THE INDIRECT OBJECT (IO) – ALBANIAN AND ENGLISH

European Journal of Foreign Language Teaching ISSN: 2537 - 1754 ISSN-L: 2537 - 1754 Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu 10.5281/zenodo.162412 Volume 1│Issue 1│2016 THE INDIRECT OBJECT (IO) – ALBANIAN AND ENGLISH Shkelqim Millaku1i, Xhevahire Topanica2 Prof. Asoc. Dr., Faculty of Philology, 1 University of Prizren, Prizren, Kosova Mr. sc., University of Prizren, Prizren, Kosova 2 Abstract: The aim of this study is too corporate the function of the indirect object between Albanian and English language. The function and the Albanian typical case for indirect object are dative and ablative. This grammatical phenomena is the full contrast between two languages because in English language doesn’t exist dative and ablative us in Albanian. In Albanian and English language, the indirect object is more heterogenic than the direct object. The indirect (direct) object in both of languages is the receiver (object) of the action within a sentence. It is typically the noun, all possessive pronouns (in the function of nouns), noun phrase that follows the verb, although the indirect object and subject complements can also occupy this position. The direct and indirect object have some characteristics in common, and this fact justifies their sharing term of object. Keywords: Indirect Object, similarities, differences, contrasts, generative, Albanian, English, noun, pronoun, noun phrase, case (nominative, dative and ablative), definite and indefinite nouns, article Introduction In both of languages, we have two forms of indirect object: a. Noun, (noun phrase) or pronoun. b. Noun, noun phrase or pronoun with preposition. Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved Published by Open Access Publishing Group ©2015. 31 Shkelqim Millaku, Xhevahire Topanica – THE INDIRECT OBJECT (IO) – ALBANIAN AND ENGLISH The indirect object is the noun or pronoun that receives the direct object. Typically, an indirect object precedes the direct object and can be found by question (kë, Çfarë – who, whom or what) received the direct object e.g (Al). Nënës i shfaqët fyryra e birit. IO Me takon mua ta them. IO I besoj mësuesit dhe u be zemërgurii . IO I besoj atij. IO I ndihmoj shokut. IO I ndihoj atij. IO If you would like, we can give Atat’s the tickets. IO The typical question for indirect object are / kë or çfarë – who, whom or what/ and received the direct object. It is the same in both of languages. In English language, the indirect object can make with noun and pronoun, too e.g. (Eng). John sent her mother’s a ticket for the bus. IO DO Beni sold a friend his car. S P IO DOiii John didn’t send his brother. He sent a ticket to her mother. Most grammarians subscribe to no-synonymy rule in language. There is a general assumption among linguists that no true synonyms exist among words or structures. Why then do we have two ways to express recipients in English? While I threw Signe the ball seems, on the surface to mean the same thing as I threw Signe the ball seems these two sentences are not quite synonymous. Speakers who find I threw the ball to Signe the ball but she couldn’t it a perfectly acceptable sentence often balk at? I threw Signe the ball but she couldn’t catch it. A number of grammarians have pointed out that with certain verbs an ii Shkelqim Millaku, European Journal of Education Studies, ISSN: 2501 – 1111; ISSN-L: 2501 - 1111; Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu, f.95 iii Shkelqim Millaku, 2016, The noun phrases, Academia.edu, p.1-14 European Journal of Foreign Language Teaching - Volume 1 │ Issue 1 │ 2016 32 Shkelqim Millaku, Xhevahire Topanica – THE INDIRECT OBJECT (IO) – ALBANIAN AND ENGLISH NP indirect object reflects successful completion of the transfer while an indirect object is silent on the issue.iv In Albanian and English, the indirect object is new information and function than the direct object that is given information or opposite. Unë i dhashë atij S P disa libra. IO I bought them DO for Teuten. IO DO it in library. I learnt IO She sold it DO to my sister. IO I bought her DO some flowers”v. IO I bought them I learnt for Teuten. IO DO it in library. IO She sold it IO I bought DO her IO DO to my sister. DO some flowers. DO In Albanian and English, there is another type which construction with the proposition. Consider the following sentence. Ata do të kërkonin nga të rinjtë zbatimin më