CPTED

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) is an approach to understanding crime which focuses on the built environment and geography instead of simply a potential offender’s behavior or socio-economic characteristics. The theory of CPTED proposes that characteristics of the built environment can lower or increase the risk of crime at a location, based on the principles of Natural Surveillance, Natural Access Control, Territoriality, and Image. For this study, I investigated how CPTED characteristics had an impact on the property crime rate in Beaumont, Texas. I observed six Beaumont neighborhoods, and their houses and other buildings were rated according to an audit list I developed, consisting of 12 quantifiable CPTED characteristics based on the four principles. The houses and buildings of the six neighborhoods were rated by their individual parcels, according to a 0-4 based scale. These rated parcels were aggregated to a combined total of 134 residential blocks in ArcGIS, with each block being assigned the average of the CPTED ratings of the combined parcels. Maps of the six neighborhoods and their blocks were created which showed their vulnerability to crime, based on CPTED characteristic ratings. In addition to the CPTED vulnerability maps, I also developed maps which showed actual crime rates, which rated residential blocks within neighborhoods based on the number of crimes per 1,000 houses. The maps and spreadsheet data from the audit were used to determine the relationship of CPTED characteristics to crime rate. The research hypothesis was that neighborhoods that exhibit comparatively more CPTED characteristics will have fewer instances of crime than neighborhoods that exhibit fewer CPTED characteristics. The null hypothesis was that neighborhoods that exhibit more CPTED characteristics will not show a significant difference in crime rate compared to neighborhoods with fewer CPTED characteristics. The data was collected by slowly traversing each neighborhood by car, and using high-definition video cameras to record each individual house. The recorded video was later played back, and the CPTED residential audit was completed for each house. Information from the audit was documented in a spreadsheet, and also entered into ArcGIS software in order to create the CPTED vulnerability maps. ArcGIS was also used to create crime rate maps, based on data from the Beaumont Police Department. The neighborhoods were ranked from highest CPTED rating down to lowest CPTED rating; and from lowest crime count to highest crime count, to see if there were similar rankings in which high CPTED rating is closely paired with low crime-count. In addition to the ranking method, the CPTED ratings and crime counts for each block of the six neighborhoods were also plotted on a graph, to determine if there is a valid linear regression in which crime rate is determined by the CPTED rating. The results show that the neighborhood with the highest CPTED rating had the second lowest crime density, and the neighborhood with the lowest CPTED rating had the highest crime density. The ranks of the neighborhoods according to CPTED rating and crime count show that there likely is some relationship between these two variables. A regression analysis shows that there is an inverse relationship (y = -550.49x + 1254.5) in which an increase in the CPTED rating corresponds to a decrease in crime rate per 1,000, with an R2 value of .1805. The Spearman-Rho test indicates that there is a moderate correlation (R = .447) between CPTED rating and crime rate per 1,000, at the .05 significance level with a P value of 0.00000007. When looking at the CPTED rating maps of these neighborhoods alongside the crime count maps, many values of blocks in the CPTED maps correspond to similar values in the crime count maps. This phenomenon can better be illustrated by determining where similar rank values in CPTED rating and crime rating “overlap.” Although this process is more subjective compared to other methods, it is helpful in illuminating the areas in which the CPTED rating procedure most strongly predicted areas which are most at risk for crime, and which areas are most defended against crime. Even though this process of finding overlap was somewhat subjective, it was able to correctly predict 85 out of 134 blocks (63%) while the remaining 49 blocks (37%) do not show the relationship being sought, according to the hypothesis. The regression analysis and Spearman’s test showed this relationship in a more objective manner than the maps, illustrating that crime rate falls as CPTED ratings rise.

Since 2009, the Ministry of Social Welfare and Labor (MoSWL) commenced on social reforms to improve the system of social welfare payments with the aim making it more inclusive of vulnerable populations. Population and housing census of Mongolia, 2010 estimated that 94.7 thousand households (13.3%) out of 713 780 thousand households do not have their own dwellings and 23,420 citizens out of 8,064 households are living in inadequate dwellings. Due to these alarming statistics the  Minister of Social Welfare &  Labor and Minister of Finance  approved  a joint resolution in 2010 which is titled “Procedure to provide services for homeless people’’. Under this resolution, 900 homeless people from 4 districts were served by hot meals once a day, with provision for temporary night shelters for around 100 homeless adults. Although these efforts resulted in providing the much needed crisis assistance and mitigated loss of human life due to severe cold, the services were limited by scope of the program. They were further limited by financial constraints to address alcohol dependence in 70% of shelter users.
In an effort to streamline the social welfare services towards the vulnerable sections of society the government introduced the Social Welfare Act 2012 for consideration by the The Great Khural (parliament). The new legislation has been ratified and provides a framework for development of comprehensive social services aimed at all vulnerable populations. The law enables growth in specialized services for women, children, youth, homeless, disabled, chronically ill, drug affected and elderly individuals that require specialized services. MoSWL in partnership with the World Bank has decided to undertake a review of homelessness services with the intension to develop a system of comprehensive service delivery aimed at prevention, early intervention and improvements in current crisis and support services for the homeless.
This review of homelessness services by the author takes into consideration the gendered aspects of service delivery and provides a number of strategic directions and models of social service delivery.

