Criminality

O objetivo geral do Diagnóstico da Violência e Criminalidade do Município de
Itabuna é aprofundar a análise dos principais problemas de violência e criminalidade,
bem como a percepção da população sobre os mesmos, buscando identificar os
principais fatores de risco e oportunidades de solução dos problemas enfrentados e
mobilizar os atores governamentais e não-governamentais, facilitando assim a
implementação das estratégias de intervenção propostas pelo projeto. A sua
importância não está apenas na divulgação de dados estatísticos sobre a segurança
pública no município, mas na transformação desses dados estatísticos brutos em algo
que possa servir para orientar ações futuras.

espanolDesde la Antiguedad la pena de muerte es aplicada como castigo analogo a la accion cometida contra la vida y los credos religiosos. La religion habia asimilado esta sancion como una forma de salvaguardar a los no pecadores, de aquellas personas consideradas como peligrosas para la fe. Su discusion es de larga data y las posiciones a favor y en contra, siempre se'han hecho presentes, En America Latina, las altos indices de criminalidad llevan a que sectores sociales exijan se discuta sobre la necesidad de la aplicacion de la pena capital, como forma de combatir. la inseguridad, lo que desde lo teorico contrapone las teorias retributivas y utilitarias, asi como la normativa internacional en materia de proteccion de derechos humanos. EnglishSince ancient times, death penalty has been applied as a punishmentthat deserves those who attempt against lile and against religious beliefs, Religion had assimilated sanction as a way to preserve it from sinners, people considered as da...

Contemporary social scientists have detailed how the practice of systematically criminalizing black people has become administratively inseparable from the justification and management of the U.S. policing and penitentiary system. I argue that the ongoing practice of criminalizing intentional action of black agents raises important philosophical challenges for our understanding of how intentional action unfolds in the social sphere. Specifically, is the social uptake of black agents’ actions fundamentally and persistently vulnerable to being criminalized by others and, if so, what are the consequences for philosophical work on intentional action that is taken to be universally applicable to all agents? In this paper, I argue that we should analyze the problem of criminalization of black intentional action as a kind of "racial conflation," or an ongoing conflation of the concepts of “blackness” and “criminality" that transforms, drives, and textures the social meanings that drive intention and intentional action among agents. Unlike formulations of racial bias (such as prejudicial stereotyping and stigma), racial conflation illuminates how the criminalization of black action is not only a problem of how black subjects are treated or conceptualized, but also how criminal action itself is understood. I contend that racial conflation demands a more complex analysis of how “blackness” and “criminality” are woven into the broader social schematic of information, which presents challenges philosophical approaches to intentional action.

This volume is the editorial product of the project “Gentrification and Crime. New Configurations and Challenges for the City” started by a public conference held on May 6, 2019 at the Municipal Historical Archive of Palermo. This event was organized by Locus and endorsed by private and public bodies. During the conference, four presentations were given by distinguished academics of main fields investigated: Giovanni Semi, Marco Picone, Adam Asmundo, Antonio La Spina. Journalist Elvira Terranova moderated the event. This publication was born from the desire to investigate gentrification and crime through a multidisciplinary approach. It draws inspiration from the urban sociologist Henri Lefebvre and his fundamental work The Production of Space on how the subject in its corporeality and in its interactions with the other integrates and produces spaces. The people involved in the project stem from different fields: geographers, urban sociologists and criminologists, architects and urban planners, historians, and other representatives of civil society. That being said, given this project’s cross-disciplinary nature, contributors are given some creative freedom to flesh-out their own conceptualizations. As such, it is appropriate to cultivate an understanding of the intellectual framework and foundation underpinning this work.

In this thesis we present and discuss the term deepfake, its emergence and influence, in the context of modern society, media, technology and criminality. It is new, therefore the influences and interpretations have not been discussed at large, as it is still evolving.