përpikmeri të dëtyrave. IO Arat cleaned the car for Benin IO Hakiu hung the picture for his teacher. IO iv Lynn Berk, 1999, English Syntax, London, p. 41. Shkelqim Millaku, 2016, The contrast of Direct object between Albanian and English Language - Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in http://www.onlinejournal.in/IJIRV2I7/253.pdf, Issue-7 of IJIR, p. 1410 -1420. v European Journal of Foreign Language Teaching - Volume 1 │ Issue 1 │ 2016 33 Shkelqim Millaku, Xhevahire Topanica – THE INDIRECT OBJECT (IO) – ALBANIAN AND ENGLISH How we saw by the example the indirect object is the second object in sentence, usually with two objects. In both of languages, normally the indirect object has placed in sentence before the direct object. The indirect object can realized by the personal pronoun in Albanian and English too e.g. Agrani ma dha mua librin. IO Teuta gave me IO Teuta gave DO a book. DO a book to me. DO IO In Albanian language is one type with proposition e.g. Teuta shkoi në mal me të vëllain. IO It is the same in English language e.g. Teuta went to mountain with his brother. IO The function of the indirect object is (saw) associated with the first of two complements, both of which are characterized by their ability to function as subject in a corresponding passive sentence.vi The local Council has awarded him a scholarship. IO The University granted Professor Harvey leave of absence. IO Could you call me a taxi? IO vi Flor Aarts, 1988, English syntactic structure. Cambridge, p. 239. European Journal of Foreign Language Teaching - Volume 1 │ Issue 1 │ 2016 34 Shkelqim Millaku, Xhevahire Topanica – THE INDIRECT OBJECT (IO) – ALBANIAN AND ENGLISH The function of the indirect object is normally realized by a noun phrase and only very rarely by a finite /kë, çka, çfarë, ku --- what, where, why, when/-clause etc. The direct object and indirect object are (can be) both structures within the predicate e.g. S Predicate Ø Ø_________________ I gave P Benit my dictionary. IO DO The function of indirect object is associated with the first of two complements, both of which are characterized by their ability to function as subject in a corresponding passive sentence:vii a. The local Council has awarded him a scholarship. b. He has been awarded a scholarship by the local Council. The firm offered Jim the job. The firm offered the job to Jim. “Beni sold a friend his car. S P IO DO I bought the kids a computer. S P IO DO”viii Conclusion In both of languages the object normally follows the subject and the predicate. The indirect object usually comes before the direct object e.g. I bought the kids a computer. S P IO DO”ix The kids devoured the liver. S P DO vii Flor Aarts, 1988, English syntax structure. Cambridge, p. 139. Shkelqim Millaku, 2016, THE FUNCTION OF NOUN PHRASES BETWEEN ALBANIAN AND ENGLISH, The 2016 WEI International Academic Conference Proceedings Vienna, Austria, p. 113-120. ix Shkelqim Millaku, 2016, THE FUNCTION OF NOUN PHRASES BETWEEN ALBANIAN AND ENGLISH, The 2016 WEI International Academic Conference Proceedings Vienna, Austria, p. 113-120. viii European Journal of Foreign Language Teaching - Volume 1 │ Issue 1 │ 2016 35 Shkelqim Millaku, Xhevahire Topanica – THE INDIRECT OBJECT (IO) – ALBANIAN AND ENGLISH John gave Hanrry a book. S P IO DO Most people and scholars would probably regard a subject + verb + direct object sentence as the prototypical English sentence. The function and the Albanian typical case for indirect object are dative and ablative. This grammatical contrast between two languages are presented and studied in this paper. In Albanian and English language, the indirect object is more heterogenic than the direct object. The indirect (direct) object in both of languages is the receiver (object) of the action within a sentence. It is typically the noun; all possessive pronouns (in the function of nouns), noun phrase and all of them follow the verb. References 1. Bauer, Laurie. English Word-Formation, London, 1983. 2. Celce-Murcia, Mariana. The Grammar book, USA, 1999. 3. Celce-Muricia, Marianne. The Grammar book, USA, Heinlein, 1999. 4. Chomsky, Noam. Syntactic Structure, New York, 2002. 5. Christopher Pountain, M.F.Lang, Spanish Word Formation, London, 1990. 6. Doyle, Arthur Conan. The lost world and other thrilling tales, London, 2001. 7. Eddings, David. Magician’s Gambit, London, 1983. 8. 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