Fear of crime varies considerably depending on its attitude towards environmental conditions. Sense of community and CPTED (crime prevention through environmental design) are believed to have an influence on fear of crime. This paper investigates the hypotheses of influences of CPTED on FOC (fear of crime) and SOC (sense of community). A total of 171 respondents from the designated residential areas were involved in this study. The structural equation modeling technique was employed and the results indicate that CPTED has a direct influence on fear of crime and sense of community. However, no significant relationship was found between SOC and FOC.

—Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) is one of way to prevent crime from happen by manipulating the built environment of urban area that will effect on how the criminal act. The research aims to investigate the level of implementation the CPTED by the Kuala Lumpur City Hall (KLCH). The Safe City Program that was introduced in 2004 by the Malaysian Government and CPTED is partially one of the strategies that have been adopted. The issues investigated are the worsening of urban crime rate as reflected in the crime index that rose significantly from year 1980 to year 2007. Rising of crime index for past six years in Kuala Lumpur is questionable whether CPTED has been successfully carried out by the KLCH. The study was conducted among the professionals and technical staffs that are the so called implementers of KLCH as they are the core person in implementing CPTED.

In the view of Deleuzian IR scholars, societal steering evolved from analogue disciplining of static enclosures into network-centric, privatised, digital and global control. This article re-engages the control thesis from a decidedly empirical security studies perspective. In the age of globalisation and urbanisation, technological innovation and liberal policy ideals, how are security apparatuses reorganised, and in what relations do they stand to local societal and political orders? The article argues that the Deleuzian framework indeed proposes an impressively rich, integrative and topical research agenda – but also that its security studies applications are surprisingly incomplete and insufficiently differentiated. With a view to vindicating its analytical potential, the article first systematises the control thesis. It then employs a spatial and empirical heuristic to enquire into the securing of three distinct urban spaces – a site of mobility, a public square and a place of mass commerce –, and to illustrate the actual (re-)configuration of contemporary security management. Forgoing articulation of universalisms about societal steering, the article makes the case for more nuanced engagements with security ensembles, their technological evolution, relations with democratic ideals, globalisation and de-territorialisation both in and beyond Western polities.

The purpose of this paper is to critically review the papers published in the area of
infrastructure design, environmental design, construction of houses, and crime and
built environment. The paper aims to critically evaluate the available evidence on the
contribution of crime prevention through environmental design as a crime prevention
strategy (design modification or hard control using better and developed
infrastructure). Design methodology– structured literature review approach is
adopted to analyze the previously published papers. Findings – The review concludes
that there is a growing body of research that supports the assertion that CPTED is
effective in reducing both crime and fear of crime in the community. The findings also
conclude that only very little amount of work has been done in the area of crime
against women/women’s fear of crime and built environment. Research
limitations/implications – Although the paper may not review all the evaluations of
CPTED, it nonetheless provides a detailed compilation and overview of the most
significant research in the area using a structured literature review. Practical
implications – CPTED is an increasingly fashionable approach and is being
implemented on a global scale.

The observation approach is often used as a measument tool for examining the Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) elements in residential areas. However, the evaluation based on observations are seen to be inadequate. This is due to the fact that CPTED is closely tied to the community in order to ensure success of the concept. Therefore, the pilot study was conducted at gated residential areas located at Burmah Road at Bukit Jambul in Penang, Malaysia. The results found the level of reliability and validity using Cronbach Alpha (α) index for all components of CPTED are 0.6 and above.

Οι μέθοδοι και οι πρακτικές που χρησιμοποιούνται κατά την εφαρμογή του CPTED ποικίλουν ανάλογα με το είδος και το βαθμό πρόληψης ,που απαιτείται από το εκάστοτε περιβάλλον να τεθούν σε εφαρμογή. Σε γενικές γραμμές λειτουργούν ταυτόχρονα τρεις στρατηγικές πρόληψης, η καθεμία από τις οποίες χρησιμοποιεί τα δικά τις διακριτά μέσα1, και οι οποίες συνοψίζονται α) στον έλεγχο πρόσβασης β)την εποπτεία του χώρου και γ) την χωροταξική ενίσχυση. Λεπτομερέστερα θα αναλυθούν σε ξεχωριστή ενότητα του δοκιμίου.
  Τα βασικότερα όμως ζητήματα που τίθενται πέραν της επάρκειας και αποτελεσματικότητας του CPTED, είναι το κατά πόσο αυτό ξεπερνά τα λεπτά όρια της ιδιωτικής σφαίρας στο δημόσιο χώρο παραβιάζοντάς τη και περιορίζοντας την ατομική ελευθερία δράσης ενώ ταυτόχρονα δημιουργεί συνθήκες ενός υποτυπώδους καθεστώτος του ''Μεγάλου Αδερφού'', όπως το παρουσιάζει ο George Orwell στο δυστοπικό μα και προφητικό του έργο <<1984>>.

