Noun

Tungus proprietives, regularly derived from nouns by affixation, demonstrate a mixed behaviour. As adnominal modifiers, they have the full syntactic and morphological distribution of an adjective. Yet, the base noun retains some nominal properties: it can head its own syntactic phrase, control agreement on its modifier, trigger various anaphoric processes, pluralize, and take derivational affixes. These forms present a problem for the traditional view of syntactic categories, as they have the morphosyntactic properties of more than one part of speech. They are also important for the syntax/morphology interface, because the word structure and the phrase structure do not match: although the base noun selects modifiers as if it were an independent phrasal head, it is not an independent word in morphology. The paper shows that syntactic affixation analyses cannot adequately capture the Tungus data. Instead, I propose a constructional analysis based on the idea that relationships among classes of words are expressed in the lexicon by means of cross-cutting hierarchical types, where more specific types inherit information from more general types. The idiosyncratic behaviour of proprietives is lexically specified by the crossclassification of head values. Categorial information is inherited from adjectives and determines the external distribution of the phrase. At the same time, proprietives inherit the underlying noun's semantics (referentiality) and selectional properties. This analysis raises further questions about the nature of the traditional syntactic labels such as nouns or adjectives, namely, whether we are dealing with a new category type in each case of mixed categories.

Intuitively, words forming phrases are a more precise description of content than words as a sequence of keywords. Yet, evidence that phrases would be more effective for information retrieval is inconclusive. This paper isolates a neglected class of phrases, that is abundant in eommuuication, has an established theoretical foundation, and shows promise for an effective expression of the user's information need: the noun-noun compound (NNC). In an experiment, a variety of meaningful NNCs were used to isolate relevant passages in a large and varied corpus. In a first pass, passages were retrieved based on textual proximity of the words or their semantic peers. A second pass retained only passages containing a syntactically coherent structure equivalent to the original NNC. This second pass showed a dramatic increase in precision. Preliminary resuits show the validity of our intuition about phrases in the special but very productive case of NNCs.

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Words from different classes have been found to activate different brain areas. However, it is unclear whether grammatical word properties, for example their being part of different lexical categories (e.g. nouns vs. verbs) or semantic features of the words (e.g. that they refer to visually perceived entities or to actions) are relevant for eliciting differential brain responses. We tested this by comparing brain potentials elicited by nouns and verbs that varied in their action and visual associations. Naturally spoken word stimuli were from three categories: (1) nouns with strong visual associations;

We describe an individual who exhibits greater dif®culties in speaking nouns than verbs and greater dif®culties in writing verbs than nouns across a range of both single word and sentence production tasks. This double dissociation of grammatical category by modality within a single individual represents an important challenge to the claim that all apparent category grammatical de®cits can be reduced to the effects of the various semantic variables. The modality-speci®c nature of the ®ndings clearly support the representation of grammatical category distinctions at postsemantic levels of representations and processing and they raise a number of questions regarding the speci®c instantiation of these distinctions within current theoretical frameworks of language production. q There have been a number of reports of individuals with neurological damage who seem to have especial dif®culties with words from certain grammatical categories but not others. These dissociations may involve nouns vs verbs (

Two experiments using online speech processing measures with 18-to 36-month-olds extended research by showing that young children's comprehension is disrupted when the grammatical determiner in a noun phrase is replaced with a nonce determiner (the car vs. po car). In Expt. 1, 18-month-olds were slower and less accurate to identify familiar nouns on nonce-article than grammatical-article trials, although older children who produced determiners in their own speech showed no disruption. However, when tested on novel words in Expt. 2, even linguistically advanced 34-month-olds had greater difficulty identifying familiar as well as newly learned object names preceded by a nonce article. Children's success in "listening through" an uninformative functor-like nonce syllable before a familiar noun was related to their level of grammatical competence, but their attention to the nonce article also varied with lexical familiarity and the overall redundancy of the processing context.

