Crime Prevention

A literature review was undertaken to examine the content of women’s empowerment self defense courses. The aims of this report were to answer the questions:
What is an empowerment self defense short course?
What is included in the contents of an effective short course?
Is there a need for the course for Japanese college students?

The report will end with a discussion and highlight areas of further research concerning the need for self defense empowerment courses to be taught at Japanese colleges.

about contact donate submit articles photos videos mixed media the medes is a volunteer collective of academic writers, artists, photographers and videographers advocating for social change workplace violence (part one) by ken johnson. image by michael lokner. Cubicles workplace violence (part one) « the medes

Significant numbers of Australian children have experienced neglect, emotional abuse, physical abuse and sexual abuse. The adverse, long-term consequences of these experiences are well demonstrated in the research literature and recognised by the policy and practice communities.

This report:

identifies the conceptual, policy and practice challenges that the prevention of child sexual abuse presents
presents a conceptual mapping of dynamics associated with child sexual abuse and sexual exploitation
outlines key directions that could be taken to strengthen prevention strategies

Globalization, which has had its expansion after the fall of the Iron Curtain and the opening of borders after the fall of the ruler of Eastern Europe -Soviet Union brought the development of many spheres of social life. The development of positive values of society meant development of negative too.

During the past decade, experts and scholars in Serbia dedicated a great deal of attention and their academic endeavours to the reform of the juvenile justice system, as well as to the establishment and improvement of a multi-agency mechanism for the protection of children from violence and abuse. At the same time, research into the factors contributing to youth delinquency and violence did not receive the same amount of consideration and enthusiasm. Even though it is impossible to claim that the problem of juvenile crime in Serbia has reached an alarming rate (Ignjatović, 2014), a moderate increase in juvenile crime during the past decade, accompanied by individual criminal offences committed by youth in a particularly brutal fashion, often contributed to the unjustified outbursts of moral panic and received inadequate media attention characterised by a sensationalistic and super-

The killing of Mahmoud al-Mabhou reportedly by agents of Israel‟s Mossad service in Dubai a year ago1 serves as a quick reminder that extrajudicial executions, assassinations and other targeted killing operations are taking place and are part of a modern democracy‟s arsenal of antiterrorism and counter-terrorism means. Targeted Killing Operations reportedly form part of NATO‟s operational practice: depending on the circumstances they represent just another option of the lawful use of force in an armed conflict or assimilated situations. Consequently, it is argued that International Law does not impose an explicit ban on the lethal neutralization of certain persons in an armed conflict scenario. This opinion provides a provocative view on possible justifications using targeted killing as an actual means of present day security operations – which must not be confused with traditional methods of domestic „policing‟ in a democratic state.

This study contributes to crime drop research on the security hypothesis. Using data from the Crime Survey for England and Wales, it finds that the decline in attempted vehicle-related theft and domestic burglary was delayed by 2–4 years. Between 1993 and 1997, completed domestic burglary fell 21% but attempts by only 2.1%, while between 1993 and 1995 theft of cars fell 8% but attempts increased 3%. The delay is interpreted as consistent with rational choice theory and with some offenders continuing to try, but failing, to complete these crimes when faced with improved security. The subsequent decline in attempts is consistent with offenders, particularly new cohorts of adolescents, having been discouraged.

"[English below]

Achtergrond Genetisch en neurobiologisch onderzoek naar het ontstaan van antisociaal gedrag spelen een steeds belangrijker rol in de forensische psychiatrie.

Doel Bijdragen aan ethische en maatschappelijke reflectie op de mogelijke consequenties van dergelijk onderzoek voor de preventie van antisociaal gedrag.

Methode Een ethische analyse waarin wij met de concepten ‘geïnformeerde toestemming’ en ‘best-interests’ onderzoeken met wie en met welke belangen rekening gehouden moet worden bij de toepassing van mogelijke nieuwe preventiemaatregelen.

Resultaten Het is belangrijk om te differentiëren tussen verschillende mogelijke doelgroepen. Vanuit ethisch oogpunt maakt het verschil of het gaat om vroege herkenning en
preventieve ingrepen bij kinderen zonder symptomen, maar met een verhoogd risico, om de (sub)typering en preventieve behandeling van kinderen met al bestaande relevante gedragsproblemen, of om de behandeling van kinderen met een antisociale gedragsstoornis van wie de ouders de
kinderpsychiater om hulp vragen.

Conclusie Vanuit ethisch oogpunt is het van secundair belang of preventieve maatregelen gebaseerd zijn op genetisch en neurobiologisch dan wel op sociaal en psychologisch onderzoek.
Belangrijker is om te bepalen op wie zij gericht zijn en hoe met preventie om wordt gegaan.



English

Background Genetic and neurobiological research into the causes of antisocial behaviour is playing an increasingly important role in forensic psychiatry.

Aim To contribute some ethical and societal reflections on the possible consequences of this kind of research for the prevention of antisocial behaviour.