This dissertation examines how sex crime and serial killing became a
legitimate subject of aesthetic representation and mass consumption in the nineteenth century. It also probes into the ethical implications of deriving pleasure from consuming such graphic representations of violence. Taking off from Jack the Ripper and the iconic Whitechapel murders of 1888, it argues that a new cultural paradigm – the aesthetics of murder – was invented in England and France. To study the ‘aesthetics of murder’ as countless influential critics have done is not to question whether an act of murder itself possesses beautiful or sublime qualities. Rather, it is to determine precisely how a topic as evil and abject as murder is made beautiful in a work of art. It also questions what is at stake ethically for the reader or spectator who bears witness to such incommensurable violence. In three chapters, this dissertation delves into three important tropes – the murderer, corpse, and witness – through which this aesthetics of murder is analyzed. By examining a wide intersection of visual, literary, and cultural texts from the English and French tradition, it ultimately seeks to effect a rapprochement between nineteenth-century ethics and aesthetics. The primary artists and writers under investigation are Charles Baudelaire, Thomas De Quincey, Oscar Wilde, and Walter Sickert. In bringing together their distinctive styles and aesthetic philosophies, the dissertation opts for an interdisciplinary and comparative approach. It also aims to absolve these writers and artists from a longstanding charge of immorality and degeneracy, by firmly maintaining that the aesthetics of murder does not necessarily glorify or justify the act of murder. The third chapter on the ‘witness’ in fact, elucidates how writers like De Quincey and Wilde transferred the ethical imperative from the writer to the reader. The reader is appointed in the role of a murder witness who accidentally discovered the corpse on the crime scene. As a traumatized subject, the reader thus develops an ethical obligation for justice and censorship.

It’s a matter of fact that nowadays criminal associations are evolving. Many of them have been undergoing a slow and peculiar process through which their illegal criminal activities have been transformed into legal, taxed and official business. Consequently, the idea that society developed about these organizations is no longer effective.  The ambition to change the status of their criminal associations is a common feature in the two TV series analysed in this essay: Peaky Blinders (2013, Steven Knight) 1 and Gomorra – La serie (2014, inspired by Roberto Saviano’s novel Gomorra) 2. The main characters of these two stories, Thomas Shelby and Gennaro Savastano, mutually connected due to many common features that I’ll try to explain in this paper, struggle in order to overturn their criminal businesses into legal affairs, so that they can finally detach from their past. Therefore, analysing and comparing these two characters as gangsters that belong to a new generation of crime will be the aim of this short essay. Part of this research is dedicated to proxemics and power relationships that occur between Gennaro and his “wops” as well as for Thomas and his “Peaky Fuc**** Blinders”. Moreover, by using some of the fundamental analytic tools of Multimodal Discourse Analysis, several pictures taken from both the series will be discussed in order to investigate hidden meanings revealed by visive factors.

Zbrodnie popełnione w 1945 r. przez funkcjonariuszy PUBP w Kępnie Dla mieszkańców Kępna, miasta leżącego na południowym skraju Wielkopolski, okupacja hitlerowska zakończyła się ostatecznie 22 stycznia 1945 r., gdy wkroczyły do niego wojska sowieckie 3 Armii Pancernej l. Zanim zdołała uformować się nowa polska administracja, na zajętych przez Armię Czerwoną terenach tworzono tymczasowe sowieckie władze wojskowe, zwane komendanturami wojennymi. Do ich podstawowych obowiązków należało nie tylko utrzymywanie porządku na terenach przyfrontowych, ale także likwidacja polskiego podziemia niepodległościowe go i pomoc w instalowaniu nowej "ludowej" władzy. Stanowiły one bezpośrednią osłonę dla organizowanych zgodnie z wytycznymi nowo utworzonego Ministerstwa Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego (MBP) terenowych struktur aparatu bezpieczeństwa.