A prevailing neurobiological theory of semantic memory proposes that part of our knowledge about concrete, highly imageable concepts is stored in the form of sensory -motor representations. While this theory predicts differential activation of the semantic system by concrete and abstract words, previous functional imaging studies employing this contrast have provided relatively little supporting evidence. We acquired event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data while participants performed a semantic similarity judgment task on a large number of concrete and abstract noun triads. Task difficulty was manipulated by varying the degree to which the words in the triad were similar in meaning. Concrete nouns, relative to abstract nouns, produced greater activation in a bilateral network of multimodal and heteromodal association areas, including ventral and medial temporal, posterior -inferior parietal, dorsal prefrontal, and posterior cingulate cortex. In contrast, abstract nouns produced greater activation almost exclusively in the left hemisphere in superior temporal and inferior frontal cortex. Increasing task difficulty modulated activation mainly in attention, working memory, and response monitoring systems, with almost no effect on areas that were modulated by imageability. These data provide critical support for the hypothesis that concrete, imageable concepts activate perceptually based representations not available to abstract concepts. In contrast, processing abstract concepts makes greater demands on left perisylvian phonological and lexical retrieval systems. The findings are compatible with dual coding theory and less consistent with single-code models of conceptual representation. The lack of overlap between imageability and task difficulty effects suggests that once the neural representation of a concept is activated, further maintenance and manipulation of that information in working memory does not further increase neural activation in the conceptual store. D

Dissociations in the recognition of specific classes of words have been documented in brain-injured populations. These include deficits in the recognition and production of morphologically complex words as well as impairments specific to particular syntactic classes such as verbs. However, functional imaging evidence for distinctions among the neural systems underlying these dissociations has been inconclusive. We explored the neural systems involved in processing different word classes in a functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging study, contrasting four groups of words co-varying morphological complexity (simple, monomorphemic words vs complex derived or inflected words) and syntactic class (verbs vs nouns/adjectives). Subtraction of word from letter string processing showed activation in left frontal and temporal lobe regions consistent with prior studies of visual word processing. No differences were observed for morphologically complex and simple words, despite adequate power to detect stimulus specific effects. A region of posterior left middle temporal gyrus showed significantly increased activation for verbs. Post hoc analyses showed that this elevated activation could also be related to semantic properties of the stimulus items (verbs have stronger action associations than nouns, and action association is correlated with activation). Results suggest that semantic as well as syntactic factors should be considered when assessing the neural systems involved in single word comprehension.

Multi-proxy approach was used to reconstruct the environmental conditions of remote lakes in the High Tatra Mountains (Slovakia) over the past few centuries (approximately 500-1000 years). Short sediment cores (*30 cm) taken from three morphologically similar glacial lakes distributed along altitudinal gradient (subalpine to alpine conditions) were analysed for organic matter content (LOI), diatoms and chironomids. Both descriptive and correlative approaches were used for analysing stratigraphical data. Predictive canonical correspondence analysis and co-correspondence analysis were applied to directly relate physical and biological proxies to each other. The relationship between LOI and biotic proxies was inconsistent across groups and lakes. Concordant patterns in diatom and chironomid composition were found in two non-acidified lakes. Common trends in those assemblages indicated major past environmental events such as the Little Ice Age, air pollution and lake acidification. In contrast, no relationship between the composition of diatom and chironomid assemblages was found in the formerly acidified lake, suggesting different responses of assemblages to acidification. While chironomids showed shifts that are attributable to recovery, diatoms assemblage remained relatively stable throughout the uppermost layers of the sediment record. On the other hand, climatic-driven changes in assemblages detected in the deeper layers were more pronounced in diatoms than in chironomids.

