CPTED (Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design)

O livro resgata a presença da Igreja na região, desde os primeiros contatos com os indígenas que lá viviam passando pela criação e instalação da Prelazia chegando aos dias atuais.
    A figura proeminente desta história é a do missionário claretiano, Pedro Casaldáliga. Ele, com outros companheiros, assumiu o desafio de colocar as bases de uma nova Igreja no sertão do nordeste mato-grossense. O novo bispo e sua equipe, em radical fidelidade ao Evangelho de Jesus e guiados pelas decisões do Concílio Vaticano II e da Assembleia dos bispos latino-americanos, ocorrida em Medellín, Colômbia, se colocaram abertamente ao lado dos pequenos e pobres que eram espoliados dos seus direitos: os indígenas, os posseiros e os trabalhadores braçais, os peões, submetidos a condições degradantes análogas ao trabalho escravo.

La prevenzione del crimine attraverso il design ambientale (CPTED, acronimo di Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design) è una teoria multidisciplinare che, in nuce, sostiene che la corretta pianificazione e l’uso effettivo di un ambiente costruito possono condurre a una riduzione della paura e dell’incidenza del crimine, e a un miglioramento nella qualità della vita (Crowe, 2000). Ritenendo che tale materia presterebbe un contributo notevole nella lotta alla criminalità e all’insicurezza che colpiscono la vita urbana, l’obiettivo dichiarato di questo scritto è un’analisi metodica del CPTED e una presentazione propositiva di alcuni sviluppi che il tema potrebbe assumere in Italia.
Il primo capitolo è dedicato a uno studio approfondito della costruzione teoretica della disciplina, ripercorrendone le evoluzioni che l’hanno contraddistinta nei decenni. Dagli anni ‘80, recependo le misure cd. di prima generazione, la prassi ha privilegiato la tecnica situazionale del target hardening (Clarke, 1997), ponendo dunque l’accento sull’analisi delle opportunità criminali. In una fase successiva, il consolidamento dei risultati guadagnati dall’applicazione delle tecniche ambientali si sostiene venga assicurato a mezzo di misure cd. di seconda generazione (Saville, 1998), richiamando le radici sociologiche ed ecologiche promosse dai pionieri della materia. A questa architettura recentemente si è aggiunto un tassello, da alcuni classificato come CPTED cd. di terza generazione (Mihinjac e Saville, 2019): si dirige l’attenzione sulla vivibilità, pietra di volta di tale sistema embrionale, basato sulle relazioni sussistenti tra salute pubblica, sostenibilità e sicurezza.
Nel capitolo successivo si adotta essenzialmente una lente giuridica, approfondendo l’implementazione della materia nel formante legislativo. A livello nazionale, il panorama risulta quanto mai variegato. Per quanto il focus dello scritto riguardi il panorama italiano, è opportuno volgere lo sguardo a Regno Unito, Paesi Bassi e Francia, ordinamenti che mostrano uno stato più maturo della materia. In particolare, il Regno Unito si è distinto per una normazione che riflette un’accezione di progettazione e pianificazione - in particolare, mediante le circolari 5/1994 e 1/2006 -, rendendo inoltre consulenti specializzati della polizia protagonisti nel sistema inerente al marchio di sicurezza SBD (Secured by Design). I Paesi Bassi mostrano un’esperienza simile a quella inglese, puntando alla creazione di professionalità all’interno della polizia, supportando l’impiego del marchio di sicurezza cd. Police Label Secure Housing (Jongejan e Woldendorp, 2013), orientati alla prevenzione in fase di progettazione. Infine, il sistema francese, che ha vantato molte iniziative in termini di prevenzione sociale, si è distinto per la creazione di consigli territoriali e manifesta la sua maggiore iniziativa in tema di CPTED nella legge quadro LOPS del 1995, modificante il Codice dell’urbanistica secondo i criteri di sicurezza elaborati nel CEN/TR 14383:2 (Comitato Europeo di Normazione). Nel panorama nostrano, le linee guida di soft law del CEN sono state recepite dall’UNI (Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione). A ciò si aggiunge un recente riferimento a quest’ultima produzione da parte del decreto-legge 14/2017 in materia di sicurezza integrata e urbana, le cui radici possono essere rintracciate nella legislazione ed esperienza regionale degli anni ‘90.
Di seguito, il terzo capitolo si occupa dello studio di alcuni casi applicativi, attingendo da fascicoli elaborati dalla COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) sulla prevenzione del crimine attraverso la progettazione e la pianificazione. Dall’analisi di questa prassi, inerente al servizio di consulenza realizzato dalla polizia di Manchester, al quartiere popolare Bijlmermeer di Amsterdam, all’approccio preventivo pionieristico di Lione, sino ai casi italiani sui trasporti milanesi e sulla riqualificazione del quartiere Braida di Sassuolo, è emerso che il CPTED vanta delle pratiche virtuose che meritano di essere conosciute e diffuse.
Nel quarto capitolo, riassunto il focus dell’analisi sulla realtà italiana ed offerta una lettura critica dei recenti interventi legislativi, lo scritto culmina nella presentazione di possibili sviluppi futuri del CPTED nel Paese, incoraggiando inoltre una presa di posizione preventiva nelle prossime politiche securitarie.

The first publically accessible deliverable the UAL team has led on for Graffolution. Others will be available in due course. This report (D2.1) builds the starting point and foundation of Graffolution's research activities. It delivers information from an extensive literature review focusing on the extent of graffiti vandalism in Europe with specific concentration on public areas and transport. Early insights showed that the available data on the extent of graffiti vandalism is very fragmented which makes a consistent European wide analysis challenging.