O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar como se dão as representações identitárias de três mulheres que estiveram em conflito com a lei durante a adolescência, problematizando o que dizem de si e considerando o imaginário de adolescentes, de jovens em conflito com a lei e de mulheres na sociedade. A partir dos estudos da linguagem, buscamos problematizar como se materializam ou se (re)produzem nos dizeres das participantes, assim como em suas representações de si e do outro, discursos recorrentes em nosso sistema homogeneizante, que parece ignorar a construção de identidades como um tecido contínuo, multifacetado e inacabado. Então, a partir da perspectiva discursivo-desconstrutiva cunhada por Coracini (2003, 2007, 2010, 2012, entre outros), consideramos que falar de si permite que sejam rastreados fragmentos da constituição identitária do sujeito que se expõe ao relatar sua história (CORACINI, 2008). Ademais, partimos do pressuposto de que dizeres recorrentes no senso comum (re)produzem estigmas sobre jovens em conflito com a lei, minimizando a adolescência a uma identidade generalizante e efêmera, assim como buscando moldar e predizer o comportamento feminino. Apesar disso, fazemos a hipótese de que os dizeres (re)produzidos sobre jovens mulheres em conflito com a lei não correspondem às suas representações de si. Essa hipótese se desdobra em três perguntas: (i) quais são e como se manifestam linguisticamente as representações que essas mulheres que estiveram em conflito com a lei têm de si?; (ii) de que forma essas representações convergem e/ou divergem das narrativas autorizadas sobre os sujeitos em conflito com a lei?; e (iii) caso apareçam questões relacionadas a gênero e a raça em seus dizeres, de que modo elas interferem nas representações que as participantes têm de si? O corpus da pesquisa, coletado oralmente e posteriormente transcrito, foi produzido com seu consentimento livre e esclarecido, partindo de um roteiro semiestruturado que visou fomentar depoimentos acerca de suas vivências. Como resultado principal, temos a confirmação parcial de nossa hipótese, pois, apesar de haver interferência do imaginário do que é ser mulher, adolescente e desviante da lei em suas representações identitárias, as representações dessas mulheres por vezes (re)produzem e por vezes excedem ou extrapolam formações discursivas que silenciam e impõem verdades aos grupos dos quais fazem parte.

This piece on the tragic fate of Raden Tumenggung Soemodilogo (circa 1790-1825), Bupati of Menoreh-Parakan in Southern Kedu, looks at the world of social bandits and criminality in pre-Java War south-central Java and the involvement of Prince Diponegoro (1785-1855) with this criminal society as well as the ways he drew on their support during the war. It was written and published in a volume entitled Spectrum Budaya: Festschrift HUT ke-84 Toeti Heraty (ed. Eka Budianta) (Jakarta: Museum Toeti Heraty, 2017), pp. 252-265, to celebrate the 84th birthday of the late Indonesian poet-philosopher-feminist, Toeti Heraty,(1933-2021) and celebrated the life of Raden Tumenggung Soemodilogo, the tragic bupati of Menoreh-Parakan who was her direct ancestor on her father's side. [Updated 22 December 2021]

The image of criminality in a community has not only a present but it also has a past, a history and that history continued down to the present. My student Santanu, and I began from the ‘ethnographic present’ among the Lodhas, like field anthropologists and gradually realised that we got a link with the history. Pages of archive matched with recent happenings and the present plight of the community. The question of power was involved. Because in India 'Communities' rather than individuals matter much. The Rajputs, and Punjabis are regarded as brave people who fought wars and battles with the Mughals and British and they are still regarded as brave communities and although they killed many people, they were never designated by the colonial administration as 'Criminal Communities' probably because they were not poor gatherer-hunters and marginalised like the Lodhas.
Surely, the Lodhas of West Bengal is one such community which has a long history of marginalization and oppression by the state and the dominant communities and they also have a history of demarginalization which had started in the post colonial period by the efforts of the state and non-state actors as well as the members of the community themselves. This paper explored the above issues.

Esta pesquisa busca discutir as relações entre embriaguez e criminalidade na cidade de Curitiba, no período compreendido entre os anos de 1890 e 1920. Para tanto, utiliza como fonte principal os procedimentos policiais e judiciais onde foram encontradas menções ao uso de álcool. O principal objetivo é averiguar qual o papel desempenhado pelo consumo de álcool no panorama da criminalidade em Curitiba, em um momento em que a embriaguez fora do espaço privado era considerada uma contravenção penal. A análise passa pelos espaços, personagens e instituições envolvidos nessa questão. A embriaguez é analisada sob a ótica da urbanização da cidade, dos administradores públicos, da ciência do período, da polícia e da Justiça. Outras fontes, como jornais, relatórios administrativos, obras jurídicas etc. são utilizadas de forma assessória. Sob o aspecto teórico-metodológico, o trabalho encontra referências na micro-história italiana, especialmente nas abordagens de Carlo Ginzburg, na historiografia jurídica do crime e na História Social de autores como Boris Fausto e Sidney Chalhoub.
Palavras-chave: Embriaguez. Polícia. Justiça. Criminalidade.

