Nouns

We describe an individual who exhibits greater dif®culties in speaking nouns than verbs and greater dif®culties in writing verbs than nouns across a range of both single word and sentence production tasks. This double dissociation of grammatical category by modality within a single individual represents an important challenge to the claim that all apparent category grammatical de®cits can be reduced to the effects of the various semantic variables. The modality-speci®c nature of the ®ndings clearly support the representation of grammatical category distinctions at postsemantic levels of representations and processing and they raise a number of questions regarding the speci®c instantiation of these distinctions within current theoretical frameworks of language production. q There have been a number of reports of individuals with neurological damage who seem to have especial dif®culties with words from certain grammatical categories but not others. These dissociations may involve nouns vs verbs (

This article investigates prototypically attributive versus predicative adjectives in English in terms of the phonological properties that have been associated especially with nouns versus verbs in a substantial body of psycholinguistic research (e.g. Kelly 1992) – often ignored in theoretical linguistic work on word classes. Inspired by Berg's (2000, 2009) ‘cross-level harmony constraint’, the hypothesis I test is that prototypically attributive adjectives not only align more with nouns than with verbs syntactically, semantically and pragmatically, but also phonologically – and likewise for prototypically predicative adjectives and verbs. I analyse the phonological structure of frequent adjectives from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), and show that the data do indeed support the hypothesis. Berg's ‘cross-level harmony constraint’ may thus apply not only to the entire word classes noun, verb and adjective, but also to these two adjectival subclasses. I dis...

Dissociations in the recognition of specific classes of words have been documented in brain-injured populations. These include deficits in the recognition and production of morphologically complex words as well as impairments specific to particular syntactic classes such as verbs. However, functional imaging evidence for distinctions among the neural systems underlying these dissociations has been inconclusive. We explored the neural systems involved in processing different word classes in a functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging study, contrasting four groups of words co-varying morphological complexity (simple, monomorphemic words vs complex derived or inflected words) and syntactic class (verbs vs nouns/adjectives). Subtraction of word from letter string processing showed activation in left frontal and temporal lobe regions consistent with prior studies of visual word processing. No differences were observed for morphologically complex and simple words, despite adequate power to detect stimulus specific effects. A region of posterior left middle temporal gyrus showed significantly increased activation for verbs. Post hoc analyses showed that this elevated activation could also be related to semantic properties of the stimulus items (verbs have stronger action associations than nouns, and action association is correlated with activation). Results suggest that semantic as well as syntactic factors should be considered when assessing the neural systems involved in single word comprehension.

The present investigation proposes that the nominalization index (the ratio of nouns to verbs in a given text) successfully predicts the academic-scientific character of a text. The results of a computer-assisted analysis of a 12.7 million word corpus show that this index is sensitive to the opposition between scientific/academic texts and letters to the editor/journalistic texts. It is likewise sensitive to the differences between applied sciences, natural sciences, social sciences and humanities texts, although there is a certain amount of overlap between these last two. When contrasting expert and novice texts, the index is only sensitive in the case of applied and natural sciences. It is suggested that the greater relative occurrence of nouns could be related to the construction of an object-centric depersonalized discourse in which the vicissitudes of actors' mental processes are believed to be irrelevant in the interpretation of discourse-coherence relationships. La determinación de géneros y registros discursivos constituye una tarea tradicional de los estudios del discurso . En términos muy generales, pueden distinguirse dos grandes perspectivas en esta materia: de un lado, estudios trascendentes que intentan caracterizar los géneros atendiendo a la relación entre los textos y sus contextos sociales y cognitivos; del otro, indagaciones inmanentes que persiguen dar cuenta de los registros considerando sus rasgos lingüísticos formales. Mientras los primeros predominan en estudios de corte retórico y literario, los segundos son desarrollados en su mayoría por lingüistas. Ciertamente, ambas orientaciones no son incompatibles, toda vez que, en primer término, la determinación de rasgos lingüísticos presupone, normalmente, alguna referencia al valor en uso de estos, y, en segundo lugar, la relación entre texto y contexto se manifiesta en

Variation is seldom paid attention to in language teaching and mediation. On the basis of noun classes, of noun phrases as well as of the different forms displayed by the demonstrative and the relative pronoun in dependence of noun phrases the focus of this contribution will be on the perspective offered by variation which certainly presents a number of difficulties in language teaching, while at the same time it can increase the learners' self-confidence thanks to a deeper metalinguistic analysis.

