Plot

The narrative and thematic complexity of the film Eyes Wide Shut, directed by Stanley Kubrick, requires an interpretation that takes into account the interrelation between the subject of the film, the plot and the novella on which it is based, Traumnovelle (Dream Story), by Arthur Schnitzler. The plot revolves around a single theme, the sexual impulses of a couple -and the dreams and fantasies related to them-in a story where sexual episodes follow one another throughout. The scenes portrayed are a projection of the unconscious mind (in dreams, in fantasies, and also in far-fetched reality), acquiring increasing intensity till the bathos of everyday life returns at the end of the film.

Character Plot Conflict Point of view Theme SETTING The time and location in which a story takes place is called the setting. For some stories the setting is very important, while for others it is not. There are several aspects of a story's setting to consider when examining how setting contributes to a story (some, or all, may be present in a story): · place -geographical location. · time -(historical period, time of day, year, etc) · weather conditions -rainy, sunny, stormy, etc? · social conditions -the daily life of the character, local color · mood or atmosphere -What feeling is created at The German critic Gustav Freytag, in Technique of the Drama (1863), introduced an analysis of plot that is known as Freytag's Pyramid. He described the typical plot of a five-act play as a pyramidal shape, consisting of a rising action, climax, and falling action. Although the total pattern that Freytag described applies only to a limited number of plays, various of his terms are frequently echoed by critics of prose fiction as well as drama. Rising Action Climax / Turning Point Falling action Resolution / Denouement

In how readers represent narrative plot-macrostructure extended
imaginative gestalts may play a key role (parallel to or instead of more abstract propositions). Image schemas, a notion employed very successfully by cognitive linguists (Gibbs & Colston 1995, Hampe 2005), are an excellent tool for modeling macrostructure in narratives. Applying this hypothesis requires projecting claims about phrases to more extended events and the skeletal representations that readers create of them. As this is methodologically all but trivial, how can we explore if story ontology really involves complex gestalts with image-schematic and sensorimotor properties? Clearly, combining text-linguistic with psycholinguistic methods is highly advisable here. The first major section of this paper summarizes a textual approach to Joseph Conrad’s novel Heart of Darkness, from which I generated hypotheses about the relation between FORCE, PATH, CONTAINER, and other image schemas on the one and
specific “tracks” of event ontology on the other hand. The second section reports on a priming experiment with 40 short stories, which focuses on the “track” of story causality. It was hypothesized that abstract representations of story causality (successful vs. unsuccessful goal completion) involve FORCE-like aspects. In the experiment, readers had to
perform dynamic force gestures with their hands that could potentially speed up the comprehension of plots with similar flow contours.

My case study of Heart of Darkness analyzes the role of image schemas in shaping narrative macrostructures and in organizing literary metaphor systems. Assuming that we can reconstruct global story meaning from local image-schematic metaphors,
I propose a model in which compound gestalts represent major aspects of the plot-defining macrostructure. It emerges as salient textual cues progressively add up to a scaffold of image-schematic elements that represent the event’s overall texture, its
“plot-gene”. The rich metaphor system of Heart of Darkness throws into relief the amazing range of literary functions rooted in this image-schematic plot-gene, including plot mnemonics, inference, metaphor networks, and clustering of propositional
knowledge, megametaphor, focalizing and viewpoint effects, irony, as well as mood contours. Progressing toward a cognitive model of narrative, I will argue that reading involves a mental simulation of how image schemas interact topologically to produce emergent effects. I dub the imagistic substrate of this simulation the “mental (story) sketchpad,” following Baddeley (1986).

According to Vladimir Propp, plot functions constitute the fundamental components of the story, involving an act of a character defined from the point of view of its significance for the course of the action. Perhaps the most pressing concern for critics interested in advancing plot analysis is the need to specify some workable strategies for relating the sequence of plot functions to the fictional discourse they purport to explain. In this paper, it is argued that plot functions are embedded in demarcated text segments embodying significant semantic meaning. These text segments may include significant voice-overs, meaningful gestures, acts of recognition, written notes, financial exchanges, speech exchanges, and major actions. The key defining feature of each of these text segments is whether they serve to execute the plot function in an effective manner or not. In order to demonstrate this argument, a neo-Proppian analysis will be employed to elucidate the plot functions in Martin McDonagh's black comedy In Bruges (2008).