This study attempts to explain the correlation between Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) model and perceived safety among user in Kalibata City apartment and also measuring CPTED principles that have been implemented in Kalibata city apartment. This study uses quantitative approach using questionnaire as a parameter for resident to evaluate their living environment in order to find the correlation between CPTED method and perceived safety. Meanwhile, to measure CPTED implementation in Kalibata City apartment, this study uses qualitative approach by observing and analyzing the object with CPTED standard as comparison.

Crime and Fear in Public Places consists of an important tool to advance the international urban safety agenda as it provides readers with a view on the debate over safety and public places, taking a multidisciplinary approach that takes into consideration several fields of knowledge. The cutting-edge research contained in this book incorporates different perspectives on the phenomenon of crime and fear in public places and fosters the co-production of safety, which is a basic principle contained in the Guidelines, thus contributing towards more cohesive societies and safer cities for all. Juma Assiago, Head, Safer Cities Programme, UN-HABITAT With expertise from a diverse range of disciplines, this compilation achieves a thorough investigation of how individual mobility, social and built landscapes, and policies interact and relate to crime and fear in public places. Insightful and creative, with implications to make communities safer and improve public health. Professor Douglas Wiebe, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA Numerous organizations call for resilient and safe spaces. Many people dream of enjoying vibrant places. Yet, crime and fear in public space threatens these ideals. This book offers timeous information and practical suggestions towards safe places-indeed, a valuable toolkit for everyone working towards inclusive change in public space. Professor Karina Landman, University of Pretoria, South Africa No city environment reflects the meaning of urban life better than a public place. A public place, whatever its nature-a park, a mall, a train platform or a street corner-is where people pass by, meet each other and at times become a victim of crime. With this book, we submit that crime and safety in public places are not issues that can be easily dealt with within the boundaries of a single discipline. The book aims to illustrate the complexity of patterns of crime and fear in public places with examples of studies on these topics contextualized in different cities and countries around the world. This is achieved by tackling five cross-cutting themes: the nature of the city's environment as a back-drop for crime and fear; the dynamics of individuals' daily routines and their transit safety; the safety perceptions experienced by those who are most in fear in public places; the metrics of crime and fear; and, finally, examples of current practices in promoting safety. All these original chapters contribute to our quest for safer, more inclusive, resilient, equitable and sustainable cities and human settlements aligned to the Global 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

Literature review suggests that livable city is related to the quality of life where Bin JI (2006) defined livability as the quality of life that had been experienced by the residents within a city or region. A majority of the major towns in Malaysia had experienced an urban decay where urban regeneration is needed to address the low quality of life experienced by the urban dwellers. The total population of Malaysian people living in urban areas had rapidly increased and expected to rise by 2020 where urban sprawl is also anticipated. As a result, this situation has led to a high crime rate, environmental issues as a result of traffic congestion and industrialization as well as an inefficient public transportation system. The urban crime rates have also increased in the past 32 years since 1997 to 2007 (Siti&Aldrin, 2012). The importance of sustainability has been implemented in several Government plans where livability becomes one of the main concerns towards current new development in the Tenth Malaysia Plan. The importance of creating a livable city in contributing towards a safe, healthy and enjoyable place of living is now being acknowledged. This paper discusses the issues confronting the livability of Kuala Lumpur and the factors that may affect the sustainability of a city by focusing on one of the most important aspects that affect the quality of life namely safety. Kuala Lumpur is the only Malaysian city in the ranking of livable cities by EIU and the government targets for its ranking to be promoted to the top twenty livable cities by 2020. This paper focusses on the implementation of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the Safe City program. The research adopts a mixed method with a questionnaire survey being conducted in the Kuala Lumpur City Hall as the implementers of the policy. The findings suggest that more efforts are needed to increase awareness of the program and policy for effective implementation by the implementers.

According to urban experts Crime and fear of crime have long been recognized as a major challenge to sustainable cities. It also has a significant impact on quality of life. In Malaysia the crime index has risen significantly over the last few decades. Local authority plays a role in building cities that are safe for people where effective implementation of CPTED will assist in reducing and preventing crime from occurring. Effective implementation of CPTED can help reduce public expenditure in keeping the city safe. The article concludes that the successful implementation of CPTED concept in Malaysian cities can be achieved by increasing the awareness and understanding of implementers of the concept. Thus, professionals and policy makers should have an awareness of the importance of CPTED in reducing both the fear of crime and crime rates in the urban environment and thus contribute to urban sustainability

Insecurity has always been one of the main issues plaguing the harmonious co-existence of man in every civilization. Ethno-religious crisis and sectarian violence have been at the bane of insecurity in Nigeria. In recent times, the phenomenon of insecurity has gotten a new identity, in the form, terrorism. Terrorism in the country has manifested itself by causing destruction and mayhem, mostly in public places of interaction between the populace, who are of different and varying backgrounds.

This thesis work tries to understand the nature of the various threats being posed by terrorism to public buildings in the country, and then suggests workable and coherent methods by which the risks of these threats can be minimized or even cancelled.

To understand the nature of these threats, a timeline study of past incidences of crisis in the country is firstly undertaken so as to get a clear picture of what stands to be protected against. Extrapolation of past events is then taken to future possibilities so as to give building design and construction solutions which don’t only work for present times, but also for the future.

The study shows that attacks on public buildings have been successful, primarily due to the improper strategies put in place to protect the buildings against potential threats and the inability of these buildings to adapt to the dynamic nature of insecurity in the country.