Like many other languages, Japanese is ambiguous about the potential attachment sites of a relative clause which appears alongside a complex noun phrase. One important class of parsing theories (nondeterministic accounts) predicts that the relative clause will initially be attached to the first available host and later assigned to an alternative site, following the intervention of certain discourse processes. An alternative (deterministic) account maintains that the preliminary attachment site remains unchanged throughout the course of processing the sentence. The results of a questionnaire and a self-paced reading study with Japanese materials of this kind provided evidence of phased attachment first to one noun host and then to another. It is argued that these results are compatible only with nondeterministic accounts of parsing.

This study investigates vocabulary development over one year for three young children with speci c language impairment (SLI). Rate of vocabulary development and use of nouns and verbs relative to total vocabulary is compared with a larger sample of younger, typically developing children. Communicative Development Inventory (CDI) data were collected and results provided a typically developing trajectory against which the children with SLI could be compared. The two groups show similar growth curves at these early stages. Findings are discussed with reference to previous work on vocabulary development and methodological differences between parental report and naturalistic data collection.

Morphological synthesis is an essential part of any natural language generation system. bengali is a highly inflectional language with more than 160 different inflected forms for verbs and 36 different forms for nouns, and 24 different forms for pronouns. Moreover, the choice and ordering of suffixes for nouns and structural changes in verb morphology are dependent on the type (animate/inanimate etc) and syllable structure of the root respectively. We describe here a rulebased approach for Bengali morphological synthesis. For nouns and pronouns, the synthesis engine selects the appropriate suffixes, determines the ordering among them, and concatenates them according to the rules. The verb roots have been classified under 19 categories based on the syllable structure. An FSM is used to recognize the category of the root. Thereafter, a simple algorithm generates the inflected form of the verb based on suffix table and rule tables for the classes.

Previous research on mood dependent memory (MDM) suggests that the more one must rely on internal resources, rather than on external aids, to generate both the target events and the cues required for their retrieval, the more likely is one's memory for these events to be mood dependent. To instantiate this "do-it-yourself" principle, three experiments were conducted in which Ss experiencing either a pleasant or an unpleasant mood generated autobiographical events in response to neutral nouns. Subsequently, Ss were tested for event free recall while in the same or the alternative mood state. All three studies showed MDM, such that the likelihood of recalling an event generated 2 or 3 days ago was higher when generation and recall moods matched than when they mismatched. Prospects for future research aimed at elucidating and extending these results are discussed.

In this paper, we describe the most recent implementation and evaluation of the proper noun categorization and standardization module of the DR-LINK document detection system being developed at Syracuse University, under the auspices of ARPA's TIPSTER program. We also discuss the expansion of group common nouns and group proper nouns to enhance retrieval recall. Successful proper noun boundary identification within the part of speech tagger is essential for successful categorization. The proper noun classification module is designed to assign a category code to each proper noun entity, using 30 categories generated from corpus analysis. Standardization of variant proper nouns occurs at three levels of processing. Expansion of group proper nouns and group common nouns is performed on queries. Standardization and categorization is performed on queries and documents. DR-LINK's overall precision for proper noun categorization was 93%, based on 589 proper nouns occurring in the evaluation set.

Background: Verb production is often impaired in Broca's aphasia: Action naming is more affected than object naming and in spontaneous speech the number and/or diversity of lexical verbs is low. Because verbs play a pivotal role in the sentence, these verb problems have a serious impact on the communicative contents of speech in daily life. Aims: The purpose of this study was to increase the informational content of spontaneous speech in two individuals with Broca's aphasia by training them in verb production.

This paper provides a historical review and empirical investigation of the availability and the effectiveness of different types of mediator in associative learning, as inferred from subjects' retrospective reports. Mental imagery is a preferred mediational strategy in the learning of pairs of common concrete nouns, and its use is associated with a high level of recall performance. Its availability and its effectiveness are both enhanced if subjects are given interactive imagery instructions. It is argued that retrospective mediator reports provide valid accounts of the cognitive processes that occur at the time of learning and that playa causal role in determining the subsequent level of retention.