This article provides some groundwork for applying the cognitive linguistic theory of force dynamics ( Talmy 1988, 2000) to narrative discourse. It proposes that Talmy’s analytic apparatus is suitable for revealing character-related dynamics in literature, especially by exploiting the previously unnoticed convergence with the notion of actancy proposed by the narratologist
Greimas (1966). Force imagery both in ordinary action descriptions and in metaphor opens a vista on how readers infer, stabilize, and elaborate narrative macro-representations of “who wants what” and “who does what to whom?” Hence, texts subtly encode aspects of higher-level story logic through forces,
enabling readers (and scholars) to detect and scale up coherence patterns that shed light on character motives, protagonist interaction, and plot dynamics. A full-scale text linguistic analysis is proposed. My case study of about 500 text
units found in Joseph Sheridan LeFanu’s novella Carmilla (1872) reveals a dynamic web of driving, penetrating, manipulating, a ttracting, and erupting forces between the two main protagonists, a beautiful girl vampire and her 19 year-old victim.

1] PetroPlot is a 4000-line software code written in Visual Basic for the spreadsheet program Excel that automates plotting and data management tasks for large amount of data. The major plotting functions include: automation of large numbers of multiseries XY plots; normalized diagrams (e.g., spider diagrams); replotting of any complex formatted diagram with multiple series for any other axis parameters; addition of customized labels for individual data points; and labeling flexible log scale axes. Other functions include: assignment of groups for samples based on multiple customized criteria; removal of nonnumeric values; calculation of averages/standard deviations; calculation of correlation matrices; deletion of nonconsecutive rows; and compilation of multiple rows of data for a single sample to single rows appropriate for plotting. A cubic spline function permits curve fitting to complex time series, and comparison of data to the fits. For users of Excel, PetroPlot increases efficiency of data manipulation and visualization by orders of magnitude and allows exploration of large data sets that would not be possible making plots individually. The source codes are open to all users.

With the rise of smartphones and tablet pcs, children’s book apps have emerged as a new type of children’s media. While some of them are based on popular children’s books such as Mo Willems’ Pigeon books or Beatrix Potter’s Peter Rabbit, others were specifically designed as apps. This paper focuses on examining book apps under the aspects of implied user strategies and narrative structure. Using a narratological framework that also takes into account the unique characteristics of the medium, a terminology for the analysis of book apps will be sketched out. Furthermore, an exemplary analysis of iOS book apps for pre- and grade school children comes to the conclusion that, far from offering the child users room for individual creativity, a large number of apps rather train their users in following prescribed paths of reading.

Immersion stir bar sorptive extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyse the volatile organic components of English vineyard grape juices. Four juices, Huxelrebe, Ortega, Schönburger and Siegerrebe, of the 2004 season, were from a commercial vineyard. The fifth, Madeleine Angevine 7672, of the 2000 vintage, was from a private vineyard. Madeleine Angevine juice exhibited the greatest number (113) of identified volatile components, followed by Siegerrebe, Huxelrebe, Schönburger and Ortega, with 78, 74, 70 and 69, respectively. Many compounds are common to all five varieties and very few of the more concentrated components are unique to a particular variety, except (E)-anethole, estragole and methyl salicylate, which were unique to Madeleine Angevine, for these particular vintages. Of the compounds that are common to more than two varieties, Madeleine Angevine had the highest levels of (E)-ethyl cinnamate, hexanol, (E)-2-hexenol, hotrienol, limonene and (E)-methyl cinnamate. Siegerrebe had the highest concentrations of β β β β β -citronellol, diendiol-I, geraniol, dihydromethyl jasmonate, linalool (32 000 ng/l), (Z)-and (E)-linalool oxide (both furanoid and pyranoid forms) and α α α α α-terpineol. This variety also had high levels of 1-hexanol, (E)-2-hexenal and (E)-2-hexenol. Huxelrebe had the highest concentrations of (E)-2-hexenal and (E)-theaspirane; Schönburger had the highest levels of (Z)-3-hexenol, nerol and nerol oxide; and Ortega had the highest concentrations of β β β β β -damascone and β β β β β -damascenone.