Το δοκίμιο αυτό συντάχθηκε στα πλαίσια απλής εργασίας εξαμήνου, προπτυχιακού επιπέδου, για το μάθημα ''Αντεγκληματική Πολιτική'', με διδάσκουσα την Ι. Τσίγγανου

e la criminalità". Tra le sue pubblicazioni: "Il fiume carsico della Camorra nella società campana: dagli spagnoli all'età della globalizzazione", in «Rivista italiana di Conflittologia» N. 4, Edizioni Labrys, 2008; "Criminalità organizzata e globalizzazione: il fenomeno Campania" in «Rivista italiana di Conflittologia» N. 5; "Le politiche di sicurezza negli U.S.A. tra traditional policing e community policing", in «Quaderni Cirsdig», 2009; "Panico ed insicurezza. Programmi di prevenzione e strategie di polizia" in Collana Criminalia, Ed. Labrys, 2010; "Il rondò delle ronde" in «Quaderni Cirsdig», 2011. info: [email protected] Domus Aurea Magazine

W artykule skoncentrowano się na problematyce kształtowania bezpiecznych przestrzeni, przedstawiając to zagadnienie z perspektywy realizacji założeń human security, czyli bezpieczeństwa jednostki ludzkiej, inaczej ludzkiego bądź człowieka. Współcześnie trzy główne koncepcje, popularne zwłaszcza w Stanach Zjednoczonych oraz w Wielkiej Brytanii, są kluczowe dla rozwiązań w zakresie kształtowania bezpiecznych przestrzeni. Są to: „przestrzeń obronna”, zapobieganie przestępczości przez projektowanie środowiskowe oraz druga generacja zapobiegania przestępczości przez projektowanie środowiskowe. Beneficjentem bezpieczeństwa przestrzeni zurbanizowanej jest człowiek, ponieważ rozwiązania stosowane w zakresie kształtowania przestrzeni miejskiej mają na celu przede wszystkim ograniczanie bądź eliminację przestępczości zagrażającej jednostkom. Jest to zatem istotna zbieżność z przesłankami human security. Szukając genezy powstania wspomnianych trzech nurtów, zwrócono uwagę na znaczenie czynników społecznych, uwypuklonych zwłaszcza przez Jane Jacobs. Omówiono zainteresowanie problematyką kształtowania przestrzeni miejskich, promującej human security, Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych (ONZ), uwidocznione np. w działalności jednej z agend ONZ – Programu Narodów Zjednoczonych ds. Osiedli Ludzkich (The United Nations Human Settlements Programme – UN-HABITAT).

In gauging the Crime Prevention through Environmental Design elements in residential areas, the observation approach often used as a measurement method. However, these evaluations merely based on observations are seen to be inadequate. This is due to the fact that CPTED is closely tied to the community in order to ensure success of the concept. Therefore, the pilot study was conducted at gated residential areas located at Burmah Road at Bukit Jambul in Penang, Malaysia. The results found the level of reliability and validity using Cronbach Alpha (α) index for all components of CPTED are 0.6 and above.

In designing, the built environment crime prevention has become a major international concern in recent decades. A transferable framework to give practitioners and researchers guidance and clarity is essential for effective cross disciplinary collaboration. Preliminary investigation revealed the lack of a universally accepted Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) framework that suggests significant transferability issues and inconsistency. Such terminology, framework and definition conflict was evaluated through an exhaustive literature sample presented in this research. A restructured framework is proposed that allows a better emphasis of the CPTED aims and values, with a clear, thorough, unambiguous illustration of the intended roles of its component parts. The framework is accompanied by a finalised list of definitions and terms useful for practice and research alike.