Thus, this research work proposes the elimination, or reduction, of loss of lives and properties in public buildings due to criminal attacks. This is enumerated under the three concepts of detection, deterrence, and response. The first step, detection, entails the ability of a building security system to identify an imminent threat to its existence and occupants. Deterrence then ensures the security system is able to ward off or discourage perpetrators of attacks from it. And during the unfortunate event of an attack on the building, Response would ensure the ability of the building to reduce the impact of the attack on the lives of the building’s occupants, and the continued ability of the building to continue serving its function.

Finally, I design a civic centre, in which I show how the various strategies for security can be applied in a given scenario. My choice of Kaduna City in Kaduna State for the location of this design is due to the past and recent incidences of terror attacks in the State and the struggle for unity by the inhabitants of the state.

The global security guard industry has experienced tremendous growth in the past five decades and there is every indication it will continue. Many government and private sector bodies have created mandatory and recommended training programmes and syllabi to equip guards for their complex duties.  However, there has been little research into the effectiveness of these programmes.  Poor or non-existent training can lead to poor job performance, low salaries, unethical or criminal behaviours, high staff turnover, increased risk of harm to guards and the public, exposure to liability for both employees and employers, reputational harm, and outright abuse of rights by employees and the public.

This research sought to examine the relevance of the Alberta Basic Security Training (ABST) programme introduced by the Alberta Government, Canada in 2011, and practitioners’ perspectives of its effectiveness, with a view to making recommendations to enhance the programme.  Through documentary analysis, the ABST was first compared and contrasted globally with 35 government and industry training programmes. Guard duties were then examined from the research community, government and security industry to enable comparison between their findings and guards’ actual duties. This examination further explored guard, trainer, manager, and contract management perspectives of ABST effectiveness. 24 semi-structured interviews were conducted to obtain direct feedback on both the delivery and effectiveness of the training programme. 

While the ABST content is as good or better than many of its global counterparts and is in alignment with general guard duties it is not meeting the practical needs of the Alberta guard industry.  Programme improvements include increasing delivery time, reducing duplicated material, enhancing trainer qualifications, improving student language requirements, increasing active learning tactics, reducing licensing wait times and involving security management expertise in enhancing overall programme effectiveness.

People across the world face growing insecurity, violent conflict spreading and intensifying and the natural systems on which human life depends on, is in jeopardy. Also, today the security condition of student hostel has become one of the major challenges facing Nigerian institutions, with continual media coverage of the state of insecurity of the students' hostel, level of theft, burglary, abductions, and kidnappings. This research set out to proffer solutions to the rising insecurity challenges in the students' hostel. This was achieved through the development of a framework from CPTED, on architectural strategies used to deter crime from thriving in the students' hostel environment. A user perception survey was carried out using questionnaire issued to occupants of the various hostels. A case study was also carried out using visual survey and checklist to identify safety and security inadequacies in the buildings. Findings from questionnaire and case study revealed that the perceived level of safety was higher in Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, then University of Maiduguri and least perception of students' safety and security seen in Adamawa State University, Mubi. Hence, confirming the need to improve the impediment of variables like perimeter control, building configuration, external wall design, window design and site planning and layout, in respect to CPTED principles in the design of student hostel buildings in Nigeria.

In the new era of technological advancement, crime prevention has become one of the major concerns of criminological
jurisprudence. The concept of environmental criminology and its basic jurisprudential aspect can help to reduce crime and victimization
of victims. The big data, crime mapping and new predictive technology of permutation and combination with probability prediction is
officially very functioning in USA LAPD department and also in the UK. The USA fourth amendment is in direct contradiction with
these techniques but in the larger interest of justice, it's still functioning with exceptions. In India, these technologies are still at the
nascent stage but to fight against crime this software for example The Crime Mapping, Analytics and Predictive System (CMAPS) and
Crime and Criminals Tracking and Network System (CCTNS) are very much welcomed. Nevertheless, the Exclusionary rules of criminal
procedure in India are in contradiction against the right of accused the larger justice is being served as the condition and circumstances
in India are very different as compared to USA and UK.

In the view of Deleuzian IR scholars, societal steering evolved from analogue disciplining of static enclosures into network-centric, privatised, digital and global control. This article re-engages the control thesis from a decidedly empirical security studies perspective. In the age of globalisation and urbanisation, technological innovation and liberal policy ideals, how are security apparatuses reorganised, and in what relations do they stand to local societal and political orders? The article argues that the Deleuzian framework indeed proposes an impressively rich, integrative and topical research agenda – but also that its security studies applications are surprisingly incomplete and insufficiently differentiated. With a view to vindicating its analytical potential, the article first systematises the control thesis. It then employs a spatial and empirical heuristic to enquire into the securing of three distinct urban spaces – a site of mobility, a public square and a place of mass commerce –, and to illustrate the actual (re-)configuration of contemporary security management. Forgoing articulation of universalisms about societal steering, the article makes the case for more nuanced engagements with security ensembles, their technological evolution, relations with democratic ideals, globalisation and de-territorialisation both in and beyond Western polities.

One practical, yet less touted, approach to school safety is the use of security provisions that conform with the principles of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED). Beyond preventing crime, the approach offers the potential benefit of improving perceptions of safety among campus occupants which is important for revenues and establishing effective learning environments. Although CPTED has shown promise in reducing crime elsewhere, research has only begun to empirically assess the extent to which it is compatible with campus facilities and whether it improves students’ safety perceptions. This study reports on a quantitative comparative assessment of student (N = 100) safety perceptions from two, differently designed residential facilities on a large public research university in the Southeastern United States. Findings indicate that residents of the high CPTED facility had higher safety perceptions than the low CPTED facility’s residents. Site observations supported differences between design features of the two facilities.