Method In this ethical analysis, which gives attention to the concepts of ‘informed consent’ and ‘best interests’, we investigate which persons and which interests need to be taken into account when new preventive measures are implemented.

Results It is important to differentiate between distinct target groups. From an ethical point of view it makes a difference whether measures are related to the early identification of
a-symptomatic high-risk children and appropriate preventive interventions, or whether they are directed towards the (sub)typing and preventive treatment of children who already have
behavioural problems or whether they are concerned with the treatment of children with conduct disorders whose parents have asked the child psychiatrist for assistance.

Conclusion From an ethical point of view it is not really important whether prevention measures are based on genetic and neurobiological research or on societal and psychological
research. What is more important is that these measures target particular groups of children and that prevention is implemented in an appropriate manner."

In the following study, the authors examine factors that explain citizen participation in crime prevention activities in Boston. Using survey data from a random sample, census data, and official crime and arrest data, the authors identified a wide range of individual- and community-based indicators that could potentially explain citizen involvement in crime prevention. Findings revealed that citizen involvement in collective

In this article, we explore the wraparound approach of service delivery as a model for transnational social work. The wraparound model, used primarily within community-based children's mental health services and child protection initiatives, has been effective when planning services for clients and their families with complicated needs, whose care has to be provided within a multiple provider context. Most social work is delivered nationally or internationally rather than transnationally. In the article we outline how the model could be structured to meet the particular needs of transmigrants, including the involvement of NGOs and INGOs, and identify key obstacles and limitations.

The paper describes the process of security sector reform in Guatemala with reference to the efforts to implement community-based policing practices. The results point to the difficulties of shaking-off public understandings of security honed during the armed conflict and underscore the efforts of a still young police institution to position itself in a democratic context. The study posits that community-oriented policing strategies open opportunities to forward police reform in the high-violence, low-trust, weak-institutions, and post-conflict context of Guatemala. The argument is supported by field data gathered in indigenous territories in the Western Highlands, where traditional forms of social organization persist, and in metropolitan Villa Canales municipality, an urban, high-violence site of research.

Most risk management activity in the healthcare sector is retrospective, based on learning from experience. This is feasible where the risks are routine, but emergency operations plans (EOP) guide the response to events that are both high risk and rare. Under these circumstances, it is important to get the response right the first time, but learning from experience is usually not an option. This case study presents the rationale for taking a proactive approach to improving healthcare organizations' EOP. It demonstrates how the Prospective Hazard Analysis (PHA) Toolkit can drive organizational learning and argues that this toolkit may lead to more efficient improvement than drills and exercises.

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Wiley's copyright policies do not allow me to post the published version of the paper, but they do allow me to send out individual copies. So if you don't have access to the Journal of Healthcare Risk Management and would like a copy of this article, please email me at:
alan [dot] j [dot] card [at] gmail [dot] com

Levels of fear of crime across different modes of public transport in Mexico City are
analysed, using data from the 2007 Survey on Victimization and Institutional Efficacy
conducted in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area. Approximately 36 per cent of public
transport users reported feeling either unsafe or not very safe. Ordinal logistic regression
results showed that fear of crime was similar across transportation modes and was higher for those travelling more than 30 min. In addition, fear of crime in public transport was higher among crime victims, younger users, individuals with a poor opinion on local police and those with higher levels of fear of crime in their neighbourhood of residence. These findings suggest that fear reduction policies are an important partner of crime reduction policies in increasing quality of life, and that public transport is an important, although neglected …

Objectives This study aims to determine if private school choice reduces the proclivity of students to commit crimes as adults. Methods We examine crime rates for young adults who experienced Milwaukee's citywide voucher program as high school students compared to matched public school peers using unique data collected as part of a longitudinal evaluation of the program. Results We find that mere exposure to private schooling through a voucher is associated with lower rates of criminal activity, but the relationship is not robust to different analytic samples. Students who used the program through 12th grade, however, were much less likely to have criminal records than their public school peers. These results are apparent when controlling for a robust set of student demographics, test scores, and parental characteristics. Conclusions We conclude that merely being exposed to private schooling for a short time through a voucher program may not have a significant impact on criminal activity, though persistently attending a private school through a voucher program can decrease subsequent crime rates.

No Brasil, observa-se um crescimento da criminalidade e da sensação de insegurança por parte da população, que repercutem em estudos e pesquisas que buscam compreender os fatores que influenciam os indicadores de criminalidade, orientando para medidas de políticas públicas adequadas para lidar com a questão. Dessa forma o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os determinantes socioeconômicos e demográficos das taxas de homicídios por 100 mil habitantes nos 5.565 municípios brasileiros nos anos de 1991, 2000, e 2010. Para isso, foram utilizados dados do Censo do IBGE (1991, 2000, e 2010), do Atlas do Censo, e do DATASUS, e o método aplicado foi de análise de dados em painel por Efeitos Fixos, estimando 6 regressões por diferentes formas de especificação das equações. Os resultados demostram que as variáveis associadas à concentração de renda, estrutura do ambiente familiar e nível fundamental de ensino são significativas, e que portanto, políticas públicas nessas áreas, podem ter efeito de redução na taxa de homicídios por 100 mil habitantes. Palavras Chave: Economia do Crime; Taxa de Homicídio; Municípios brasileiros; Dados em Painel.