Problemem, podjętym w artykule jest kwestia aspektów społecznych i przestrzennych oraz ich wpływ na bezpieczeństwo przestrzeni wielkomiejskich. Zagadnienie badano, posługując się przykładem problemów wielkiego amerykańskiego miasta, którym jest Chicago. Zdecydowano się wykorzystać przypadek Chicago ze względu na to, że ten ośrodek podziela problemy innych dużych (amerykańskich) miast, jednocześnie będąc kolebką współczesnej myśli na temat związków pomiędzy przestrzenią i poziomem przestępczości, takich jak chicagowska szkoła ekologii społecznej. Z drugiej strony należy podkreślić, że Chicago stało się miejscem narodzin unikatowych rozwiązań w zakresie ograniczania przestępczości, realizując specyficzny rodzaj community policing, czyli strategię CAPS, i wiążąc ją z koncepcją zapobiegania przestępczości poprzez projektowanie środowiskowe (CPTED). Artykuł składa się z czterech części. W pierwszej z nich przedstawiono pokrótce koncepcje, dotyczące związków pomiędzy ukształtowaniem przestrzeni a poziomem przestępczości, kładące nacisk na znaczenie czynnika społecznego; w sposób szczególny zwrócono uwagę na dorobek Jane Jacobs, stanowiący fundament, na którym oparto rozwijane przez jej następców teorie. W drugiej części tekstu skoncentrowano się na znaczeniu nieformalnej kontroli społecznej, omawiając szerzej założenia „przestrzeni obronnej” Oscara Newmana. Z kolei w części trzeciej przeanalizowano założenia koncepcji środowiskowego zapobiegania przestępczości (CPTED) pierwszej i drugiej generacji, podkreślając znaczenie czynników społecznych. Część czwarta to studium przypadku Chicago, w której zwrócono uwagę na przestępczość, która stanowi duży problem dla władz miasta oraz przedstawiono sposoby jej zwalczania. Artykuł kończy zestawienie wniosków.

In the beginning of the 1990s, a new trend appeared within the field of criminology, allocating a new place to the spatial study of crime. This trend considers crime as the encounter of delinquents, victims or potential targets in a situation of failing control, in a given place for a given moment. French sociologist E. Durkheim pointed out that crime was normal for that it occurs in all societies, closely tied to the facts of collective life; that crime is inevitable because no society could ever be entirely crime free; and that crime can be useful as it is indispensable to the evolution of law and morality. But crime is also a societal invention, as societies decide what constitutes a crime or not. I suggest here to study this special relationship between crime and society for a given environment: the city. Cities are a preferred environment for deviant behaviors and criminality, but what are the relations between the urban environment and criminality?

Crime prevention in the design of an urban setting displays unambiguous links with behavioural geography, the urban setting and development of sustainable communities, being a strategy that has been extant for over 40 years. This paper examines how such strategies have been able to develop (or not) within the design of our environments and undertakes ground breaking analysis of academic input jointly with the response of professional practice. Systematic literature analysis and questionnaire responses from professionals in the field extracted a sizeable and diverse number of conflicting terms used to label Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) concepts in both academia and professional practice policies. Realising damaging transferability issues and extreme diversity in the understanding and use of CPTED frameworks between research and practice, this research exposes the risk to the sustainability and integrity of the crime prevention response by design to the human use of space. Frameworks from academic literature and professional policies were analysed evidencing the lack of a universally accepted framework and terminology set throughout.

The purpose of this paper is to critically review the papers published in the area of
infrastructure design, environmental design, construction of houses, and crime and
built environment. The paper aims to critically evaluate the available evidence on the
contribution of crime prevention through environmental design as a crime prevention
strategy (design modification or hard control using better and developed
infrastructure). Design methodology– structured literature review approach is
adopted to analyze the previously published papers. Findings – The review concludes
that there is a growing body of research that supports the assertion that CPTED is
effective in reducing both crime and fear of crime in the community. The findings also
conclude that only very little amount of work has been done in the area of crime
against women/women’s fear of crime and built environment. Research
limitations/implications – Although the paper may not review all the evaluations of
CPTED, it nonetheless provides a detailed compilation and overview of the most
significant research in the area using a structured literature review. Practical
implications – CPTED is an increasingly fashionable approach and is being
implemented on a global scale.

Livable city is referred to as the quality of living in an area that contributes towards a safe, healthy and enjoyable place. The Safe City and Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) programs were implemented to address this issue. However, due to the rising crime index in 2004, it is questionable whether CPTED had successfully been implemented in this country especially in Kuala Lumpur. This paper discusses the role of CPTED in making Kuala Lumpur a liveable city and to assess the awareness and understanding among the citizens and the local authorities on CPTED program. The study was conducted among the professionals and staffs of Kuala Lumpur City Hall as they are the real implementers who are also responsible to inform the community of the CPTED programs. The findings revealed that, there is still lack of understanding of CPTED program that affects the success of this program in increasing the safety levels of Kuala Lumpur to make the city more liveable.

The objective of this study was to identify early lessons emerging from the Targeted Policing Initiative projects. It finds that the process of setting up and implementing crime reduction projects is not easy. Much effort and planning is required if projects are to achieve their stated aims but
steps can be taken to maximise the chance of effective project implementation. The following five issues are identified as important factors in the successful implementation of crime reduction projects: Problem identification and analysis; Development of interventions; Preparation of proposals; Implementing projects; and, Project evaluation.

Policy makers and practitioners across Europe recognise the value of considering crime prevention within urban design, planning and development. However, standard principles and practices do not transfer easily across different contexts. The issue of transferability was explored by the EU-funded research project, Planning Urban Secu- rity (PLuS). The project resulted in the Crime Prevention Capability Maturity Model (CPCMM)—a means of analysing and classifying approaches to crime prevention in relation to the capabilities required for their implementation. The CPCMM mo- del enables the degree to which crime prevention is ‘professionalised’ and embedded within formal urban planning and design processes to be mapped. The model supports those responsible for the urban environment in their efforts to improve security and quality of life for citizens.