This research aims to discuss the relations between drunkenness and criminality in Curitiba city from 1890 to 1920. to do so, this work uses, as the main historical source criminal actions and police proceedings in which I found mentions to alcohol. This research main objective is to verify the alcohol consumption role in the Curitiba crime scene when the act of getting drunk in public was considered as Misdemeanors. Such analysis goes through the spaces, characters, and institutions involved in this matter. This research analyses the alcohol consumption taking into perspective the following aspects: urbanization, public administrators, the science of that time, the police, and the Criminal justice. This dissertation also relies on other historical sources such as newspapers, administrative reports, juridical books, etc, and its theoretical and methodologic framework is composed by the Italian microhistory approach, especially Carlo Ginzburg works as well as Legal History studies on crime and Social History, particularly Brazilian authors as Boris Fausto and Sidney Chalhoub.
Keywords: Alcohol consumption. Police. Justice. Criminality.

Esta investigación busca discutir las relaciones entre la embriaguez y la criminalidad en la ciudad de Curitiba, en el período comprendido entre los años 1890 y 1920. En su ejecución, se utiliza como fuente principal los procedimientos policiales y judiciales donde se encontraron menciones al uso de alcohol. Los principales objetivos son averiguar cuál es el papel desempeñado por el consumo de alcohol en el panorama de la criminalidad en Curitiba, en un momento en que la embriaguez en público era considerada una contravención penal. El análisis pasa por los espacios, personajes e instituciones involucrados en esta cuestión. La embriaguez es analizada bajo la óptica de la urbanización de la ciudad, de los administradores públicos, de la ciencia del período, de la policía y de la Justicia. Como fuentes auxiliares, muchas otras son utilizadas: periódicos, informes administrativos, obras jurídicas etc. En el aspecto teórico-metodológico, el trabajo busca sus referencias en los aportes de la micro-historia italiana, especialmente en los abordajes de Carlo Ginzburg, en la historiografía jurídica del crimen y en la Historia Social de autores como Boris Fausto y Sidney Chalhoub.
Palabras clave: Embriaguez. Policía. Justicia. Crimen.

Every single person has a deep dark side which he either acknowledges it or not. The starting point of the idea of criminality and murder is the time when the individual realizes his deep pleasures which don't belong to the society's dictations, norms and moral values; act of

A análise econômica do comportamento criminoso passou a ser feita fundamentada em um rigoroso modelo teórico matematicamente estruturado a partir do artigo Crime and punishment: An economic approach de Gary Becker (1968). Não obstante, sabemos muito pouco sobre as origens do pensamento “econômico” sobre crimes e punições. Assim, nosso principal objetivo é reconstituir essa história. Neste artigo, o faremos mediante a retomada de Adam Smith a Cesare Beccaria (1762-1776). Expomos a posição de Smith que, embora usualmente retratada como contrária ao arcabouço utilitarista, esconde passagens onde o autor se aproxima muito do raciocínio econômico-utilitário para refletir sobre a criminalidade. Por fim, expomos os argumentos de Beccaria, reconhecido como uma influência no pensamento de Becker e outros autores do movimento da Law and Economics.

Pod opieką merytoryczną -ppłk. dr. Marka BODZIANEGO PRZESTĘPCZOŚĆ WŚRÓD CUDZOZIEMCÓW W POLSCE Abstrakt: Lata 90., to okres masowych migracji w Europie Wschodniej, spowodowanych bezrobociem i ubóstwem, które zapoczątkowane zostało upadkiem ZSRR i transformacjami systemowymi w państwach powstałych na zgliszczach Związku Radzieckiego. Migracje ludności w celu lepszych warunków życiowych do bogatych państw Europy Zachodniej, wiodły przez Polskę. RP już w czasach historycznych była uważana i nadal jest za "bramę" z Azji do Europy i odwrotnie. Wzrost liczby cudzoziemców w Polsce spowodował wzrost liczby przestępstw popełnianych przez tę grupę społeczną.

In the context of Japanese colonialism, this article examines the discourse of colonial criminality that came to epistemologically position the Korean colonial subject as criminal and therefore necessitating domination, surveillance and punishment. The discourse of colonial criminality stemmed from Japan's late nineteenth century epistemological commitment to imperialism and concomitant knowledge of law and the legality of colonial subjects. Through an analysis that historicizes the “criminal Korean” (futei senjin) epithet in the prewar and the emergence of yami as a signifier of Korean economic criminality throughout the 1940s, this article illustrates how the racialization of Koreans in Japan was both framed in terms of crime and subversion, and how that criminality functioned as a justification for postcolonial legalized exclusion and discrimination.