Understanding how ecological communities change over time is critical for biodiversity conservation, but few long-term studies directly address decadal-scale changes in both the within-and among-community components of diversity. In this study, we use a network of permanent forest vegetation plots, established in Great Smoky Mountains National Park (USA) in 1978, to examine the factors that influence change in community composition within and among communities. In 2007, we resampled 15 plots that were logged in the late 1920s and 15 plots that had no documented history of intensive human disturbance. We found that understory species richness decreased by an average of 4.3 species over the 30-yr study period in the logged plots, but remained relatively unchanged in the unlogged plots. In addition, tree density decreased by an average of 145 stems ha (1 in the logged plots, but was relatively stable in the unlogged plots. However, we found that historic logging had no effect on within-community understory or tree compositional turnover during this time period. Instead, sites at lower elevations and sites with lower understory biomass in 1978 had higher understory compositional turnover than did sites at higher elevations and sites with higher understory biomass. In addition, sites with lower soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) and with lower tree basal area in 1978 had higher tree compositional turnover than did sites with higher soil CEC and higher tree basal area. Among-community similarity was unchanged from 1978 to 2007 for both the logged and unlogged plots. Overall, our results indicate that human disturbance can affect plant communities for decades, but the extent of temporal change in community composition may nevertheless depend more on environmental gradients and community attributes.

Two methods for determining fuel contamination in groundwaters are compared. The first is based on headspace extraction, while the other utilizes purge and trap. Analyses, in both cases, are made by gas chromatography/flame ionization detection, with benzene, toluene, and xylene isomers as monitoring agents for fuel leaks. When compared, results show satisfactory agreement if we take into account the high

Se percibe una relación entre la dinámica de fuerzas de la tragedia shakespeareana, según el análisis de A. C. Bradley, y los análisis de la estructura semántica de la causalidad en argumentos verbales o construcciones preposicionales, tal como los analizan los lingüistas cognitivos Steven Pinker y Len Talmy. Estructuras lingüísticas y textuales a diversos niveles de complejidad se basan en esquemas cognitivos comparables que permiten interpretar la acción, los procesos y relaciones, y la experiencia, mediante su representación esquemática.

Experimental garden plots were maintained for three growing seasons on a sandy river terrace in southern Minnesota. Commonly cited yield figures for corn in Midwestern Native American gardens were tested using heirloom Northern Flint seed cultivated in a manner ...

У статті досліджується характер художнього конфлікту в сучасній монодрамі. Авторка використала підходи, які найбільш повно унаочнюють особливості конфлікту в цій жанровій моделі: з точки зору створення образу кризи самоідентифікації і з урахуванням рецептивного підходу. У статті запропоновано типологію конфлікту в монодрамі, розглянуто особливості кожного з типів конфлікту на прикладі п’єс сучасних драматургів. Авторка доводить, що характер конфлікту в монодрамі залежить від екзистенційної естетики.
Ключові слова: монодрама, конфлікт, персонаж, читач, жанр, автор, сюжет.

Бортник Ж. И. Характер конфликта в современной монодраме
В статье исследуется характер художественного конфликта в современной монодраме. Автор использовала подходы, которые дают возможность наиболее полно отобразить особенности конфликта в этой жанровой модели: с точки зрения создания образа кризиса самоидентификации и с учётом рецептивного подхода. В статье предложена типология конфликта в монодраме, рассмотрено особенности каждого из типов конфликта на примере пьес современных драматургов. Автор доказывает, что характер конфликта в монодраме отображает экзистенциальную эстетику.
Ключевые слова: монодрама, конфликт, персонаж, читатель, жанр, автор, сюжет.