Urban infill includes a potential to change the track of development of existing, distressed neighborhoods. The investments to a neighborhood as a whole can at best contribute to an increase in residential satisfaction, including perceived safety. Using a location-based public participation geographic information system approach, this study offers insights on how to avoid too simplistic or deterministic thinking in safety planning through a case study of a neighborhood representing urban retrofit in Espoo, Finland. This article concludes that more comprehensive safety strategies are most likely to succeed in breaking the negative development of fear and a spiral of neighborhood decay especially in retrofit neighborhoods.

To determine the spatial-environmental characteristics of the districts which reported the largest number of homicides in Bogotá during the second semester of 2011, we undertook a descriptive-observational study within the framework of environmental criminology. The Questionnaire of Environmental Observation for the Spatial-Temporal Analysis of homicide in Bogotá was applied to 51 focal points of crime. The results show the predominance of spatial-environmental factors in the occurrence of homicide, backed by variables of the theory of disorder, territoriality, routine activity and the defendable space. As a consequence, the physical conditions seem to have facilitated the occurrence of crime and the perception of the potential murderer who is about to the commit one. These findings have enabled us to obtain empirical evidence for the development of strategies for the situational prevention of crime, and in particular, design defendable spaces, based on the implementation of differential multi-dimensional actions in the territory.
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Para establecer las características espaciales-ambientales de zonas que durante el segundo semestre de 2011 registraron el mayor número de homicidios en Bogotá, se realizó un estudio descriptivo-observacional, enmarcado en la criminología ambiental. Se aplicó el Cuestionario de Observación Ambiental para Análisis Espacio-Temporal del homicidio en Bogotá, en 51 puntos de concentración del crimen. Los resultados reflejan la predominancia espacial-ambiental en la ocurrencia del homicidio, soportados en variables de la teoría del desorden, de territorialidad, de rutina de actividad y del espacio defendible. En consecuencia, condiciones físicas parecen facilitar el delito y percepción del potencial homicida para cometerlo. Los hallazgos permiten obtener evidencia empírica para el desarrollo de estrategias de prevención situacional del delito y, en particular, el diseño de espacios defendibles, sustentados en la intervención del territorio con acciones multidimensionales diferenciales.

In gauging Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design, observation is often used by researchers in evaluating CPTED elements in residential areas. However, the evaluation on attitude, reaction, belief, responsibility and perception of the residents on CPTED elements are also important to be considered. Therefore, a survey on the perception of residents on CPTED elements was conducted in non-gated and gated residential areas located at Putrajaya and Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor. The results found that the Territoriality and Maintenance dimension achieved a good t inde where the values for GFI, TLI and CFI exceeded 0.90 and the RMSEA value was less than 0.05. © 2012 cE-Bs, FAPS, UiTM. All rights reserved.

Today, with the increasing trend of urbanization, city expansion followed by social troubles has led to an emphasis on issues such as citizens' security in urban space with respect to urban planning and design. To this end, the discussions in the form of new theories, the physical characteristics of space and its effect on crime rate have been always challenged. In this regard, we can refer to the approach CPTED which seeks to reduce the rate of crime in space by proposing a solution in the field of design. The aim of the study is to identify urban unsafe and indefensible spaces as well as proposing a design-oriented solution in order to reduce the problems within the area of Bagh Shater Neighborhood as the case study. The method of doing the research is a synthesized one; that is to say, having reviewed the views of the theorists of Urban Science and Urban Sociology, e.g. Oskar Newman Jean Jacobs et al, the design-focused approach, CPTED, was selected. Then the factors and the mentioned elements of the approach were served to how to recognize insecure and indefensible spaces; namely natural surveillance, access, natural areas, etc. The identification of indefensible sites has been made given the mentioned principles of the selected approach using an expert interpretation and questionnaire completion on the part of the residents of Bagh Shater. After extracting the causes of insecurities and presenting unsafe sites, the spaces have been shown on the map GIS of the neighborhood. In the end, the design –focused suggestions are to be proposed in order to make the space defensible and reduce insecurity in the form of a design-oriented solution using CPTED approach (the principle governing urban design and planning with a view to preventing crime, i.e. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design).