The aim of this chapter is to discuss the evidence in the international literature of the effects of urban design features on safety. More specifically, this research examines the relationship between features such as lighting and CCTV to the occurrence of crime and/or individuals’ safety perceptions. Potential unexpected side effects of these features on a city’s overall quality are also discussed. To achieve these goals, the literature from 1968 to 2018 was searched using as references the Scopus, Web of Science, and JSTOR databases. A bibliometric visualization software (VOSviewer) was used to manage and map the vast material, spanning more than five decades of research, on crime and fear of crime. This pre-selection of topics was thought to be relevant for further investigation in an in-depth analysis of the 106 articles. The chapter identifies gaps in the literature and suggestions for a research agenda and practice.

Following incidents of school violence, common discourse often neglects the role of practical approaches, such as CPTED, to safeguard campuses. This study utilized a content analysis of U.S. Clery Act Safety Reports from a national, randomly drawn stratified sample of n=100 American universities to determine the extent CPTED techniques were implemented. Findings suggested that 1) CPTED use is limited; 2) two CPTED techniques, access control and activity support, were most common; 3) institutions with higher crime rates tended to have implemented more CPTED measures; and 4) CPTED use appears to be related to less severe campus crimes. Implications are discussed.

Due to the significant impact of criminality on the quality of life in a particular territory, criminality is attracting more and more attention from local authorities which are trying to reduce it. In this respect, the concept of CPTED (Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design) which is quite often used outside of Slovakia and is based on prevention of criminality through the appropriate design of urban environments , seems to be useful. The study offers the characteristics of CPTED principles and also suggests possibilities for its application within inner-city criminality on model territories of the city of Prešov (Slovakia) as an usable way of reducing crime in other mainly East-central European cities.

Celem badawczym niniejszej pracy jest znalezienie odpowiedzi na pytanie o to, czy w ramach projektów rewitalizacyjnych realizowanych w miastach Wielkiej Brytanii (jako przykładach miast europejskich) wykorzystano główne postulaty i ujęcia teoretyczne w zakresie kształtowania bezpiecznych przestrzeni, stanowiące dorobek amerykańskich kryminologów i urbanistów. Co więcej, przyczyniło się to do wzrostu bezpieczeństwa przestrzeni obszarów, na których prowadzono działania. Cel ten zostanie osiągnięty w drodze pogłębionej analizy działań prowadzonych na rzecz odnowy obszarów zdegradowanych w wybranych miastach. Biorąc pod uwagę ograniczoną możliwość oddziaływania na całe miasto, interwencje te prowadzono w ramach jasno zdefiniowanych przestrzennie obszarów (osiedli, dzielnic itp.) o największym natężeniu negatywnych zjawisk społeczno-przestrzennych. Wybrano następujące studia przypadków: obszar doków londyńskich, Wyspę Psów (ang. Isle of Dogs), miasteczko olimpijskie Stratford (oba obszary znajdujące się w graniach Londynu), Trafford Park (gmina Trafford wchodząca w skład hrabstwa Greater Manchester), Hulme i Manchester Wschodni, a także Centralny Manchester (w granicach Manchesteru). Wskazano te właśnie obszary ze względu na zidentyfikowane wyzwania dla bezpieczeństwa o charakterze społeczno-przestrzennym, m.in. degradację przestrzeni, wysoki poziom bezrobocia, wyludnianie się tych obszarów.

U podstaw pracy leży przekonanie, że istnieje zależność między kształtowanie przestrzeni miast w sposób sprzyjający bezpieczeństwu ich mieszkańców i występowaniem na ich terenie problemów społecznych, w tym w szczególności patologii, przestępczości i zachowań antyspołecznych. Poddawana weryfikacji główna hipoteza badawcza brzmi następująco: w ramach działań podejmowanych w wybranych miastach Wielkiej Brytanii, mających na celu rewitalizację zdegradowanych obszarów o charakterze poprzemysłowym wykorzystano z powodzeniem główne postulaty oraz ujęcia teoretyczne z zakresu kształtowania bezpiecznej przestrzeni, będące dorobkiem amerykańskich kryminologów i urbanistów. Ponadto działania ta przyczyniły się do zwiększenia bezpieczeństwa przestrzeni w tych miastach.

After the 2001 attacks on the World Trade Centre, landscape architects in North America have been called on to design public landscapes that are not only more secure but also aes- thetically pleasing. In this article, the author explores the cultural and political implications of certain plant-based design strategies drawn from the Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design movement—in particular those that facilitate visual surveillance of public landscapes. Taking a broadly socio-semiotic approach, the author attempts to use a consideration of the way particular techniques work, socially and practically speaking, to reveal forms of significance that would not otherwise be apparent. The author concludes with a brief analysis of the winning design for the new American Embassy in London, as an example of a landscape attempting to be both environmentally friendly and secure.