Dans une page très suggestive de Gomorra, Roberto Saviano raconte comment, au cours de ces dernières années, les tueurs des organisations criminelles napolitaines ont pris l'habitude de faire feu avec le pistolet tourné à l'horizontale, donc sans viser. Les policiers de la section scientifique ont pu identifier cette façon particulière de tirer à la suite des changements importants qu'ont connus les scènes de crime, avec une augmentation considérable des coups de feu, des blessures non mortelles et de la quantité de sang versé 1 . L'adoption de cette étrange façon de tirer aurait pour origine les films de Quentin Tarantino, depuis Pulp fiction jusqu'à Kill Bill, selon un mécanisme d'imitation qui pose aux criminologues, aux sociologues et aux historiens une question plus générale, à savoir comment les médias -surtout le cinéma et la télévision (aujourd'hui) ainsi que la littérature (aujourd'hui et dans le passé) -parviennent à façonner les comportements criminels.

In this paper we will tell the story of "The Poisoning of the Late Levi Smelser." Through detailed examination of both the media reports and official documents, the ensuing narrative portrays how race and gender influence the criminal justice processes of late antebellum New Orleans. As the story unfolds, two types of accounts emerge. We come to know the major participants in this case, Kitty, the slave, Levi Smelser, the victim, Theresa Smelser, the widow, and Adam Scott, the young foreman of Smelser's tin and copper shop, in their ordinary and comfortable lives before the murder. Secondly, we see these same characters play shifting roles of guilt and innocence in the planning and implementation of the murder as the newspapers reveal, magnify and glorify new "particulars," day-by-day. This story is actually composed of a number of plots and constitutes a "scenario" of crime creation by

Dopo anni di intensa attività, un anziano professore inglese di Scienza politica va in pensione, costringendo il suo assistente al precariato. Appena prima di partire per l'Inghilterra, il maestro decide di lasciare al suo discepolo un divano bianco. Il giovane comincia così un viaggio nei salotti della Napoli bene, in cerca di una degna sistemazione per l'oggetto ereditato. La ricerca diventa l'occasione per rileggere alcuni capitoli della storia sociale e politica napoletana: da lauro a Gava, agli "opachi anni ottanta", per finire con il disincanto della Iervolino e il disastro dei rifiuti. Il racconto di un'atra Napoli, quella istituzionale, quella de potere politico. Scrutando nelle maglie nascoste della città, il libro illustra i motivi di complicità che legano la società civile all'illegalità, riflettendo sulle debolezze politiche e sulle possibili vie per risollevare le sorti della città. Napoli bene è un ibrido, tra narrativa, finzione e dettagliato reportage sociale, una sorta di memoir di formazione intellettuale.  Napoli bene è un ibrido, tra narrativa, finzione e dettagliato reportage sociale, una sorta di memoir di formazione intellettuale.

È ormai prassi corrente etichettare molte vicende di cronaca nera con il nome del luogo in cui sono accadute: fatto emblematico di quella stupita incredulità che nasce dalla scoperta che il male alligna anche nei piccoli centri. Dire "il caso di..." Novi Ligure, Cogne, Garlasco, Perugia, Erba ecc., significa esprimere una sorta di paradosso, di ossimoro che scaturisce dall’avvicinare il ritratto del tranquillo, piccolo e ricco centro urbano al delitto tanto efferato di cui è stato teatro. Di maggior sollievo, per la comunità, sarebbe poter pensare che quel male le sia estraneo, che venga da un altrove lontano. I media intercettano prontamente l’ansia, l’angoscia, la paura che percorrono tutta la nostra società per incanalarle in direzione di più "rassicuranti" bersagli: la colpa è dello straniero, di Azouz Marzouk. Il caso di Erba, in cui sono state barbaramente uccise quattro persone, si trasforma in qualcosa di più di un fatto di cronaca nera: viene reinterpretato dai media, spettacolarizzato, investito di implicazioni politiche, etiche capaci di suscitare sentimenti forti, spesso negativi come l’odio-terrore rispetto allo straniero e l’emergenza sicurezza. Viene analizzato un corpus di articoli, pubblicati da quattro quotidiani ("la Repubblica", "Corriere della Sera", "l’Unità" e "il Giornale"), focalizzando l'attenzione sulla strategia retorica e discorsiva con cui ciascuno costruisce la stessa notizia in funzione di una propria "sensibilità" e di una propria particolare visione della società.