The investigation of cognitive deficits in brain-damaged individuals can provide powerful constraints for theories of normal cognition. Brain damage does not lead to an undifferentiated loss of cognitive abilities but to richly structured patterns of impaired and spared performance. Thus, for example, a patient might show severe difficulties in orally producing the names of pictures but show no comparable difficulties in writing them. Or a patient might show great difficulty in producing nouns but not verbs and adjectives. Furthermore, in most cases impaired performance deviates from normal performance in instructive ways. For example, in a picture naming task a patient might produce phonological distortions of the target response (e.g., chair → "share, chail"), suggesting the possibility that the correct lexical node has been accessed but that subsequent processes are damaged. Or the patient might produce well-formed, semantically related responses (e.g., chair → "table, not that but close, something you sit on"), suggesting that motor programming and articulatory processes are intact but that lexical selection mechanisms are malfunctioning. The analysis of the dissociation and association of symptoms and their related error patterns severely constrains possible interpretations of the locus of functional impairment in the normal language production system. The logic of inferences from impaired performance to normal cognition is straightforward: We prefer a theory of normal cognition over alternative theories if that theory can explain both normal performance and the various ways in which a system breaks down in conditions of brain damage. One area that has benefited greatly from neuropsychological investigations is lexical processing.

Background: Brain and language theories suggest the application of general neuroscientific and linguistic principles in the neurorehabilitation of language. The interwoven nature of language and action has long been emphasised in linguistic pragmatics, and recent neuroscience research has indeed demonstrated tight functional interactions between language and action mechanisms of the human brain. This provides important arguments in favour of practising language in communicative settings, rather than with the sole purpose of producing linguistic structures. Intensive language-action therapy (ILAT), including its most popular form called constraint-induced aphasia therapy (CIAT), realises language-action embedding in synergy with the use of intensive training and guidance by modelling, shaping, and explicit rules. ILAT leads to significant improvement of language performance in chronic post-stroke aphasia within a short period of time. A comprehensive description of its methods has thus far been missing. Aims: We describe the methods of ILAT, illustrate its use, and outline methods for linguistic-pragmatic evaluation of its effects. Main Contribution: We explain the general principles and practical features of ILAT methods and of language-action games (LAGs) constituting this method. The structure of and materials for two LAGs, the REQUEST and PLANNING games, are highlighted by discussing in detail their respective action-structure, materials, and rules. These LAGs are employed to encourage the use of language in communicative contexts through interactive requests and the planning of joint activities. A main linguistic focus is on object nouns in the REQUEST game and on action verbs in the PLANNING game. Focusing and tailoring of LAGs to patients' communicative needs by means of modelling, shaping, and explicitly introduced communication rules are also explained. Finally the assessment of communicative success is illustrated based on clinical measures, performance within LAGs, and the Communicative Aphasia Log (CAL). Conclusions: Different linguistic-pragmatic and social-interactive forms of communication can be translated into specific therapeutic LAGs in the context of ILAT to target specific speech acts and parts of speech. Apart from clinical tests, methods for evaluating communication performance are available for assessment of therapy success.

Multi-proxy approach was used to reconstruct the environmental conditions of remote lakes in the High Tatra Mountains (Slovakia) over the past few centuries (approximately 500-1000 years). Short sediment cores (*30 cm) taken from three morphologically similar glacial lakes distributed along altitudinal gradient (subalpine to alpine conditions) were analysed for organic matter content (LOI), diatoms and chironomids. Both descriptive and correlative approaches were used for analysing stratigraphical data. Predictive canonical correspondence analysis and co-correspondence analysis were applied to directly relate physical and biological proxies to each other. The relationship between LOI and biotic proxies was inconsistent across groups and lakes. Concordant patterns in diatom and chironomid composition were found in two non-acidified lakes. Common trends in those assemblages indicated major past environmental events such as the Little Ice Age, air pollution and lake acidification. In contrast, no relationship between the composition of diatom and chironomid assemblages was found in the formerly acidified lake, suggesting different responses of assemblages to acidification. While chironomids showed shifts that are attributable to recovery, diatoms assemblage remained relatively stable throughout the uppermost layers of the sediment record. On the other hand, climatic-driven changes in assemblages detected in the deeper layers were more pronounced in diatoms than in chironomids.