Through history, cities have always been associated with crime. Whether the reason was set to be social, economic, or even physical, the safety of these cities is not marked by the absence of danger, but also the absence of fear. Security can be measured by many factors some of which take us to either the probability of being a victim of crime which relates personally to each individual or the perception of a hostile and dangerous environment which relates directly to the situation and location. Also, through all the variables that can influence danger within cities, poor urban design, low maintenance, and the way people identify themselves and feel they belong and are responsible for the place they live in were believed to have a major impact on the security as portrayed by Jane Jacobs in

Problemem, podjętym w artykule jest kwestia aspektów społecznych i przestrzennych oraz ich wpływ na bezpieczeństwo przestrzeni wielkomiejskich. Zagadnienie badano, posługując się przykładem problemów wielkiego amerykańskiego miasta, którym jest Chicago. Zdecydowano się wykorzystać przypadek Chicago ze względu na to, że ten ośrodek podziela problemy innych dużych (amerykańskich) miast, jednocześnie będąc kolebką współczesnej myśli na temat związków pomiędzy przestrzenią i poziomem przestępczości, takich jak chicagowska szkoła ekologii społecznej. Z drugiej strony należy podkreślić, że Chicago stało się miejscem narodzin unikatowych rozwiązań w zakresie ograniczania przestępczości, realizując specyficzny rodzaj community policing, czyli strategię CAPS, i wiążąc ją z koncepcją zapobiegania przestępczości poprzez projektowanie środowiskowe (CPTED). Artykuł składa się z czterech części. W pierwszej z nich przedstawiono pokrótce koncepcje, dotyczące związków pomiędzy ukształtowaniem przestrzeni a poziomem przestępczości, kładące nacisk na znaczenie czynnika społecznego; w sposób szczególny zwrócono uwagę na dorobek Jane Jacobs, stanowiący fundament, na którym oparto rozwijane przez jej następców teorie. W drugiej części tekstu skoncentrowano się na znaczeniu nieformalnej kontroli społecznej, omawiając szerzej założenia „przestrzeni obronnej” Oscara Newmana. Z kolei w części trzeciej przeanalizowano założenia koncepcji środowiskowego zapobiegania przestępczości (CPTED) pierwszej i drugiej generacji, podkreślając znaczenie czynników społecznych. Część czwarta to studium przypadku Chicago, w której zwrócono uwagę na przestępczość, która stanowi duży problem dla władz miasta oraz przedstawiono sposoby jej zwalczania. Artykuł kończy zestawienie wniosków.

Arquitectura y participación llama la atención hacia el habitante de la ciudad, ese actor anónimo que vive cotidianamente las consecuencias de las grandes decisiones que atañen a su ciudad y a sus edificios, y a las que ha sido ajeno.
En el siglo XXI, y gracias a pioneros tenaces como Alexander,
Turner y Jacobs, entre otros, se ha llegado a aceptar, en menor
o mayor medida, que es importante escuchar al habitante; toca ahora explorar el tejido fino, definir la ética, los procesos y las herramientas que son necesarias para contrarrestar las acciones paternalistas
o la manipulación que se han ejercido bajo el disfraz de participación, llegando incluso a oprimir la misma voz que se pretende reivindicar. Arquitectura y Participación reúne a 18 docentes, investigadores y estudiantes de seis universidades de Latinoamérica, Europa y Japón, en torno al tema de la participación de los habitantes en la conformación de sus edificios, sus barrios y sus ciudades.
Desde diferentes enfoques, visiones, culturas y posturas políticas,
el libro transita de la definición de conceptos, a la exposición de experiencias y estrategias, buscando aproximarse a la ciudad humana y fraterna que todos hemos imaginado.

Podejmowane w ramach rewitalizacji przedsięwzięcia infrastrukturalne związane z przebudową, remontami, modernizacją czy adaptacją wiekowych budowli, mają na celu przeciwdziałanie negatywnym zjawiskom o charakterze społeczno-przestrzennym. Działania rewitalizacyjne są podejmowane w przestrzeni miejskiej charakteryzującej się dużym natężeniem problemów społecznych, takich jak: bezrobocie, ubóstwo, niski poziom edukacji i bezpieczeństwa, a także przestępczość. Związek między degradacją przestrzeni miejskiej a poziomem bezpieczeństwa społeczności lokalnej w miastach został dostrzeżony na początku XX w. przez badaczy szkoły chicagowskiej, znanej z próby przeniesienia orientacji ekologicznej na grunt badań społecznych. Rozwinięciem dorobku tej szkoły były badania prowadzone od lat 60. w Stanach Zjednoczonych oraz Kanadzie. Rozczarowanie ograniczoną możliwością oddziaływania na potencjalnych sprawców oraz niską skutecznością resocjalizacji skłoniło badaczy do skoncentrowania uwagi na innych teoriach skupiających się na zapobieganiu przestępczości w miastach, w tym na uwarunkowaniach przestrzennych. Powstałe ujęcia teoretyczne stanowiły zbiór postulatów dotyczących tego, w jaki sposób należy kształtować przestrzeń miejską, aby sprzyjała ona redukcji przestępczości oraz stanowiła czynnik wzmacniający poczucie bezpieczeństwa lokalnej społeczności. Celem artykułu jest analiza głównych postulatów sformułowanych przez amerykańskich i kanadyjskich kryminologów i urbanistów, dotyczących przestrzennych aspektów bezpieczeństwa w miastach, a także próba znalezienia odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy podczas prowadzenia przedsięwzięć rewitalizacyjnych na zdegradowanych obszarach miejskich możliwe jest zastosowanie tych postulatów w celu przeciwdziałania negatywnym zjawiskom o charakterze społeczno- przestrzennym.