“Riccardo Nicolosi and Anne Hartmann, eds. Born to be Criminal: The Discourse on Criminality and the Practice of Punishment in Late Imperial Russia and Early Soviet Union. Interdisciplinary Approaches.” Slavic and East European Journal, vol. 63, no. 2, summer (2019): 298-99.

Abstract: Violence and justice has been present during the history at most of societies. During the Middle Age exists different behaviours that alter the order and social peace, and to face up to it, the municipal government were activated different legal mechanisms to reply that transgressive attitudes. Our criminality study in Valencia during the XV century allow us to exemplify the most habitual criminal cases that medieval justices condemn in form of punishment: economic, physical or both. The frequency with which Valencia's city habitants report the different violent abuses allows us to know which crime and felonies were produced with more periodicity in the kingdom's capital. In this article we will show the crime which were produced in the city of Valencia and which methods were used to eradicate these behaviours.


Resumen: La violencia y la justicia han estado presentes y relacionadas prácticamente en la mayoría de las sociedades a lo largo de la historia. En la Edad Media, existían diferentes comportamientos que alteraban el orden y la paz social, y para hacer frente a ello, los gobiernos municipales ponían en marcha diferentes mecanismos jurídicos con los que aplacar o dar respuesta a estas actitudes transgresoras. Para ello, nuestro estudio sobre la criminalidad en la Valencia del siglo XV nos permite ejemplarizar algunos de los casos más habituales donde se producían una serie de crímenes que la justicia bajomedieval condenaba en forma de castigo: económico, físico o de manera conjunta. La frecuencia con la que los habitantes y moradores de la ciudad de Valencia denunciaban los diferentes abusos violentos que se producían y que se han conservado nos permiten conocer cuáles eran los delitos y crímenes más habituales en la capital del reino. En el presente artículo mostraremos algunos de los delitos que con mayor frecuencia se producían en la ciudad de Valencia y cuáles eran los métodos que se utilizaban para erradicar estos comportamientos.

Právněhistorické studie [Legal History Studies] 47/2, 2017, s. 18-32.

This paper focuses on the practice of the Appellate court and it's changes regarding Constitutio criminalis Josephina, the penal code of emperor Josef I. This law was declared in 1707 and newly modified the list of offences. Attention is particularly paid to the offence of incest in years 1687-1727. The paper compares practice of the Appellate court in two decades before the implementation of Josephina and two decades after it. The main sources are apart from Josephina is the city law from 1579 and over than twenty books of verdicts of the Appellate court. This paper argues that the disgracing punishments were used very often in the period before implementing Josephina. Moreover almost no accused persons were sentenced to death penalty before Josephina in comparison with the period that followed. Last but not least Josephina entailed equality between men and women regarding type and level of the sentence.

This article aims to present the main challenges related to violence and crime in South America and to analyze how the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) has responded. A content analysis of the official documents and minutes of three UNASUR councils is presented. The councils examined are the Defense Council, the World Drug Problem Council, and the Council on Citizen Security, Justice and Coordinated Action against Transnational Organized Crime. Notwithstanding its innovative bureaucratic structure, this research suggests that the structures of UNASUR have not kept pace with the growth of violence and crime.

The issue of criminality and its intra-urban differentiation and perception is one
of the most socially significant problems in human geography. The study presents
the theoretical framework of the CPTED (Crime Prevention Through Environmental
Design) concept. It also offers the characteristics of the CPTED principles
and describes the possibilities to apply CPTED to the intra-urban criminality in
the model territories of the city of Prešov.