The present paper entitled “Khoibu Nouns” is an attempt to describe the
nouns and its categories of Khoibu, a Tibeto-Burman language being spoken by
Khoibu tribe. The literal meaning of this tribe is derived from ‘khoi’ and ‘pu’, where
‘khoi’ means ‘bee’ and ‘pu’ means ‘owner’. Thus the term refers to the speakers of
this language as the ones who own ‘bee’, ‘beehives’ and ‘honey’ in the indigenous
land of Khoibu territory. Khoibu is also known as Uipo and it belongs to the Kuki
Chin Naga group of Tibeto-Burman family (Grierson LSI, Vol III, part II, 1903),
Khoibu is mostly spoken in Chandel district of Manipur. It is spoken by
approximately 2800 speakers in the Machi sub-division of Chandel district and some
small numbers in the pockets of Imphal city, Manipur and there are eight Khoibu
villages which are confined to Chandel district of Manipur which is the area where
this language is being spoken. This paper linguistically analyses the nouns of Khoibu
and its categories. Khoibu nouns can inflect number, gender and case.

This study investigated experimentally the nature and development of children's early productivity with nouns, both in verb-argument structure and with plural morphology. Eight 20-to 26-month-old boys and girls were, in the context of playing a game over a several week period, exposed to four novel nouns, modeled in experimentally controlled ways. The question was whether, when, and in what ways the children would become productive with these nouns in their spontaneous speech, going beyond the particular linguistic forms they had heard. In terms of verb-argument structure, 7 of the 8 children used their nouns in productive argument roles, that is, in semantic roles they had not heard them used in. Five of the 8 children used the plural morpheme productively with the novel nouns as well. Implications for theories of grammatical category formation are discussed.

The highlights of this paper are the part-of-speech meaning of nouns, specification of this meaning in the lexical-grammatical subclasses of nouns, and the conceptual models of lexical-grammatical polysemy, i.e. the cases when one word develops several meanings that belong to different subclasses of the Noun class.
Key words: the Noun, lexical-grammatical subclasses, lexical-grammatical polysemy, schema, prototypical category, conceptual model.

This paper investigates the sentence features of Sebuanong Binisaya, one of more than a dozen dialects coming from the ancestor language, Cebuano of Austronesian language which has been spoken since the Proto-Austronesian era. This is a lingua franca of the most parts of Mindanao which constitutes the largest native language-speaking population in the Philippines until about 1980s. The Sebuano Binisaya is spoken by Dapitanons. This paper proves that Sebuanong Binisaya poses the same situation. This will be explained employing the verbal system of PAN, the system of topic and focus. Like what Kroeger found out in his investigation from Kimaragang and Blaan languages, Sebuanong Binisaya lacks the verb phrase, no subject instead it has focus. Moreover, this paper concludes that Sebuanong Binisaya does not have an auxiliary or linking verb such as to be in English.

By years passed, not only new words, but also phrases have been created. It is because the language has been changing from time to time. There are many variations in language features such as morphological, semantic, phonetic, and syntactic features. This paper will discuss the morphophonemic changes in derivational English suffix -ion. The consideration of choosing the topic is because affixation is the commonest way of building new words in language. Besides of that, suffix, which is one of the types of affixes, is used in many English words. This paper focuses on verbs as the stems. The aim of this paper is to explain what morphophonemic processes involved in the affixation -ion.

This article explores how collocation relates to lexical technicality, and how the relationship can be exploited for teaching EAP to second-year engineering students. First, corpus data are presented to show that complex noun phrase formation is a ubiquitous feature of engineering text, and that these phrases (or collocations) are highly discipline-specific in a way that individual words are not. Next it is shown that these collocations as a class may be seen as a kind of threshold to specialised engineering discourse at the undergraduate level, and as such can be used as a basis for an EAP reading programme which is appropriate both in terms of difficulty and specialisation. r

This paper reports studies of subject-verb agreement errors with speakers of Spanish and English; we used a sentence completion task, first introduced by Bock and Miller (199t). In a series of four experiments, we assessed the role of semantic information carried by the sentential subject in the induction of subject-verb agreement errors. For Spanish speakers, a sentence preamble such as la etiqueta sobre las botellas (the label on the bottles), which is usually interpreted to denote several labels, induced more agreement errors than preambles that normally denote a single entity. This finding replicates previous research with Italian . English speakers, on the other hand, were not sensitive to this semantic dimension, as was found earlier by .

An effective, systematic approach to teaching English articles in English as a second language instruction is described, with specific exercises using the approach presented. Background information on count and non-count nouns and determiners in English is outlined. Four principles underlying the choice of definite or indefinite articles in English are discussed: (1) first and second mention: simple; (2) first and second mention: complex; (3) unique, one of a kind mentions; and (4) modifiers before and after the noun. Appendices include 18 exercises involving cloze procedures, rewriting, and explanations illustrating the application of the four principles. (CB)

Noun ​ artinya kata benda. pada unit ini akan kita bahas tentang jenis, fungsi, dan cara membentuk​ ​ noun, Kinds​ ​ of​ ​ noun​ ​ (Jenis​ ​ Noun) Ahli​ ​ tata​ ​ bahasa​ ​ inggris​ ​ variatif​ ​ dalam​ ​ mengkelompokan​ ​ kata​ ​ benda​ ​ dalam​ ​ bukunya practical​ ​ english​ ​ grammar​ ​ ​ mengelompokan​ ​ noun​ ​ menjadi​ ​ 4​ ​ kelompok​ ​ yaitu:

This paper presents a description of a major class of vocabulary, signalling nouns, which have important discourse functions in establishing links across and within clauses. This class of noun is particularly prevalent in academic discourse. The description is based on a reading of the literature and, more importantly, the author's own corpus data. The synthesis represents the first attempt to bring this diverse work together under one umbrella.

