Modus

Представлены результаты исследования философского концепта модальности; с целью конкретизации смысла данного понятия автор обращается к логике, богословию и юриспруденции. Проанализированы лексические значения и научное содержание понятий «модус» и «модальность», обнаружены родственные им понятия. Предложена концепция философской и общенаучной модальности, выстроенная на основании изучения модальных логических оценок и  историко-философской реконструкции категорий «модус»  и «модальность».

Among other expressions indicating the obligation is the existential clause lā budda in Arabic. Literally “no way out [to]”, it is often translated into French by “nulle échappatoire [à] (it is necessary [that])” or by the verb devoir, and in English by a verb like have to or by a modal operator like must. In French, devoir traditionally belongs at least to two distinct types of linguistic modalities, the latter being understood in a broad sense as the attitude of the speaker relatively to the propositional content of his statement, and in a restricted and Aristotelian sense as what lies within the realm of possibility and necessity and their negations as to the status of truth of the stated thing. The two types of modality which devoir expresses are traditionally distinguished between radical (also said deontic) and epistemic, to what some authors add the alethic modality. This article aims, within the framework of linguistic modalities in the narrow sense and from a linguistics both contrastive (confronting on one hand that of Arabic and on the other mainly that of French but also that of English) and empirical (based on a written corpus of contemporary written Arabic, journalistic and literary), to show how lā budda expresses what French linguistics designates, within the epistemic modality, as the logical probability. More precisely, this article linguistically assesses the conditions of employment of this existential clause in the sense of alethic, epistemic or deontic devoir. It will then be shown that, compared to French or English, Arabic seems to allow more simply, on syntactical bases, to distinguish deontic and epistemic uses of lā budda as well as some of its alethic uses.

Статья посвящена поиску методологической позиции, позволяющей интерпретировать модусы и прежде всего модальные лады, как космографические и этические объекты без утраты подхода к ним как к собственно музыкальным явлениям. Исследование опирается на музыкально-теоретические данные, относящиеся к периоду Античности и Средневековья, а также на авторскую концепцию модальной онтологии и трактовку модуса как художественного содержания, разработанную Е.В. Назайкинским. С целью выявить онтологические предпосылки единства музыкального модуса с космографическим или этическим явлением, автор анализирует древнекитайскую систему тонов «люй», индийские раги, античные тетрахорды, гласы знаменного распева. Выявляются особенности соответствия данных музыкальных явлений периодам года или суток, стихиям, архетипическим состояниям человеческого духа, социальным закономерностям. В ходе анализа формулируется вопрос о природе связи между музыкальными модусами и немузыкальной реальностью: была ли она исключительно конвенциональной, установленной в силу традиции, или же имела иные, сущностные основания? Поиск неконвенциональных оснований единства музыкальных модусов с природными и социально-этическими явлениями приводит к онтологической его интерпретации. Целесообразность этого метода исследования аргументируется в процессе критического анализа семиотического подхода к
музыкальным модусам как референциями или условным знакам объектов. Также демонстрируется непродуктивность психоэмоциональной трактовки музыкальных модусов как раздражителей, вызывающих определенные эмоциональные состояния. Итогом исследования становится разработка специфического музыкально-онтологического подхода, основанного на методологии модального анализа. Данный
анализ нацелен на синкретическое понимание единства. В свете данного подхода сделан вывод о том, что понятие музыкального модуса проясняет не только ритмические и гармонические закономерности музыкального языка, но также воплощает взаимосвязь явлений музыки, человеческого духа, природы и космоса.