Haywood, John, Paula Kautt and Andrew Whitaker (2009) “The Effects of ‘Alley-gating’ in an English Town” The European Journal of Criminology 6(4) 361-381

Terraced housing is particularly vulnerable to burglary where the offender gains access from the rear of the premises. ‘Alley-gating’ attempts to prevent this by fitting robust gates across alleyway access points and is currently used in Oldham, North West England. This study evaluates its effectiveness at preventing burglary via statistical and geographic information system (GIS) analysis of crime data from alley-gate treatment sites in Oldham. Focus group data also identify secondary effects beyond crime reduction not apparent from the quantitative analyses. We argue that clearer understanding of the contextual dynamics specific to the gated area, together with careful analytical work and use of computerized crime mapping programmes, can inform strategic decision-making and further reduce victimization.

e la criminalità". Tra le sue pubblicazioni: "Il fiume carsico della Camorra nella società campana: dagli spagnoli all'età della globalizzazione", in «Rivista italiana di Conflittologia» N. 4, Edizioni Labrys, 2008; "Criminalità organizzata e globalizzazione: il fenomeno Campania" in «Rivista italiana di Conflittologia» N. 5; "Le politiche di sicurezza negli U.S.A. tra traditional policing e community policing", in «Quaderni Cirsdig», 2009; "Panico ed insicurezza. Programmi di prevenzione e strategie di polizia" in Collana Criminalia, Ed. Labrys, 2010; "Il rondò delle ronde" in «Quaderni Cirsdig», 2011. info: [email protected]

"متاسفانه اغلب بافتهاي تاریخی کشور ایران از شرایط نامناسب کالبدي، اجتماعی و کالبدي-اجتماعی رنج
میبرند. این عوامل منجر به کاهش حس تعلق ساکنین متمول و با انگیزه بافت شده و بدنبال آن مهاجرت و
حتی طرد کردن بافت توسط آن ها و جایگزین شدن مستاجرین و ساکنین کم درآمد با سطح پایین اقتصادي-
اجتماعی را در پی داشته است. کاهش سطح کالبدي و به دنبال آن کاهش سطوح اجتماعی و اقتصادي بافت
عامل مهمی در جذب رفتارهاي ناهنجار اجتماعی و کاهش امنیت بوده است. با توجه به اینکه تنها زندگی و
سکونت مستمر در بافت هاي تاریخی ست که میتواند به حیات و بقاي آنها تداوم بخشد، لازم است امنیت
ساکنین آن بعنوان یکی از ضرورترین نیازهاي سکونتی مورد بررسی قرار گیرد. در اینگونه بافت ها با توجه به
شرایط خاص زندگی از لحاظ کالبدي ، اقتصادي و اجتماعی استفاده از واحد قرارگاه رفتاري براي تحلیل امنیت
کالبدي، واحدي مناسب میباشد. چرا که الگوهاي فعالیت جاري در قرارگاه هاي رفتاري موجودست که این
گونه بافت ها را از سایر بافت هاي شهري متمایز میکند . با توجه به اهمیت امنیت کالبدي در ارتقاء کیفیت
فضاي طراحی شده در بافت هاي تاریخی ، این پژوهش به بررسی مفهوم امنیت کالبدي و عوامل مؤثر بر آن
پرداخته است. از اینرو با استفاده از واحد قرارگاه رفتاري تأثیر عوامل کالبدي و روانشناختی استفاده کنندگان
فضا مورد بررسی قرار گرفته و در نهایت مدلی براي نشان دادن چگونگی تأثیرات این عوامل ارائه شده است .
مدل پیشنهادي قابل فهم و کاربردي این مقاله می تواند چارچوبی براي آگاهی طراحان نسبت به چگونگی تأثیر
فضاها در واحد همسایگی به منظور افزایش امنیت کالبدي در بافت هاي تاریخی را فراهم آورد."

Recenzja: Zapobieganie przestępczości przez kształtowanie przestrzeni. Teoria -badaniapraktyka, red. Janina Czapska, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, Kraków 2012, ss. 305. recenzja opublikowana w: "Wiedza Obronna" 2013, nr 1, s. 108-111. Tekst skorelowany z wersją drukowaną, opracowany do wersji online przez Karola Dąbrowskiego 27 kwietnia 2013 roku, na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa-Użycie niekomercyjne-Bez utworów zależnych 3.0 Polska (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0).

Urban infill includes a potential to change the track of development of existing, distressed neighborhoods. The investments to a neighborhood as a whole can at best contribute to an increase in residential satisfaction, including perceived safety. Using a location-based public participation geographic information system approach, this study offers insights on how to avoid too simplistic or deterministic thinking in safety planning through a case study of a neighborhood representing urban retrofit in Espoo, Finland. This article concludes that more comprehensive safety strategies are most likely to succeed in breaking the negative development of fear and a spiral of neighborhood decay especially in retrofit neighborhoods.