It is a fundamental need for humans to feel safe in their environments. Safety is an extremely broad term that is applicable to every aspect of our lives: where we go, what we do, what we eat, who we talk to, etc. In the context of Milwaukee’s urban neighborhoods, the issue of safety brings up discussions around crime, property damage, and environmental woes. Such discussions of safety are often impossible to resolve and difficult to analyze — they are wicked problem, which Jon Kolka describes as “a social or cultural problem that is difficult or impossible to solve for as many as four reasons: incomplete or contradictory knowledge, the number of people and opinions involved, the large economic burden, and the interconnected nature of these problems with other problems.” This project addresses the complexity of neighborhood safety by identifying the different forms of knowledge, discussions, and solutions around this issue.

The issue of criminality and its intra-urban differentiation and perception is one
of the most socially significant problems in human geography. The study presents
the theoretical framework of the CPTED (Crime Prevention Through Environmental
Design) concept. It also offers the characteristics of the CPTED principles
and describes the possibilities to apply CPTED to the intra-urban criminality in
the model territories of the city of Prešov.

Criminological thinking oriented towards the search for the causes of criminality,
and the ways of prevention, or protection from criminality has a long tradition. With
considerable simplification it is possible to identify four theoretical perspectives of
criminological thinking – classical, positivistic, post-modern and neoclassical. It is possible
to find the criminological theoretical inspirations of the Crime Prevention Through
Environmental Design (CPTED) concept in some theories concerning the social and
multi-constituent positivistic perspective and in the routine activities based on the neoclassical
criminological perspective. From the point of view of our research, the Chicago
Criminal School (the theory of social disorganization), which was closely associated
with the Chicago School of Social Ecology (see Matlovič 1996), brings valuable
inputs. This criminological movement has focused on investigation of the influence
of environmental factors on delinquency.
The CPTED concept is considered to be one of the possible strategies when solving
the problems of intra-urban crime. Nowadays it is considered to be a specialized multidisciplinary
field of study which concentrates on: 1) analysis of the physical environment
(e.g. car parks, parks, housing estates, and the like), 2) research on people’s behaviour
related to their physical environment, and 3) proposing of more effective use of existing
space and its layout, which can prevent socially undesirable behaviour from spreading
(Sorensen et al. 2008). The concept is based on the premise of respecting three principles
when composing the plan of urban features or its strategy: 1) natural surveillance,
2) natural access control and 3) territorial reinforcement (Crow 2000).
From the point of view of the city of Prešov, the third largest city in Slovakia, with a
population of 91,782 (2011), the concept has a big potential, even though the overall
crime rate within the constraints of the city including the surrounding villages has a decreasing
tendency (Fig. 1). To this extent, drawing from the previous principles applied
within the constraints of the city of Prešov (see Matlovičová 2010) application of the
concept is surely in order, especially in the most densely populated parts of the city
from which we have chosen four areas to be dealt with in detail: 1) Centrum shopping
centre, 2) Šváby shopping centre, 3) Kmeťovo stromoradie (Kmeť Avenue), and
4) Sekčov housing estate.
In the case of the city of Prešov, the local council has carried out some successful
precautions in accordance with the CPTED concept. These have had a positive impact on the decreasing incidence of victimization of the citizens of Prešov. The riverbank
of the Torysa used to be one of the most problematic areas of the city. It was overgrown
with thick and badly ordered shrubbery and grass. This led to a concentration of homeless
people and vandals, which influenced the citizens’ perception of this area in a bad
way. In the past few years, the city council started to deal with this problem conceptually.
They removed and exchanged some of the badly situated benches in thick vegetation;
they cut down some bushes, which obstructed the view of some parts of the riverbank.
A huge step forward was the building of the cycling path in this area, which
helped to increase the density of people and consequently the natural protection of this
area.
The exercise of the CPTED concept has some, in our conditions under-utilized, possibilities
for decreasing the crime rate (especially vandalism and offences against public
order). Its limits lie mostly in the financial options of cities/towns and villages or owners
of individual properties, in natural and physical and geographical barriers, which are
difficult to overcome, legal obstacles, and the like.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between environmental facilities as risk factors and crime. Police data of crimes against property and violent criminal offences registered in 2018 in the city of Niš, Serbia, were geocoded. Grid cells of 100 by 100 metres were designed as the spatial units for analysis, and the geoinformation data of 12 different facilities were extracted from a geographic information system. A negative binomial regression model was constructed to investigate facilities associated with crime. The results suggest that crime is mostly related to facilities such as banks and exchange offices, bus stops, gyms, and recreational centres. On the other hand, cafés, nightclubs, and large shopping centres were not significantly associated with crime. Finally, the limitations as well as the practical and theoretical applications of the research are discussed. Abstrakt: Prezentowane badanie ma na celu analizę relacji przestrzeni i obiektów w niej rozmieszczo-nych oraz przestępczości. W analizach wykorzystano dane policyjne o przestępczości zarejestrowanej w 2018 roku-czynach przeciwko mieniu i z użyciem przemocy popełnionych w mieście Niš w Serbii. Dane te zostały poddane geokodowaniu, względem miejsc zdarzeń przestępczych. Jednostką prze-strzenną była komórka siatki o wymiarach 100 na 100 metrów. Dane geoinformacyjne o 12 rodzajach obiektów uzyskano za pomocą oprogramowania GIS. Celem zbadania związku między wybranymi obiektami a przestępczością wykorzystano model regresji dwumianowej. Wyniki przeprowadzonych 2 Dušan Stanković analiz pokazały, że przestępczość występuje najczęściej w przestrzeniach, w których mieszczą się banki, kantory, znajdują się w niej przystanki autobusowe, restauracje, siłownie czy ośrodki rekreacyjne. Nieistotny statystycznie z kolei okazał się związek między występowaniem przestępczości a rozmiesz-czeniem takich obiektów jak: kawiarnie, kluby nocne czy duże centra handlowe. W artykule zostały omówione także ograniczenia oraz praktyczne i teoretyczne możliwości zastosowania przeprowadzo-nych analiz. Słowa kluczowe: przestępczość, urządzenia środowiskowe, przestępczość przeciwko mieniu, przestępstwa z użyciem przemocy, analiza przestrzenna