It has been reported that in at least some sign languages such as ASL, nominal signs possess little, or no inflectional morphology. Previous analyses of Italian Sign Language (LIS), have shown that LIS nouns exhibit some inflectional properties, and these influence the behavior of verbs. Most of these data, however, were limited to one variety of LIS used in Palermo, Sicily.

the article The formation of nomination chain of persons in the text (by the example of the V.Dal’s tale “Avos”) is dedicated to the questions of nomination and formation of nomination chains in the work of art. It will be considered regularity of creation and feature of the structure of nomination chains, emphasized a role of this chain is establishing links within the text and of the development of the plot.
статья «Формирование цепочки номинаций лиц в тексте (на примере сказки В. И. Даля «Авось»)» посвящена вопросам номинации, формирования цепочки номинаций в художественном произведении. Рассматриваются закономерности создания и особенности структуры цепи номинаций, отмечается роль этой цепочки в установлении связей внутри текста и в развитии сюжета.

Morphological description of declension in Japanese. Because: it is possible, clear and concise, although rarely attempted towards Japanese, despite the latter being usually classified as an agglutinative language. Agglutination is a subtype of inflection. And the description of inflection in its morphological variant is valid on the level of least entropy of functional units of the language (phonemics). With further systemic extensions possible, including inevitable irregularities, exceptions and the instances of case marking lexicalization.

Just a QUICK ADDENDUM. The entries for four cases are for certain (unknown) reasons missing from the current list of GLOSSES AND ABBREVIATIONS (p. 167). The following should be added before this unfortunate error is officially fixed and the new PDF file is added:

DIS - distinctive case
EXE - exemplificative case
RHE - rhemative case
THE - themative case

Sorry for inconvenience.

The objectives of the study are to analyse infl ections as they occur in the English language in nouns, verbs and adjectives, including both regular and irregular forms, in order to quantify how many types of variations there are and to determine what these variations are. The instrumentation of the study comprises of a content analysis of infl ections in English that yields an 8-point framework of the infl ection of nouns, verbs and adjectives: 1. plural nouns, 2. possessive nouns, 3. present verb third-person singulars, 4. present participle verbs, 5. past tense verbs, 6. past participle verbs, 7. comparative adjectives, and 8. superlative adjectives.

This paper presents a description of a major class of vocabulary, signalling nouns, which have important discourse functions in establishing links across and within clauses. This class of noun is particularly prevalent in academic discourse. The description is based on a reading of the literature and, more importantly, the author's own corpus data. The synthesis represents the first attempt to bring this diverse work together under one umbrella.

The purpose of this exploratory study is to better understand the current dynamics of the Malaysian market for smartphone and the usage behaviors of consumers. This paper presents the result of a survey on the trend of smartphone from the perspective of end consumers. The data was collected from 1814 respondents across major cities in Malaysia. This study has looked into the familiarity of users towards smartphones, choices of smartphone brand and service providers, and most importantly the determinants that influence their purchasing decision. Additionally, the consumers' preferences on smartphone specifications such as design, computing power, operating platform, and price were investigated. Furthermore, consumers' usage behaviors such as using smartphone for email, web browsing, gaming, and document reading were examined. The statistics presented provides fundamental information regarding the trends in the smartphone market and usage behaviors in Malaysia. Such information are useful for academics for the development of future works in the field, whereas for smartphone manufacturers, application developers and other stakeholders, they are able to plan their direction in the Malaysian smartphone market.