Research shows that the proper design and effective use of CPTED principles can lead to reduced opportunities for crime and an equally reduced sense of fear that these acts inspire. The goal of CPTED is a reduction of opportunities for crime to occur. Accordingly, through their involvement in the design, project teams composed of architects, planners, security professionals and hospital staff can influence the establishment of a safer and more secure hospital.

e la criminalità". Tra le sue pubblicazioni: "Il fiume carsico della Camorra nella società campana: dagli spagnoli all'età della globalizzazione", in «Rivista italiana di Conflittologia» N. 4, Edizioni Labrys, 2008; "Criminalità organizzata e globalizzazione: il fenomeno Campania" in «Rivista italiana di Conflittologia» N. 5; "Le politiche di sicurezza negli U.S.A. tra traditional policing e community policing", in «Quaderni Cirsdig», 2009; "Panico ed insicurezza. Programmi di prevenzione e strategie di polizia" in Collana Criminalia, Ed. Labrys, 2010; "Il rondò delle ronde" in «Quaderni Cirsdig», 2011. info: [email protected]

Today, with the increasing trend of urbanization, city expansion followed by social troubles has led to an emphasis on issues such as citizens&#39; security in urban space with respect to urban planning and design. To this end, the discussions in the form of new theories, the physical characteristics of space and its effect on crime rate have been always challenged. In this regard, we can refer to the approach CPTED which seeks to reduce the rate of crime in space by proposing a solution in the field of design. The aim of the study is to identify urban unsafe and indefensible spaces as well as proposing a design-oriented solution in order to reduce the problems within the area of Bagh Shater Neighborhood as the case study. The method of doing the research is a synthesized one; that is to say, having reviewed the views of the theorists of Urban Science and Urban Sociology, e.g. Oskar Newman Jean Jacobs et al, the design-focused approach, CPTED, was selected. Then the factors and the ...

Karol Dąbrowski, Sprawność, legalność działania administracji i rozrost państwa, [w:] Sprawność a legalność działania administracji publicznej w sferze ochrony porządku i bezpieczeństwa publicznego, red. Piotr Stanisz, Małgorzata Czuryk, Kazimierz Ostaszewski, Juliusz Święcki, KUL, ISBN: 978-83-7702-785-1, Lublin 2014, ss. 55-66.

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) is an approach to understanding crime which focuses on the built environment and geography instead of simply a potential offender’s behavior or socio-economic characteristics. The theory of CPTED proposes that characteristics of the built environment can lower or increase the risk of crime at a location, based on the principles of Natural Surveillance, Natural Access Control, Territoriality, and Image. For this study, I investigated how CPTED characteristics had an impact on the property crime rate in Beaumont, Texas. I observed six Beaumont neighborhoods, and their houses and other buildings were rated according to an audit list I developed, consisting of 12 quantifiable CPTED characteristics based on the four principles. The houses and buildings of the six neighborhoods were rated by their individual parcels, according to a 0-4 based scale. These rated parcels were aggregated to a combined total of 134 residential blocks in ArcGIS, with each block being assigned the average of the CPTED ratings of the combined parcels. Maps of the six neighborhoods and their blocks were created which showed their vulnerability to crime, based on CPTED characteristic ratings. In addition to the CPTED vulnerability maps, I also developed maps which showed actual crime rates, which rated residential blocks within neighborhoods based on the number of crimes per 1,000 houses. The maps and spreadsheet data from the audit were used to determine the relationship of CPTED characteristics to crime rate. The research hypothesis was that neighborhoods that exhibit comparatively more CPTED characteristics will have fewer instances of crime than neighborhoods that exhibit fewer CPTED characteristics. The null hypothesis was that neighborhoods that exhibit more CPTED characteristics will not show a significant difference in crime rate compared to neighborhoods with fewer CPTED characteristics. The data was collected by slowly traversing each neighborhood by car, and using high-definition video cameras to record each individual house. The recorded video was later played back, and the CPTED residential audit was completed for each house. Information from the audit was documented in a spreadsheet, and also entered into ArcGIS software in order to create the CPTED vulnerability maps. ArcGIS was also used to create crime rate maps, based on data from the Beaumont Police Department. The neighborhoods were ranked from highest CPTED rating down to lowest CPTED rating; and from lowest crime count to highest crime count, to see if there were similar rankings in which high CPTED rating is closely paired with low crime-count. In addition to the ranking method, the CPTED ratings and crime counts for each block of the six neighborhoods were also plotted on a graph, to determine if there is a valid linear regression in which crime rate is determined by the CPTED rating. The results show that the neighborhood with the highest CPTED rating had the second lowest crime density, and the neighborhood with the lowest CPTED rating had the highest crime density. The ranks of the neighborhoods according to CPTED rating and crime count show that there likely is some relationship between these two variables. A regression analysis shows that there is an inverse relationship (y = -550.49x + 1254.5) in which an increase in the CPTED rating corresponds to a decrease in crime rate per 1,000, with an R2 value of .1805. The Spearman-Rho test indicates that there is a moderate correlation (R = .447) between CPTED rating and crime rate per 1,000, at the .05 significance level with a P value of 0.00000007. When looking at the CPTED rating maps of these neighborhoods alongside the crime count maps, many values of blocks in the CPTED maps correspond to similar values in the crime count maps. This phenomenon can better be illustrated by determining where similar rank values in CPTED rating and crime rating “overlap.” Although this process is more subjective compared to other methods, it is helpful in illuminating the areas in which the CPTED rating procedure most strongly predicted areas which are most at risk for crime, and which areas are most defended against crime. Even though this process of finding overlap was somewhat subjective, it was able to correctly predict 85 out of 134 blocks (63%) while the remaining 49 blocks (37%) do not show the relationship being sought, according to the hypothesis. The regression analysis and Spearman’s test showed this relationship in a more objective manner than the maps, illustrating that crime rate falls as CPTED ratings rise.