Bortnik J. I. The nature of conflict in the modern monodrama
The article examines the nature of conflict in contemporary art monodrama. The author used the approaches that exemplify a particular conflict in this genre models: in terms of creating an image crisis of identity and given receptive approach. In the article a typology of conflict in monodrama, the peculiarities of each type of conflict on example of modern playwrights’ plays are described. The author argues that the nature of the conflict in the monodrama displays existential aesthetics.
Keywords: monodrama, conflict, character, genre, reader, author, plot.

Immersion stir bar sorptive extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyse the volatile organic components of English vineyard grape juices. Four juices, Huxelrebe, Ortega, Schönburger and Siegerrebe, of the 2004 season, were from a commercial vineyard. The fifth, Madeleine Angevine 7672, of the 2000 vintage, was from a private vineyard. Madeleine Angevine juice exhibited the greatest number (113) of identified volatile components, followed by Siegerrebe, Huxelrebe, Schönburger and Ortega, with 78, 74, 70 and 69, respectively. Many compounds are common to all five varieties and very few of the more concentrated components are unique to a particular variety, except (E)-anethole, estragole and methyl salicylate, which were unique to Madeleine Angevine, for these particular vintages. Of the compounds that are common to more than two varieties, Madeleine Angevine had the highest levels of (E)-ethyl cinnamate, hexanol, (E)-2-hexenol, hotrienol, limonene and (E)-methyl cinnamate. Siegerrebe had the highest concentrations of β β β β β -citronellol, diendiol-I, geraniol, dihydromethyl jasmonate, linalool (32 000 ng/l), (Z)-and (E)-linalool oxide (both furanoid and pyranoid forms) and α α α α α-terpineol. This variety also had high levels of 1-hexanol, (E)-2-hexenal and (E)-2-hexenol. Huxelrebe had the highest concentrations of (E)-2-hexenal and (E)-theaspirane; Schönburger had the highest levels of (Z)-3-hexenol, nerol and nerol oxide; and Ortega had the highest concentrations of β β β β β -damascone and β β β β β -damascenone.

Leaf Area Index (LAI) is an important variable that governs canopy processes and can be monitored by satellites. The current study aims at exploring the potential and limitations of using the red-edge spectral bands of the forthcoming superspectral satellites, namely—Vegetation and Environmental New micro Spacecraft (VENμS) and Sentinel-2, for assessing LAI in field crops. The research was conducted in experimental plots of wheat and potato in the northwestern Negev, Israel. Continuous spectral data were collected by a field spectrometer and LAI data were obtained by a ceptometer. The spectral data were resampled to the superspectral VENμS and Sentinel-2 resolutions. The data were divided into seven datasets (four seasons, two crops, and one including all data). The LAI prediction abilities by Partial Least Squares (PLS) models for continuous spectra and the resampled spectra were compared and evaluated. For wheat and potato of the continuous, VENμS, and Sentinel-2 data formations, the PLS correlation coefficients (r) values were 0.93, 0.93, and 0.92, respectively. In most cases, the red-edge region was found to be the most important spectral region for the three data formations, according to the Variable Importance in Projection (VIP) analysis. Additionally, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Red-Edge Inflection Point (REIP) were computed for the three data formations in order to observe relation to as well as prediction accuracy in retrieving LAI values. The prediction abilities of the calculated indices by the data formations were compared, peaking for wheat, with r values of 0.91 for the REIP for the three data formations. Therefore, it is concluded that VENμS and Sentinel-2 can spectrally assess LAI as good as a hyperspectral sensor. The REIP was found to be a significantly better predictor than NDVI for wheat data and therefore can potentially be implemented for future LAI monitoring applications by superspectral sensors that contain four red-edge bands.► Superspectral band settings can predict LAI as good as continuous spectra. ► REIP can predict LAI for relatively high biomass and fractional cover crops. ► On ground level, REIP is a better LAI predictor for wheat than for potato.