Indefiniteness is a semantic feature expressed by grammatical devices to be used linguistically depending on pragmatic factors. So, the present study deals with indefiniteness syntactically, semantically and pragmatically. These levels are related to each other and it is not easy to draw lines between them. The study aims at (1)Pointing out how the concept of indefiniteness is expressed grammatically in English and Arabic, and show the role of articles in expressing the concept.(2)Showing the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic uses of the indefinite expression in English and Arabic.(3)Identifying the similarity and difference between the two languages at the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic levels which may help to get a common core that contributes to the belief in the existence of language universals. The procedures followed in this study include an introduction about the concept of indefiniteness, and a brief survey of indefiniteness in thirty-one languages to show how this concept is expressed in them. Then, indefiniteness in English and Arabic is dealt with at the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic levels. This is followed by a contrastive analysis to point out the similarities and differences between the two languages. The study has come to the conclusion that, in English, the indefinite feature exists in the noun, not in the article, and the article has a syntactic function rather than a semantic one.

При изследване  на умалителността в различните езици се установят интересни факти, които биха имали отношение към обучението по чужд език. Без да се оспорва лингвистичната стойност на умалителните съществителни, тук се поставя въпросът за мястото им в процеса на чуждоезиковото обучение за постигане на по-добър желан ефект.

Many sign languages have semantically related noun-verb pairs, such as ‘hairbrush/brush-hair’, which are similar in form due to iconicity.  Researchers studying this phenomenon in sign languages have found that the two are distinguished by subtle differences, for example, in type of movement.  Here we investigate two young sign languages, Israeli Sign Language (ISL) and Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language (ABSL), to determine whether they have developed a reliable distinction in the formation of nouns-verb pairs, despite their youth, and, if so, how. These two young language communities differ from each other in terms of  heterogeneity within the community, contact with other languages, and size of population. Using methodology we developed for cross-linguistic comparison, we identify reliable formational distinctions between nouns and related verbs in ISL, but not in ABSL, although early tendencies can be discerned.  Our results show that a formal distinction in noun-verb pairs in sign languages is not necessarily present from the beginning, but may develop gradually instead.  Taken together with comparative analyses of other linguistic phenomena, the results lend support to the hypothesis that certain social factors such as population size, domains of use, and heterogeneity/homogeneity of the community play a role in the emergence of grammar.

These volumes of the Syntax of Dutch discuss the internal make-up and distribution of noun phrases. Topics that will be covered include: complementation and modification of noun phrases; properties of determiners (article, demonstratives), numeral and quantifiers; the use of noun phrases as arguments, predicates and adverbial modifiers.

Research article abstracts have become an important genre in all knowledge fields, playing a crucial role in persuading readers, and reviewers, to take the time to go further into the paper itself. This promotional aspect of abstracts is well known, but less discussed is the ways writers are able to skilfully foreground their claim, package the information in a cohesive and coherent manner, and craft a disciplinary stance. One such rhetorical strategy is what we are calling metadiscursive nouns. Nouns such as fact, analysis, and belief are common in abstracts and do a great deal of rhetorical work for writers. In this paper we explore the interactive and interactional functions they perform in the rhetorical moves of 240 research abstracts from six disciplines. The results show how these nouns are frequently used to frame and coherently manage arguments while, at the same time, helping writers to claim disciplinary legitimacy and promote the value and relevance of their research to their discipline.

The present study, a slightly revised version of the author's 1968 Ph.D. thesis presented to the University of Chicago, investigates compound formation in Thai. Chapter 1 summarizes the transformational generative theory on which the study is based, discusses the concept that Thai is a "simple" language in comparison with English, and briefly outlines the structure of Thai noun phrases, Chapter 2 outlines the development of transformational grammar and presents the base component of a transformational grammar. Chapter 3 discusses the use of transformations and describes the transformational rules needed to generate the structures directly underlying the compounds themselves. Chapter 4, working from the assumption that most Thai noun compounds are derived from noun phrases in which sentences have been embedded as relative clauses, demonstrates how certain structures generated by the grammar proposed in the earlier chapters can be converted into Thai noun compounds. Compounds are analyzed by type. Chapter 5 is dedicated to the small subset of noun compounds considered to be learned compounds and offers solutions to the problems presented by such forms.