Urban infill includes a potential to change the track of development of existing, distressed neighborhoods. The investments to a neighborhood as a whole can at best contribute to an increase in residential satisfaction, including perceived safety. Using a location-based public participation geographic information system approach, this study offers insights on how to avoid too simplistic or deterministic thinking in safety planning through a case study of a neighborhood representing urban retrofit in Espoo, Finland. This article concludes that more comprehensive safety strategies are most likely to succeed in breaking the negative development of fear and a spiral of neighborhood decay especially in retrofit neighborhoods.

Il tema dell’insicurezza sociale è di scottante attualità. L'attuale società è definita da diversi studiosi non a caso come società del rischio evidenziando in tal modo una delle più importanti caratteristiche del contesto sociale e cioè quello di una società insicura.
Rispondere al bisogno di sicurezza diventa compito primario delle istituzioni soprattutto di quelle a livello locale che sono più vicine ai cittadini.
La devianza sociale e la criminalità cominciano ad essere pensate politicamente in termini di gestione del rischio.
Con il termine rischio si indica la possibilità che determinati fenomeni (devianza, devianza sociale, devianza giovanile, bullismo, devianza minorile) si verifichino e, quindi, significa gestire l’insicurezza sociale e personale evitando che essa possa degenerare in panico e paura.
«Il bisogno di sentirsi sicuri nello spazio che si occupa sia nella vita pubblica che in quella privata è una delle necessità primarie degli individui» (S. Lugnano).
I programmi di prevenzione del crimine e le strategie di polizia si impongono con forza ed acquisiscono un ruolo centrale nel dibattito politico internazionale e nelle scienze criminologiche. I media hanno contribuito a tenere alto il clamore sociale in relazione a determinati eventi riguardanti la devianza e la criminalità, influenzando, in tal modo, la percezione della sicurezza dei cittadini.
Il saggio, prendendo le mosse dall'analisi dei diversi fenomeni che possono indurre insicurezza sociale e paura nella cittadinanza, analizza le caratteristiche, le modalità attuative e l’efficacia dei principali sistemi di polizia accreditati per la prevenzione del crimine e combattere l'insicurezza urbana.
Esamina, così, nel dettaglio i vari programmi di prevenzione del crimine e le diverse strategie di polizia, con particolare attenzione ai profili del community policing e della polizia di prossimità, che si sono affermati rispettivamente nei paesi anglosassoni e nell’Europa continentale.
Un ruolo chiave nella gestione dell’insicurezza sociale e personale è svolto dalla polizia. La presenza delle forze dell’ordine è per tutti un segnale chiaro e forte che il territorio non è abbandonato ma attivamente sorvegliato ed al tempo stesso un elemento rassicurante per chi vive in quel territorio. Ma quest’effetto non è sempre una conseguenza scontata.

Following the recent death of political scientist James Q. Wilson, this piece seeks to explain why his “broken windows” theory has assumed almost talismanic status among many policymakers.  Politicians have embraced Wilson’s ideas, especially at the municipal level, leading to zero tolerance programs that crack down on graffiti, drug use, and other nonviolent offenses.  A broad drop in the US crime rate since Wilson introduced his theory raises the question of whether this approach to urban governance and law enforcement has generated real gains or whether some other set of factors has influenced the prevalence of crime, such as economic growth, improvements in public health, mass incarceration, the revival of cities, and so forth.

Urban infill includes a potential to change the track of development of existing, distressed neighborhoods. The investments to a neighborhood as a whole can at best contribute to an increase in residential satisfaction, including perceived safety. Using a location-based public participation geographic information system approach, this study offers insights on how to avoid too simplistic or deterministic thinking in safety planning through a case study of a neighborhood representing urban retrofit in Espoo, Finland. This article concludes that more comprehensive safety strategies are most likely to succeed in breaking the negative development of fear and a spiral of neighborhood decay especially in retrofit neighborhoods.

Urban infill includes a potential to change the track of development of existing, distressed neighborhoods. The investments to a neighborhood as a whole can at best contribute to an increase in residential satisfaction, including perceived safety. Using a location-based public participation geographic information system approach, this study offers insights on how to avoid too simplistic or deterministic thinking in safety planning through a case study of a neighborhood representing urban retrofit in Espoo, Finland. This article concludes that more comprehensive safety strategies are most likely to succeed in breaking the negative development of fear and a spiral of neighborhood decay especially in retrofit neighborhoods.