A computer program that plots functions from algebraic input should be able to determine automatically a useful plotted domain and range for as many types of functions as possible. Doing so requires some notion of an informative plot, as well as a method for achieving it. This paper presents a set of algorithms for this purpose.

Habitat area, fragmentation, and the surrounding matrix influence levels of herbivory in various ecosystems, but the relative importance of these effects has rarely been assessed. We compared levels of herbivory and densities of dominant arthropod herbivores (the hemipteran insects Agallia constricta, Empoasca fabae, Therioaphis trifolii, Lygus lineolaris and Halticus bractatus) among experimental plots that varied in the area and fragmentation of clover habitat and the composition of the matrix (bare ground or grass) surrounding clover habitat. To assess levels of herbivory, we compared clover biomass within herbivore exclosures to the biomass accessible to herbivores. The area and fragmentation of clover habitat, as well as matrix composition, significantly influenced the collective densities of herbivores, although each species exhibited unique responses to habitat structure. Herbivory was strongest in plots with large (64 m 2 ) as compared to small (16 m 2 ) amounts of clover habitat. The difference in clover biomass between the inside and outside of exclosures increased significantly with increasing density of Empoasca fabae but was unrelated to the densities of the other herbivores, suggesting that Empoasca fabae was an exceptionally important herbivore in this system. This study supports the view that herbivore densities and herbivory generally increase with increasing area of plant monocultures, but emphasizes that levels of herbivory may be driven primarily by one or a few key herbivore species.

Open tubular (OT) capillary columns have been increasingly used in a variety of fields of separation science such as CEC, LC, and SPE. Especially their application in CEC has attracted a lot of attention for their outstanding separation performance. Various forms of OT stationary phase materials have been employed such as in-situ prepared polymers, molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs), brush ligands, host ligands, block copolymers, aptamers, carbon nanotubes, polysaccharides, proteins, tentacles, nanoparticles, monoliths, and polyelectrolyte multi-layers. They have been prepared either in the chemically bound format or physically adsorbed format. Sol-gel technologies and nanoparticles have been sometimes involved in their preparation. There have been also some unique miscellaneous studies, for example, adopting preferentially adsorbed mobile phase components as stationary phases. In this review, recent progresses since mostly 2007 will be critically discussed in detail with some summarized descriptions for the work before the date.

Leaf Area Index (LAI) is an important variable that governs canopy processes and can be monitored by satellites. The current study aims at exploring the potential and limitations of using the red-edge spectral bands of the forthcoming superspectral satellites, namely-Vegetation and Environmental New micro Spacecraft (VENμS) and Sentinel-2, for assessing LAI in field crops. The research was conducted in experimental plots of wheat and potato in the northwestern Negev, Israel. Continuous spectral data were collected by a field spectrometer and LAI data were obtained by a ceptometer. The spectral data were resampled to the superspectral VENμS and Sentinel-2 resolutions. The data were divided into seven datasets (four seasons, two crops, and one including all data). The LAI prediction abilities by Partial Least Squares (PLS) models for continuous spectra and the resampled spectra were compared and evaluated. For wheat and potato of the continuous, VENμS, and Sentinel-2 data formations, the PLS correlation coefficients (r) values were 0.93, 0.93, and 0.92, respectively. In most cases, the red-edge region was found to be the most important spectral region for the three data formations, according to the Variable Importance in Projection (VIP) analysis. Additionally, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Red-Edge Inflection Point (REIP) were computed for the three data formations in order to observe relation to as well as prediction accuracy in retrieving LAI values. The prediction abilities of the calculated indices by the data formations were compared, peaking for wheat, with r values of 0.91 for the REIP for the three data formations. Therefore, it is concluded that VENμS and Sentinel-2 can spectrally assess LAI as good as a hyperspectral sensor. The REIP was found to be a significantly better predictor than NDVI for wheat data and therefore can potentially be implemented for future LAI monitoring applications by superspectral sensors that contain four red-edge bands.