Dari hasil penyebaran angket terhadap 12 orang tua jemaat di suatu gereja dengan 15
pertanyaan dengan skor :
5= sangat setuju,
4 = setuju,
3 = ragu-ragu,
2 = tidak setuju,
1 = sangat tidak setuju,
Maka, diperoleh data: 74, 68, 70, 68, 73, 65, 68, 75, 65, 74, 68, 67
Hipotesa: Bahwa dukungan orang tua kepada anak untuk ikut sekolah minggu sudah berhasil
80%
Dari hasil penelitian tersebut:
1. Tuliskanlah hipotesis penelitiannya H0 dan H1.
2. Tuliskanlah hipotesis statistiknya.
3. Hitunglah mean, modus, dan media.
4. Hitunglah juga Standar Deviasi (SD)
5. Tentukanlah nilai rata-rata acuannya (µ0)
6. Hitunglah nilai t.
7. Buatlah kurva normalnya
8. Interpretasi hasil analisis dan tarik kesimpulan

We give some lectures on the work on formal logic of Jacques Herbrand, and sketch his life and his influence on automated theorem proving. The intended audience ranges from students interested in logic over historians to logicians. Besides the well-known correction of Herbrand's False Lemma by Goedel and Dreben, we also present the hardly known unpublished correction of Heijenoort and its consequences on Herbrand's Modus Ponens Elimination. Besides Herbrand's Fundamental Theorem and its relation to the Loewenheim-Skolem-Theorem, we carefully investigate Herbrand's notion of intuitionism in connection with his notion of falsehood in an infinite domain. We sketch Herbrand's two proofs of the consistency of arithmetic and his notion of a recursive function, and last but not least, present the correct original text of his unification algorithm with a new translation.

Diese umfangreiche Vorlesung für Studierende des berufsbegleitenden Bachelor-Studiengangs Betriebswirtschaftslehre an der Hochschule Harz umfasst alle wesentlichen Grundlagen der deskriptiven (beschreibenden), explorativen (suchenden) und induktiven (schlussfolgernden) Statistik sowie eine Einführung in die Methoden-, Mengen- und Wahrscheinlichkeitslehre. Neben Lagemaßen, Streuungsmaßen, Korrelationskoeffizienten, Konfidenzintervallen und der linearen Regressionsanalyse wird auch auf die grafische Darstellung von Daten sowie auf die Durchführung und Interpretation statistischer Tests eingegangen. Besonderes Augenmerk liegt auf der gründlichen Einführung in die methodischen Unterschiede zwischen qualitativer und quantitativer Forschung sowie auf der Vorbereitung und Durchführung methodisch sauberer Datenerhebungen - von der Stichprobenplanung über die Formulierung guter und eindeutiger Fragebögen bis hin zum Einsatz freier Software zur Erfassung und Analyse von Daten. Der Kurs schließt mit einer kurzen Einführung in die freie statistische Programmiersprache R sowie die grafische Benutzeroberfläche RStudio.

Hyperparadigms
an investigation of paradigmatic interplay in Danish mood systems

Ph.D.-dissertation, September 2006
by Tanya Karoli Christensen

This dissertation defends the view that a paradigmatic perspective is necessary for the analysis and description of grammar, and that the concept of a paradigm – traditionally used about sets of inflexional endings – can also be construed and generalised to cover oppositions of word order and semilexical systems of particles. Paradigmatic organisation is a far more pervasive feature of the language system than previously thought.
The concept of a grammatical paradigm elaborated in the dissertation is functional in that the content side of paradigms, their coded meaning potential, is considered crucial. A thorough investigation of Hjelmslev’s writings on morpheme categories (1935, 1942, 1972) leads to an adaptation of his model to a wider conception of grammatical paradigms than his own, i.e. not only to morphological (flexional) paradigms, but also to topological (word order) paradigms, and even further to subgroups of lexical classes (the members of which share grammatical properties).
On the basis of such a broad concept of paradigms, the notion of hyperparadigms is proposed to account for certain relations between different domains or mo¬dules of gram-mar. Two different types of hyperparadigms are considered: One, the synthetic (i.e. com-bining to a whole) hyperparadigm, combines forms from two formally different basic paradigms into a complex whole, a new sign system. The other, the parallel hyperpara-digm, simply encompasses different basic paradigms grammaticalising the same domain of meaning, or in Hjelmslevian terms: the same conceptual zone (cf. Chapter 2).
The theory is applied to a number of different basic paradigms in Danish, all related to the substance domain of modality, thereby coding mood. The investigation applies to verbal mood (indicative vs. imperative), two word order based moods (the two general word order patterns in Danish and the option empty vs. filled first position in the marked instance of these), and to several groups of modal particles. The paradigms are first analysed and described individually, and then their hyperparadigmatic status is discussed and evaluated.