Criminological thinking oriented towards the search for the causes of criminality,
and the ways of prevention, or protection from criminality has a long tradition. With
considerable simplification it is possible to identify four theoretical perspectives of
criminological thinking – classical, positivistic, post-modern and neoclassical. It is possible
to find the criminological theoretical inspirations of the Crime Prevention Through
Environmental Design (CPTED) concept in some theories concerning the social and
multi-constituent positivistic perspective and in the routine activities based on the neoclassical
criminological perspective. From the point of view of our research, the Chicago
Criminal School (the theory of social disorganization), which was closely associated
with the Chicago School of Social Ecology (see Matlovič 1996), brings valuable
inputs. This criminological movement has focused on investigation of the influence
of environmental factors on delinquency.
The CPTED concept is considered to be one of the possible strategies when solving
the problems of intra-urban crime. Nowadays it is considered to be a specialized multidisciplinary
field of study which concentrates on: 1) analysis of the physical environment
(e.g. car parks, parks, housing estates, and the like), 2) research on people’s behaviour
related to their physical environment, and 3) proposing of more effective use of existing
space and its layout, which can prevent socially undesirable behaviour from spreading
(Sorensen et al. 2008). The concept is based on the premise of respecting three principles
when composing the plan of urban features or its strategy: 1) natural surveillance,
2) natural access control and 3) territorial reinforcement (Crow 2000).
From the point of view of the city of Prešov, the third largest city in Slovakia, with a
population of 91,782 (2011), the concept has a big potential, even though the overall
crime rate within the constraints of the city including the surrounding villages has a decreasing
tendency (Fig. 1). To this extent, drawing from the previous principles applied
within the constraints of the city of Prešov (see Matlovičová 2010) application of the
concept is surely in order, especially in the most densely populated parts of the city
from which we have chosen four areas to be dealt with in detail: 1) Centrum shopping
centre, 2) Šváby shopping centre, 3) Kmeťovo stromoradie (Kmeť Avenue), and
4) Sekčov housing estate.
In the case of the city of Prešov, the local council has carried out some successful
precautions in accordance with the CPTED concept. These have had a positive impact on the decreasing incidence of victimization of the citizens of Prešov. The riverbank
of the Torysa used to be one of the most problematic areas of the city. It was overgrown
with thick and badly ordered shrubbery and grass. This led to a concentration of homeless
people and vandals, which influenced the citizens’ perception of this area in a bad
way. In the past few years, the city council started to deal with this problem conceptually.
They removed and exchanged some of the badly situated benches in thick vegetation;
they cut down some bushes, which obstructed the view of some parts of the riverbank.
A huge step forward was the building of the cycling path in this area, which
helped to increase the density of people and consequently the natural protection of this
area.
The exercise of the CPTED concept has some, in our conditions under-utilized, possibilities
for decreasing the crime rate (especially vandalism and offences against public
order). Its limits lie mostly in the financial options of cities/towns and villages or owners
of individual properties, in natural and physical and geographical barriers, which are
difficult to overcome, legal obstacles, and the like.

The declaration of Amnesty to the Niger Delta Militants by the Federal Government of Nigeria was acknowledged as the needed roadmap to the Niger Delta crisis. It was expected to draw out the militants from the creeks for skill acquisition training and rehabilitation, end violence and pave the way for a comprehensive development of the long neglected Niger Delta Region (NDR). Despite the seemingly overwhelming acceptance of the package by the militants, trademarks of violence reminiscent of the pre-amnesty era are still the lots of the NDR. Against this background, this study was undertaken with the objective of investigating the factors that are responsible for the renewed violence in the region with a view to finding solutions. Using a survey design, we administered questionnaire on 293 ex-militants to elicit information on their socio-demographic background, belief in amnesty, fear about amnesty, perception of amnesty by deserters, as well as the push and pull factors to militancy. Our results indicate a high mean rating of the amnesty package, but with fear about its comprehensive implementation. The fear was derived from lack of trust and confidence in the politicians handling the implementation of the amnesty package, and failure of previous government empowerment programmes. Such fear informed the decision by some militants to withhold their arms and ammunitions, as well as the outright rejection of the amnesty. Given the commodification of violence in the region, arm ownership became a pullfactor in deserting amnesty and in encouraging the emergence of splinter groups whose mission is pecuniary and criminalistic. Allegiance to ex-militants leaders was very strong. Surprisingly, respondents' opinion that the amnesty will not result in the overall development of the NDR was widely shared. Based on these findings, we recommend a supervised financial empowerment to graduates of the amnesty skill acquisition, training and rehabilitation for the purpose of establishing their small scale businesses or outright employment; the moppingup of arms in the region, the involvement of militant leaders in the negotiation to bring back amnesty deserters, and the extension of empowerment benefits on skill acquisition training to non-militants youth as a part of the comprehensive package on the human and infrastructural development of the NDR, among others.

O recente aumento da violência no estado do Rio de Janeiro é um problema enfrentado diariamente por seus moradores. Um dos mais importantes programas de segurança pública realizado no Brasil, as Unidades de Polícia Pacificadora (UPP), corre o risco de acabar devido a grave crise do estado. A partir dos dados disponibilizados pelo Instituto de Segurança Pública, o objetivo deste trabalho é associar cada UPP a um determinado delito, utilizando a análise de correspondência.