s poem "HEATHER ALE" was introduced to the Russian readers in S. Marshak's translation. Stevenson uses the plot which is well known in the world literature (the victim deceives the torturer) to illustrate major Scottish cultural values -e. g., the torturer can kill the victim and still lose. The paper compares the English text to the Russian translation and offers comments to culture-specific connotations of the English ballad. These connotations create the image of heroic people who would rather die but not give out symbols of their culture to the conquerors. V. I. Karasik compares the rhythmical structure of the two poetic texts and the lexical choices made by Marshak. The Russian translation of Stevenson's ballad has its own cultural connotations. However, the image of heroic people is not lost in the Russian version. Connotations created in the translation symbolize the same values and can be easily recognized by Russian readers. ЯЗЫК, КОММУНИКАЦИЯ И СОЦИАЛЬНАЯ СРЕДА. ВЫПУСК 8. 2010. Язык, коммуникация и социальная среда. Выпуск 8. Воронеж: ВГУ, 2010. С. 105-127.

There is a need for methodology to warm open-field plots in order to study the likely effects of global warming on ecosystems in the future. Herein, we describe the development of arrays of more powerful and efficient infrared heaters with ceramic heating elements. By tilting the heaters at 451 from horizontal and combining six of them in a hexagonal array, good uniformity of warming was achieved across 3-m-diameter plots. Moreover, there do not appear to be obstacles (other than financial) to scaling to larger plots. The efficiency [g h (%); thermal radiation out per electrical energy in] of these heaters was higher than that of the heaters used in most previous infrared heater experiments and can be described by: g h 5 10 1 25exp(À0.17 u), where u is wind speed at 2 m height (m s À1). Graphs are presented to estimate operating costs from degrees of warming, two types of plant canopy, and site windiness. Four such arrays were deployed over plots of grass at Haibei, Qinghai, China and another at Cheyenne, Wyoming, USA, along with corresponding reference plots with dummy heaters. Proportional integral derivative systems with infrared thermometers to sense canopy temperatures of the heated and reference plots were used to control the heater outputs. Over month-long periods at both sites, about 75% of canopy temperature observations were within 0.5 1C of the set-point temperature differences between heated and reference plots. Electrical power consumption per 3-m-diameter plot averaged 58 and 80 kW h day À1 for Haibei and Cheyenne, respectively. However, the desired temperature differences were set lower at Haibei (1.2 1C daytime, 1.7 1C night) than Cheyenne (1.5 1C daytime, 3.0 1C night), and Cheyenne is a windier site. Thus, we conclude that these hexagonal arrays of ceramic infrared heaters can be a successful temperature free-air-controlled enhancement (T-FACE) system for warming ecosystem field plots.

Clustering at multiple critical scales may be common for plants since many different factors and processes may cause clustering. This is especially true for tropical rain forests for which theories explaining species coexistence and community structure rest heavily on spatial patterns. We used point pattern analysis to analyze the spatial structure of Shorea congestiflora, a dominant species in a 25-ha forest dynamics plot in a rain forest at Sinharaja World Heritage Site (Sri Lanka), which apparently shows clustering at several scales. We developed cluster processes incorporating two critical scales of clustering for exploring the spatial structure of S. congestiflora and interpret it in relation to factors such as competition, dispersal limitation, recruitment limitation, and Janzen-Connell effects. All size classes showed consistent large-scale clustering with a cluster radius of ;25 m. Inside the larger clusters, small-scale clusters with a radius of 8 m were evident for recruits and saplings, weak for intermediates, and disappeared for adults. The pattern of all trees could be divided into two independent patterns: a random pattern (nearest neighbor distance. 8 m) comprising ;12% of the trees and a nested double-cluster pattern. This finding suggests two independent recruitment and/or seed dispersal mechanisms. Saplings were several times as abundant as recruits and may accumulate several recruit generations. Recruits were only weakly associated with adults and occupied about half of the large-scale clusters, but saplings almost all. This is consistent with recruitment limitation. For ;70% (95%) of all juveniles the nearest adult was less than 26 m away (53 m), suggesting a dispersal limitation that may also be related to the critical large-scale clustering. Our example illustrates the manner in which the use of a specific and complex null hypothesis of spatial structure in point pattern analysis can help us better understand the biology of a species and generate specific hypotheses to be further investigated in the field.

