brief training, and compares the credibility ratings made from analysis of transcripts to the credibility ratings made from the analysis of audio recordings. Twenty-nine university undergraduate and graduate students read or listened to a series of eight transcripts. Raters were provided with accounts before training and 4 accounts after training. Prior to training, raters performed at 55% accuracy. Following training, raters performed at 71% accuracy. Additionally, there was an untrained control group that performed at 53% accuracy. Of note, the post-training performance was identical for accounts presented in written and audio formats. In sum, the ACID technique was reliable, valid, easy to train, and showed that accurate decisions can be made from simple audio recordings. ABILITY TO DETECT DECEPTION Decades of research in detecting deception has demonstrated that the general public is not very skilled at this task, with accuracy ratings in detecting deception at chance performance, i.e., 50% (1-3). One reason for such poor performance is that detecting deception is a naturally difficult task, requiring sustained attention, cognitive processing, and an awareness of the nuances of others' behavior (3, 4). The difficulty of this task is increased by the general lack of cues available during interviews that allows the detection of deception. That is, even if people are aware of the appropriate cues, these cues are generally insufficient in number or magnitude to allow for a high accuracy rate. For example, McCormack et al. (5) found a lack of contextual details and bare-boned reports when one is confabulating. They suggest as a practical outcome of the research that for first responders there is a limited set

Background: Suicide is a multifaceted phenomenon with multiple underlying risk factors, including alcohol and/or abuse of other drugs and psychiatric illnesses. Toxicological analysis is of crucial importance even in hanging deaths where the cause of death seems to be 'obvious'. Objective: To investigate hanging suicide deaths, focusing on toxicological findings in their postmortem specimens, over a period of six years in the Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Methods: The suicidal hanging deaths in the period from 2014 to 2019 were retrospectively studied from autopsy and toxicology analysis reports. Results: Of the investigated 75 hanging suicides, 64 (85.3%) were males and 11 (14.7%) were females. Most of the cases were in the age group between 31 and 40 years of age (36%). Non-Saudi nationals (57, 76%) much prevailed over Saudi people (18, 24%) and the highest is the Indian population (27, 36%), followed by Saudi nationals (18, 24%). Ethanol was the commonest detected substance in the studied specimens (45, 60%). Cannabis ranked the second (14, 18.6%) followed by antipsychotic drugs (10, 13.3%) and amphetamine (7, 9. 3%).Conclusion: The precise statistical mortality database for hanging suicides deaths may provide a valuable evidence for the importance of postmortem toxicology analysis and the role of alcohol and its effect on the aggressive behavior, human health and mortality. In the current study, Ethanol was the highest detected substance in the studied specimens (45, 60%), with predominance of non-Saudi Indian males.

In Taiwan, a systematic way and integrative system for interviewing child victims or witnesses has yet to be established. Child victims or witnesses still have to go through a long process when involved in the legal system. They are typically interviewed several times by various systems (first by social worker, then police officers, yet again prosecutors and even medical or mental health professionals) with different approaches.

Dieser Band stellt die gegenwärtige Entwicklung, Merkmale und Praxisbeispiele evidenzorientierter Kriminalprävention vor. Er umfasst die Beiträge von 76 renommierten Experten und vermittelt dadurch einen umfassenden Eindruck von der Präventionswissenschaft in Deutschland. Dabei kommen Kritiker und Befürworter der evidenzorientierten Prävention von Kriminalität zu Wort, um dem Leser ein ausgewogenes Gesamtbild über deren Möglichkeiten und Grenzen zu vermitteln. Darauf aufbauend benennt der Band 70 Handlungsempfehlungen u.a. für die Kriminalitäts- und Präventionsbereiche: Behandlung von Sexualstraftätern, Extremismusprävention, (De-)radikalisierung im Strafvollzug, Wohnungseinbruchdiebstahl, Menschenhandel und Einsatz der elektronischen Fußfessel. Der Band schließt an den aktuellen Stand der Forschung und der politischen Diskussion an und füllt eine bestehende Lücke innerhalb der deutschsprachigen Literatur.

This paper describes key policy and practice issues regarding a significant subgroup of people with intellectual disability-those with offending behaviour being treated in forensic hospitals. Approach: The reasons why psychiatrists continue to be involved in the treatment of people with intellectual disability and mental health or behavioural problems and the factors that may lead to patients needing hospital admission are examined. Using two illustrative examples, three key questions-containment versus treatment, hospital care versus conditional discharge and hospital treatment versus using Deprivation of Liberty safeguards (DOLS) usage in the community are explored. Findings: Patients with intellectual disability, mental health problems and offending behaviours who are treated within forensic inpatient units tend to have long lengths of stay. The key variable that mediates this length of stay is the risk that they pose to themselves or others. Clinicians work within the framework of mental health law and have to be mindful that pragmatic solutions to hasten discharge into the community may not fall within the law. Originality/value: The article makes practical suggestions for the future on how to best integrate hospital and community care for people with intellectual disability, mental health and offending behaviours.

The Complex Trial Protocol (CTP) is a P300-based Concealed Information Test (CIT). The theoretical underpinnings of the CIT in the context of law enforcement usage are sound. The CTP is said to effectively discriminate individuals who recognize novel and meaningful stimuli and to be countermeasure resistant. Forty-five undergraduate students were assigned to three groups and instructed to perform a computer task using autobiographical data in connection to a mock burglary script. P300 peak-to-peak amplitude differences between probe (surname) and irrelevant (patronymic foils) items accurately identified 100% (14/14) of Innocent Controls (IC), 94% (15/16) of Simply Guilty (SG) participants, and 93% (14/15) of Guilty Countermeasure (GCM) subjects who were asked to counter all stimuli by mentally counting backwards continuously during their test presentation. Increased number of mistakes during the test, from combined cognitive erroneous responses to pop quizzes and behavioral errors with button presses, significantly discriminated GCM from IC and SG individuals. GCM participants committed more errors than IC and SG which did not differ from one another. Reaction Time (RT) was only significant between GCM and IC groups. Implications for forensic issues are discussed.

The psychologist and legal professional have an interest as important study of lie detection which revolves as one of the foremost areas of applied psychology. Indeed, in legal settings, police offices, and attorneys are among those make sure with the responsibility to determine clues which is important to know whether someone is lying or telling the truth in investigations, court trials, border control interviews and intelligence interviews. Therefore, psychologists and practitioners have developed various lie detection tools which cover entire possible range from observing behavior, analyzing speech, and measuring peripheral physiological responses to recording brain activity. This article will bring in the reader to the main lie detection tools and theories that underpinned to date in reference to deception.

This article is a response to the questions, "What is the purpose/mission of this association? What are some of the publications put out by this association?" and describes the minimum acceptable standards for psychological services for offenders in the correctional system.