Computation with information described in natural language (NL) has intrinsic importance because much of human knowledge is described using these languages. Soft Computing approach to NL-Computation concerns with semantic imprecision of natural languages through the use of NL precisiation, generalized constraints and prototypical forms. NLs are basically systems for describing perceptions. NL precisiation consist on expressing the meaning of propositions in NL as generalized constraints. In this paper, adverbs and adjectives in NL propositions are considered as constraints. Thus, generalized constraints are proposed to specify the attribute values associated to nouns by means of adverbs and adjectives. A prototypical form (or protoform) is suggested to represent an abstracted summary, a symbolic expression of a noun phrase, involving adverbs, adjectives and nouns. This type of protoform could be used to represent the use of adverbs and adjectives to describe or specify nouns. Then, these cases are considered protoform equivalent.

This paper is a brief statement of the typological characteristics of the syntactic structures of Philippine languages. It utilizes a lexicalist theoretical framework to provide comparability among the examples cited. The word order of both verbal and non-verbal predicational sentences is examined, with pronominal and nonpronominal complements, topicalization, and auxiliary verbs. Philippine languages are analyzed as morphologically ergative.

Vocabulary is an important communicative tool to learn and transfer the knowledge. The efficiency of this tool increases with differences in terms of content and thus, with numerousness in terms of amount. In education the most frequently used source to develop vocabulary is the textbook. Each textbook has a vocabulary of its own. It is observed that researches about vocabulary are intended to determine the number and type of words. In this research, it is tried to determine the words in Turkish textbook for sixth graders not only in terms of the number of words, but also students' degree of perception those words, which builds up the principal aim of the research. Thus, this research provides a base for forming up a list of words to be gained by the students according to their levels. As a result of the research, it is determined by the negotiation of the researcher and two teachers that students may not know only 119 out of 2203 words which are present in the Turkish textbook. Moreover, it is seen that students could know only 27 out of the words which are considered as not known by the students.

Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof.mr. P.F. van der Heijden, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op dinsdag 27 mei 2008 klokke 15:00 uur door

The ISO 9001 (2000) define "Quality" as the ability of a set of inherent properties and characteristics of a product, system or process to fulfill requirements of customers and other interested parties. The "Plan de Calidad de Obra (PCO)" is an instrument that follows to get the necessary quality in Civil Works contracts. Graphical documentation generated during construction project elaboration or even during Civil Engineering works execution with planes, makes obligatory a meticulous treatment of this information that results transcendental in the consecution of the definitive products (projects or works) quality objective. In this work it's shown the principal graphical documentation procedures defined in the PCO attending to the edition, modification, distribution, storage, and other relevant aspects related to graphical information.

In German, mass nouns can be turned into count nouns by means of two alternative strategies: either by using them in connection with a numeral classifier, or by adding the diminutive morpheme (-chen). In this paper, I argue that the two strategies are structurally exactly parallel, with both kinds of elements (numeral classifiers and diminutive -chen) being exponents of an individuating functional head. The (superficial) difference is that -chen—which I show is a clitic-like element—triggers obligatory movement of the nominalized root to its Spec. By contrast, this movement is optional with a (non-deficient) numeral classifier, yielding both ‘analytic’ and ‘compound’ forms. The picture that emerges from the discussion is a unified analysis of count structures in German.

In this paper, we will try to shed new light on the ‘Ezafe’ construction in Kurdish.1 Drawing on historical facts and tracing the Ezafe back to its origins on the one hand, and the unified relation of adjectives and possessors to the head nouns, namely modification, on the other hand, we will argue for the existence of the predicate phrase which Ezafe realizes its head above the NP. The occurrence of the Ezafe will be attributed to the presence of such a functional head which serves to turn a property expression, assigned to the modifier constituent XP, into a propositional function which in turn needs to be saturated by an argument, that is the head noun. Extending the syntactic realization of predication from clausal domain to nominal domain is part of a broader project, which aims at further assimilation of the structure of DPs to clauses.