Nous décrivons le comportement d'un marteleur pratiquant une sylviculture d'arbre dans une parcelle irrégulière. Nous étudions la séquence de décisions binaires (couper ou conserver un arbre) enregistrées dans l'ordre où elles sont arrêtées. Deux modèles répondant à des préoccupations différentes sont présentés. Avec le premier, ou modèle conditionnel, la décision prise sur un arbre est expliquée par les caractéristiques de l'arbre et des arbres dans son voisinage ainsi que par les décisions précédentes. La récolte globale et sa variabilité est estimée par simulation au niveau de la parcelle. Le second, ou modèle marginal, s'intéresse à la récolte globale et quantifie l'effet moyen des caractéristiques de l'arbre sur la probabilité de coupe. Il est couplé à un modèle de transition décrivant la dépendance aux décisions prises précédemment, au moyen de paramètres indépendants. Il permet de s'affranchir de « l'histoire » et du chemin choisi. Nous avons ainsi simulé un martelage correspondant à une récolte déterminée dans différentes hypothèses de dépendance entre décisions. Les paramètres de ces deux modèles ont été estimés avec les données du martelage d'un opérateur et différentes hypothèses de comportement ont été testées. Par simulation, nous étudions ensuite la variabilité des résultats du martelage selon les objectifs, selon le parcours emprunté et selon le paramètre de dépendance entre décisions.

The emerging artistic practice of interactive narrative in digital media marks a profound departure from traditional narrative. The application of traditional narrative theory for interactive narrative is problematic, since the affordances of digital media challenge many underlying assumptions of theories related to non-digital media. This paper proposes a theoretical framework for interactive storytelling, which addresses these concerns by foregrounding system (the digital artifact) and process (the user interacting with the system) over the product-centered view of legacy media. On this basis, protostory, narrative design, and narrative vectors are proposed as new terms to more adequately describe the structure of narrative in interactive digital storytelling. This move is also relevant for practical design given the influence theoretical concepts have on concrete implementations.

In order to test hypotheses about changes in the environment induced by man, including climatic change, ecologists are sampling portions of the environment repeatedly across time. This paper describes a method for testing a space-time interaction in repeated ecological survey data, when there is no replication at the level of individual sampling units (sites). This methodological development is important for the analysis of long-term monitoring data, including systems under anthropogenic influence. In these systems, an interaction may indicate that the spatial structure of community composition has changed in the course of time or that the temporal evolution is not the same at all sites. This paper describes ANOVA models corresponding to the steps leading to a solution to the problem, which is based on the representation of space and time by principal coordinates of neighbor matrices (PCNM eigenfunctions) in the ANOVA. Numerical simulations showed that ANOVA Model 5 was the model of choice for the analysis of the space-time interaction because it always had correct rates of Type I error, and its power was always equal to or higher than those of other possible models of analysis. If the hypothesis of absence of interaction is not rejected, one cannot conclude that a change has occurred in the spatial structure of the response data across time; one should follow the ordinary rules of two-way ANOVA if testing the significance of the main factors is of interest. If the hypothesis of absence of interaction is rejected, one should model the spatial structure of each time period in a separate way. One can also conduct a single test involving a separate model of the spatial structure for each time period. This paper presents two applications to real ecological data.

ЭХО ЖУКОВСКОГО И ГОГОЛЯ В ПРОЗЕ И.А. БУНИНА 1910-х гг.: ПОЭТИКА БАЛЛАДЫ И ЭСТЕТИКА «СТРАШНОГО». СТАТЬЯ 2 1 В статье рассматривается моделирующее воздействие жанрового архетипа баллады на группу рассказов И.А. Бунина 1910-х гг. Доказывается, что хронотоп рассказов писателя подвергается двойной кодировке -со стороны баллады (что, в частности, влечет за собой обильное интертекстуальное цитирование В.А. Жуковского), а также со стороны наследия Н.В. Гоголя, влияние которого направлено прежде всего на блок «экономических» мотивов в произведениях Бунина. Делается вывод о реактуализации балладной топики в рамках художественной репрезентации «народной» жизни, осмысления конфликта элитарной и демократической культур, легитимации исторической преемственности. На примере рецепции творчества Гоголя демонстрируется очередное преломление известной бунинской стратегии «переписать классику».