Among other expressions indicating the obligation is the existential clause lā budda in Arabic. Literally “no way out [to]”, it is often translated into French by “nulle échappatoire [à] (it is necessary [that])” or by the verb devoir, and in English by a verb like have to or by a modal operator like must. In French, devoir traditionally belongs at least to two distinct types of linguistic modalities, the latter being understood in a broad sense as the attitude of the speaker relatively to the propositional content of his statement, and in a restricted and Aristotelian sense as what lies within the realm of possibility and necessity and their negations as to the status of truth of the stated thing. The two types of modality which devoir expresses are traditionally distinguished between radical (also said deontic) and epistemic, to what some authors add the alethic modality. This article aims, within the framework of linguistic modalities in the narrow sense and from a linguistics both contrastive (confronting on one hand that of Arabic and on the other mainly that of French but also that of English) and empirical (based on a written corpus of contemporary written Arabic, journalistic and literary), to show how lā budda expresses what French linguistics designates, within the epistemic modality, as the logical probability. More precisely, this article linguistically assesses the conditions of employment of this existential clause in the sense of alethic, epistemic or deontic devoir. It will then be shown that, compared to French or English, Arabic seems to allow more simply, on syntactical bases, to distinguish deontic and epistemic uses of lā budda as well as some of its alethic uses.

The objective of this study is to investigate influence of firm’s intellectual capital (IC) on theirfinancial performance. This paper uses the Pulic Framework and data from 73 publicly listedcompanies between the years 2003 and 2005 on the Indonesia Stock Exchange except financialindustry. This study uses partial least square (PLS) for data analysis. Three elements of IC andcompany performances are tested by this study. The results show that IC and company performanceare not positively related, IC is not correlated to future company performance, the rate of growthof a company’s IC is not positively related to the company’s performance and the contributionof IC to company performance differs by industry. The results help to embolden modern daymanagers to better harness and manage IC.

Abstract: We give some lectures on the work on formal logic of Jacques Herbrand, and sketch his life and his influence on automated theorem proving. The intended audience ranges from students interested in logic over historians to logicians. Besides the well-known correction of Herbrand's False Lemma by Goedel and Dreben, we also present the hardly known unpublished correction of Heijenoort and its consequences on Herbrand's Modus Ponens Elimination. Besides Herbrand's Fundamental Theorem and its relation to the ...

Abstract: We give some lectures on the work on formal logic of Jacques Herbrand, and sketch his life and his influence on automated theorem proving. The intended audience ranges from students interested in logic over historians to logicians. Besides the well-known correction of Herbrand's False Lemma by Goedel and Dreben, we also present the hardly known unpublished correction of Heijenoort and its consequences on Herbrand's Modus Ponens Elimination. Besides Herbrand's Fundamental Theorem and its relation to the ...

This study aims to explore the intergenerational knowledge transfer mechanism in family frms. Using the case study method, this qualitative research examines 14 family frms. Data were obtained through semi-structured inter views with participants, and then analyzed by using content analysis. Visual mapping and temporal bracketing techniques were also used for data analysis. Data source triangulation and member checking methods were utilized to test the validity and reliability of the data. The fndings show that interpersonal relationship between the predecessor (parents) and the successor (children) is needed in the knowledge transfer process. The physical presence of the predecessor and the direct involvement of the successor in the business are two important elements in the knowledge transfer process, wherein the successor obtains information from inside and outside the frm. The intergenerational knowledge transfer process allows the successor to get real experiences and to run th...