To determine the spatial-environmental characteristics of the districts which reported the largest number of homicides in Bogotá during the second semester of 2011, we undertook a descriptive-observational study within the framework of environmental criminology. The Questionnaire of Environmental Observation for the Spatial-Temporal Analysis of homicide in Bogotá was applied to 51 focal points of crime. The results show the predominance of spatial-environmental factors in the occurrence of homicide, backed by variables of the theory of disorder, territoriality, routine activity and the defendable space. As a consequence, the physical conditions seem to have facilitated the occurrence of crime and the perception of the potential murderer who is about to the commit one. These findings have enabled us to obtain empirical evidence for the development of strategies for the situational prevention of crime, and in particular, design defendable spaces, based on the implementation of differential multi-dimensional actions in the territory.
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Para establecer las características espaciales-ambientales de zonas que durante el segundo semestre de 2011 registraron el mayor número de homicidios en Bogotá, se realizó un estudio descriptivo-observacional, enmarcado en la criminología ambiental. Se aplicó el Cuestionario de Observación Ambiental para Análisis Espacio-Temporal del homicidio en Bogotá, en 51 puntos de concentración del crimen. Los resultados reflejan la predominancia espacial-ambiental en la ocurrencia del homicidio, soportados en variables de la teoría del desorden, de territorialidad, de rutina de actividad y del espacio defendible. En consecuencia, condiciones físicas parecen facilitar el delito y percepción del potencial homicida para cometerlo. Los hallazgos permiten obtener evidencia empírica para el desarrollo de estrategias de prevención situacional del delito y, en particular, el diseño de espacios defendibles, sustentados en la intervención del territorio con acciones multidimensionales diferenciales.

Until recently, Crime Prevention has not been taught to New Recruits to the Police Service in England and Wales. With the development of the Police Education Qualifications Framework and National Policing Curriculum, crime prevention will be an important thread running through the education of all new police officers in England and Wales. This presentation outlines this change and how it should improve the professionalisation of the police.

Before the development of the Police Education Qualifications Framework (PEQF), and the commensurate National Police Curriculum (NPC), the topic of Crime Prevention was not one that was taught to new police recruits in England and Wales. This is despite crime prevention being hailed at the Primary Object of and Efficient Police during the founding of the service. It was often seen as an afterthought and often only dedicated “Crime Prevention Officers” were trained in it.
Since the development of the PEQF Crime Prevention is now firmly within the NPC as a topic that must be taught to all Police Constables during their initial education.
This presentation critically examines the elements of Crime Prevention in the National Policing Curriculum and outlines the approach that a consortium of Universities has taken to the delivery of Crime Prevention to student officers in three UK police forces, from a former police officer and now University Lecturer responsible for the design and delivery of programme content.

How does architecture operate as a security technology? This contribution sets out how reflexive security research and urban studies approach built environments as political inclusion and exclusion instruments. It first presents how this role is understood to operate in the respective scholarly fields, and then illustrates its ambivalent operation with two mini-case studies centering on Bogotá and Zürich. In doing so, the contribution seeks to familiarize readers with architecture-oriented reflexive political analysis, and to draw out main lines of further investigation.

Wie funktioniert Architektur als Sicherheitstechnologie? Dieser Beitrag umreisst, wie reflexive Sicherheits- und Stadtforschung die gebaute Umgebung als Mittel der politischen In- und Exklusion konzipiert. Er erklärt erst, wie diese Rolle in den beiden Fachgebieten verstanden wird, um dann ihre ambivalente Funktionsweise anhand von zwei Mini-Fallstudien zu Bogota und Zürich empirisch zu illustrieren. Damit ist das Ziel des Beitrags, die Leser in architekturorientierte und reflexive Politikforschung einzuführen und weiterfolgende Forschungsrichtungen zu skizzieren.

Comment l’architecture fonctionne-t-elle en tant que technologie de sécurité? Cet article décrit comment les security studies et les urban studies conçoivent l’environnement bâti comme un moyen d’inclusion et d’exclusion politique. Il explique d’abord comment ce rôle est conçu par les deux spécialisations, puis illustre empiriquement son fonctionnement ambivalent avec des observations faites à Bogota et Zurich. Le but de l’article est de familiariser les lecteurs avec les approches réflexives aux processus politiques et des études orientées vers architecture, et de décrire des perspectives de recherche qui en découlent.