Aim  The Pleistocene glaciations were the most significant historical event during the evolutionary life span of most extant species. However, little is known about the consequences of these climate changes for the distribution and demography of marine animals of the north-eastern Atlantic. The present study focuses on the phylogeographic and demographic patterns of the sand goby, Pomatoschistus minutus (Teleostei: Gobiidae), a small marine demersal fish.Location  North-eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean, Irish, North and Baltic seas.Methods  Analysis was carried out by sequencing the mtDNA cytochrome b gene of sand gobies from 12 localities throughout the species’ range, and using this information in combination with published data of allozyme markers and mtDNA control region sequences. Several phylogenetic methods and a network analysis were used to explore the phylogeographic pattern. The historical demography of P. minutus was studied through a mismatch analysis and a Bayesian skyline plot.Results  Reciprocal monophyly was found between a Mediterranean Sea (MS) clade and an Atlantic Ocean (AO) clade, both with a Middle Pleistocene origin. The AO Clade contains two evolutionary significant units (ESUs): the Iberian Peninsula (IB) Group and the North Atlantic (NA) Group. These two groups diverged during Middle Pleistocene glacial cycles. For the NA Group there is evidence for geographic sorting of the ancestral haplotypes with recent radiations in the Baltic Sea, Irish Sea, North Sea and Bay of Biscay. The demographic histories of the Mediterranean Clade and the two Atlantic ESUs were influenced mainly by expansions dated as occurring during the Middle Pleistocene glaciations and post-Eem, respectively.Main conclusions  The pre-LGM (Last Glacial Maximum) subdivision signals were not erased for P. minutus during the LGM. Middle Pleistocene glaciations yielded isolated and differently evolving sets of populations. In contrast to the case for most other taxa, only the northern Atlantic group contributed to the post-glacial recolonization. The historical demography of Mediterranean sand gobies was influenced mainly by Middle Pleistocene glaciations, in contrast to that of the Atlantic populations, which was shaped by Late Pleistocene expansions.

We consider the recently discovered [4] threadlike structure of the plot representing d-regular graphs in the mean-variance coordinates of exponential sums of the graph spectra. In this note we demonstrate that this self-similar phenomenon is more ubiquitous by exhibiting it with the help of a different generating function, namely the mean and the variance of the resolvent of the adjacency matrix of the graph. We also discuss the location of non-Hamiltonian graphs within this geometric structure.

A new reliability growth model is presented which is simpler to plot and fits the data more closely than the Duane model over the range of Duane slopes normally observed during a reliability growth programme. The model is derived from variance stabilization transformation theory. The problem, inherent in Duane's model, of providing too much influence to earlier failures is overcome. A method is also presented of comparing different models which have different y-axes. Extensive simulations were conducted and the results indicate that for Duane slopes less than 0.5 the new model is more effective. The leverage and influence aspects of both models are evaluated by means of Cook's distance. Finally, two published datasets are analysed and the findings confirm the simulation results.

El presente artículo de reflexión tiene como propósito sugerir una nueva mirada sobre algunas narrativas que involucran la representación del indígena, y la compleja realidad que lo define mediante un análisis intertextual entre la obra literaria La Vorágine (1924) de José Eustasio Rivera y la película El Abrazo de la Serpiente dirigida por Ciro Guerra (2015). La investigación permite determinar que tanto la obra literaria como la película resignifican el papel del indígena en relación con la categoría de inocencia, como característica propia de esta comunidad. Así mismo, posibilitan una nueva lectura de algunos acontecimientos de la historia colombiana.