Setiap perusahaan membutuhkan sebuah anggaran yang dapat digunakan sebagai alat untuk perencanaan dan evaluasi. Proses penyusunan sebuah anggaran menjadi hal penting yang harus diperhatikan oleh perusahaan agar dapat sesuai dengan sasaran dan tujuan. Untuk menyusun sebuah anggaran, informasiinformasi yang akurat sangat dibutuhkan. Informasi-informasi yang akurat itu diketahui oleh manajer. Penelitian mengenai pengaruh partisipasi anggaran terhadap kinerja manajerial telah banyak dilakukan. Hasil penelitian pun berbeda satu sama lain. Brownell (1982a) menandaskan bahwa ada faktor kontingensi dalam hubungan partisipasi anggaran dan kinerja aanjerial baik itu variabel intervening dan moderasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan komitmen organisasi sebagai variabel intervening dalam hubungan antara partisipasi anggaran dan kinerja manajerial. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian Eker (2007) dan Haryanti dan Othman (2012), penelitian ini ingin menguji kembali variabel komitmen organisasi sebagai variabel intervening antara partisipasi anggaran dan kinerja manajerial di Bank Perkreditan Rakyat di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini disusun dengan judul "Pengaruh Partisipasi Anggaran terhadap Kinerja Manajerial dengan Komitmen Organisasi sebagai Variabel Intervening pada Bank Perkreditan Rakyat.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh bukti empiris tentang pengaruh IT spending terhadap nilai perusahaan. Metode pengambilan sampel dilakukan berdasarkan metode purposive sampling dengan tujuan untuk mendapatkan sampel yang memenuhi kriteria. Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah perusahaan telekomunikasi yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek seluruh Asia Tenggara selama periode 2009-2011. Hipotesis dalam penelitian ini diuji menggunakan regresi sederhana dengan aplikasi program SPSS. 16 α=5%. Berdasarkan analisa data yang dilakukan, diperoleh hasil bahwa variabel IT spending tidak berpengaruh terhadap nilai perusahaan. Kata Kunci: sistem informasi akuntansi, Tobin's q, IT spending, capital expenditure, kinerja perusahaan A. Pendahuluan 1.1 Latar belakang masalah Di zaman yang modern ini perkembangan Teknologi Informasi (IT) semakin pesat. Hal ini terbukti dengan banyak perusahaan yang menggunakan IT untuk meningkatkan efisiensi, meningkatkan hubungan dengan konsumen, menghemat biaya, menciptakan produk , dan solusi bisnis baru. Bagi dunia bisnis, pengaruh IT

Object recognition, which mainly includes object detection and semantic segmentation, is one of the critical challenges for intelligent vehicles. In most cases, cameras and Lidar are the most common sensors used for object recognition. However, both cameras and Lidar suffer from some inherent drawbacks. Therefore, the fusion of camera and Lidar becomes a natural solution to overcome the inherent defects of each single sensing modality. With the boost of deep learning-based algorithms, multi-sensor fusion methodologies employ deep-learning methods as their fusion strategy, which has made impressive accomplishments on large-scale objects such as vehicles and buses. However, most existing sensor-fusion strategies have the problem of ignoring detailed information caused by down-sampling operations in deep learning, which results in poor detection performance on small-scale objects such as pedestrians and cyclists. In this paper, we propose a real-time multi-sensor (Lidar and color camera) fusion strategy for multi-scale object recognition at the semantic level named Enet-CRF-Lidar. Firstly, a multi-module Enet is designed to adapt both large-scale objects and small-scale ones. Then, the CRF-RNN module is integrated with the multi-module Enet to introduce the low-level details of the input data, which leads to a significant improvement in small-scale object recognition. The experimental results show that the proposed Enet-CRF-Lidar module can provide reliable detection performance on multi-scale objects and can be adapted to complex scenarios.