Kajian ini cuba memahami sejauh mana perbezaan yang wujud antara wacana antarabangsa dan tempatan dalam menilai bandar selamat Kuala Lumpur (KL), dan apa aspek yang boleh dipelajari daripada wacana kedua-dua pihak. Bab ini mengguna pakai kaedah kajian kes yang berpandukan jadual matriks perbandingan dan analisis statistik deskriptif. Hasil kajian menunjukkan institusi antarabangsa melihat daripada sudut yang lebih luas (biasanya daripada sudut ekonomi, pelaburan, dan pelancongan), dan menilai KL daripada lima aspek keselamatan, iaitu keselamatan awam, peribadi, kesihatan, infrastruktur, dan digital. Manakala, sarjana tempatan menjurus kepada faktor yang lebih lokal dan mendekati kehendak penduduk, iaitu pelaksanaan CPTED, mencegah jenayah dan keberkesanan program bandar selamat. Walau bagaimanapun, didapati penarafan bandar KL ke arah bandar ‘sederhana rendah-selamat’ di mata dunia adalah kurang diambil berat oleh penduduk tempatan, selagi kehidupan mereka sejahtera, dan kes-kes jenayah pada tahap terkawal di sekelilingnya. Pada pendapat pengkaji, perbezaan pandangan harus dijadikan iktibar dan tidak harus dipandang ringan, manakala adaptasi terhadap kebimbangan terhadap jenayah perlu dipelajari. Kajian ini adalah yang pertama kali menyumbangkan bandingan perspektif pandangan dunia dan tempatan terhadap konsep keselamatan di Malaysia, khasnya bandar KL.

On the basis of the received empirical and statistic information the question of crime in Lviv administrative districts is researched. The relationships between the real state and the security feeling of Lviv residents are defined. In the context of the particular area the negative factors, belonging to the mentioned problems, are highlighted. The author reveals the main architectural and spatial characteristics of the urban areas, which influence the criminological security negatively.

Research shows that the proper design and effective use of CPTED principles can lead to reduced opportunities for crime and an equally reduced sense of fear that these acts inspire. The goal of CPTED is a reduction of opportunities for crime to occur. Accordingly, through their involvement in the design, project teams composed of architects, planners, security professionals and hospital staff can influence the establishment of a safer and more secure hospital.

This study investigates the cinematic representation of city crime transactions in Chicago in the 1980s. The narrative nature of cinema provides an imaginative context for interpreting the physical and nonphysical dimensions of urban crimes. From a critical interpretive position, based on Peirce's semiotics, this study uses "urban cinesemiotics" as the method to select image signs, identify their associated Chicagoan objects, and interpret their design-oriented meaning. The theoretical roots of crime prevention through environmental design constitute the basis for the interpretation of movies. A total of 27 crime-related scenes from 9 Chicagoan movies made in the 1980s illustrate that most urban settings suffer from the lack of crime-preventive environmental design. In particular, natural surveillance (eyes on the street), encounter and enclosure, and border vacuums are major environmental factors that affect urban crimes in Chicago. Some crime scenes also depict why environmental design cannot influence individuals' criminal intentions necessarily nor can they solve urban safety single-handedly.

A grande quantidade de estudos sobre a relação entre os fatores espaciais e a ocorrência de crimes resultou em um quadro de fragmentação que dificulta uma visão integrada de quais são esses fatores e de quão robusta são as evidências sobre a influência de cada um deles, bem como de quais são as múltiplas interações de um mesmo fator em diferentes fases do ato criminal. Para preencher essa lacuna, é proposto um modelo da relação entre o ambiente construído e a ocorrência de crimes que estrutura e explicita essas interações hipotéticas e delineia uma série de fatores intermediadores que ajudam a explicar as conexões causais entre eles e os crimes. O modelo propriamente dito é estruturado em três níveis: as quatro etapas da ocorrência criminal (seleção do alvo, aceso ao alvo, execução do crime e fuga), os fatores intermediadores e os aspectos físico-espaciais. Realizou-se uma extensa revisão de literatura em busca de evidências empíricas que permitissem estimar com maior confiança as relações delineadas, e então foram discutidas suas implicações e levantados alguns dilemas sobre conexões causais potencialmente conflitantes reveladas pelo modelo. Como resultados adicionais, apontam-se alguns aspectos sobre os quais as incertezas ainda são significativas, indicando possíveis focos para estudos futuros. Palavras-chave: Ocorrência de crimes. Ambiente construído. Fatores espaciais. Prevenção ao crime. Desenho urbano. Abstract The large number of studies on the relationship between environmental factors and the occurrence of crimes has resulted in a fragmented state of affairs that makes it hard to establish an integrated view of what these factors are, and how robust the available evidence about each of them is. It is also difficult to establish the different potential interactions that each factor may elicit in different stages of the criminal act. In order to fill this gap, we propose a model of the relationship between built environment and the occurrence of crimes, to structure and unveil these interactions, and outline a series of intermediary factors that help explain the hypothetical causal connections between them. The model is structured in

Authors ‫محمد‬ ‫مفید‬ ‫رغد‬ ; 1 ‫عاشور‬ ‫سمیر‬ ‫شیماء‬ 2 1 ‫الهندسة‬ ‫قسم‬ ‫الهندسة‬ ‫کلیة‬ ‫المعماریة‬-‫القاهرة‬ ‫القاهرة،‬ ‫جامعة‬-‫مصر‬ 2 ‫والتکنولوجیا‬ ‫الهندسة‬ ‫کلیة‬ ‫البیئی‬ ‫والتصمیم‬ ‫المعماریة‬ ‫الهندسة‬ ‫قسم‬-‫القاهرة‬ ‫البحری،‬ ‫والنقل‬ ‫والتکنولوجیا‬ ‫للعلوم‬ ‫العربیة‬ ‫االکادیمیة‬-‫مصر‬ Abstract ‫األشیاء‬ ‫تعرف‬ ‫مراجعتها‬ ‫فی‬ ‫فرانک‬ ‫کارین‬ ‫ترى‬ ‫آخر.‬ ‫رأی‬ ‫للعمارة‬ ‫أن‬ ‫إال‬ ‫معنى.