In Australia, crime prevention is primarily the responsibility of state and territory governments. What is less well understood is the significant role of local government in developing and delivering crime prevention at the community level, although councils have long been involved in helping to create safer communities.
This research offers one of the first detailed insights into the valuable contribution made by local government within the multi-layered crime prevention strategies and initiatives which keep Australian communities safe. The Drugs and Crime Prevention Committee of the Parliament of Victoria carried out this research as part of an investigation into locally-based approaches to community safety and crime prevention in 2011. The results of a comprehensive survey of the crime prevention activities of local government authorities across Victoria are examined.
This study reveals the issues local government prioritise, the responses they deploy and the challenges that they face, such as gaps in capacity and the need to manage complex relationships between participants who work on local community safety. Findings reveal a system that, while highly variable in sophistication and reach, provides an important platform for improving local community safety. The study also identifies important gaps and opportunities to improve collaboration between government and the private and NGO sectors.

South Africa has had a comprehensive crime prevention policy agenda for some time in the form of the 1996 National Crime Prevention Strategy and the 1998 White Paper on Safety and Security. Despite this, prevention has remained very much a second cousin within the South African criminal justice family, notwithstanding the fact that there is widespread agreement that it warrants far more attention. In this article we briefly review some of the principal obstacles to effective crime prevention. Our understanding of 'crime prevention' is a broad one - it involves simply asking the question: How can we reduce the likelihood of this happening again? This question opens up a range of preventative possibilities. Whether they are of a socio-economic, environmental or law enforcement nature depends on the nature of the (crime) problem. On the basis of our analysis, we propose three design principles to be followed if we, South Africans are to establish crime prevention as a central focus of our security governance. These design principles articulate what might be thought of as 'best thinking' rather than 'best practice'.

Purpose -Corruption is a significant financial crime which is estimated by the World Economic Forum to cost about 5 per cent of global GDP or $2.6 trillion dollars. Explanations of corruption, like explanations of crime, tend to focus on the individuals who commit corruption and the wider conditions which give rise to corrupt behaviour. Approaches designed to reduce corruption usually propose stiffer sanctions, institutional reforms and the passing of new laws. The purpose of this paper is to outline a complementary perspective with which to consider corruption. Design/methodology/approach -Grounded in situational crime prevention and related criminological theory, the paper argues that opportunities in the immediate environment play a causal role in generating corruption. It proposes that corruption can be minimised by removing or reducing opportunities which are conducive to corrupt behaviour. In total, five cases are chosen as illustrative examples of how situational crime prevention might usefully be applied to corruption, focussing on the Type, Activities, Sectors and Places (TASP) that comprise corruption events. Findings -A framework is developed for the empirical study of corruption in local settings. Originality/value -The paper explores how situational crime prevention can usefully inform the analysis and prevention of corruption.

Wetenschappelijk onderzoek en beleid wat betreft antisociaal gedrag (ASG) benadrukken in toenemende mate het belang van vroege preventie. Dit paradigma wordt tegenwoordig extra gestimuleerd door ontwikkelingen in genomics en neurobiologie. De ethische discussie hieromtrent lijkt echter eenzijdig. Terwijl de ethische, sociale en juridische implicaties van biomedische benaderingen veelvuldig en kritisch worden besproken, worden bij reeds bestaande preventieprogramma’s, die voornamelijk op psychosociale inzichten berusten, nauwelijks ethische vragen gesteld. In dit artikel wordt de vraag opgeworpen of biomedische benaderingen inderdaad ethisch problematischer zijn of dat deze lacune in het ethische debat een discutabele vorm van ‘bio-exceptionalisme’ is. Hiertoe worden eerst bestaande ASG preventiepraktijken en mogelijke biomedisch geïnformeerde toekomstige ontwikkelingen gepresenteerd. Vervolgens wordt op basis van de recente bioethische literatuur een reeks mogelijke nadelen en valkuilen geïnventariseerd en wordt nagegaan of deze ook relevant zijn voor psychosociaal geïnformeerde praktijken. Wij concluderen dat dit inderdaad het geval kan zijn. Daarom is het een ethisch vereiste om hieraan in verder onderzoek expliciet aandacht te besteden.

The ecological theory of crime was first introduced into criminology by the Cartographic School of Criminology in the 19th century. Ecological theories of crime were further developed by the Chicago School of Criminology in the early 20th century. Contemporary ecological theories include routine activity theory, crime pattern theory, and rational choice theory. The impact of the ecological perspective in scientific research of crime is noticeable in today's studies too. Modern scientists, researchers, and practitioners study crime by using the geographic information system, statistical and geostatistical methods, and crime mapping. The empirical research on the spatial patterns and concentration of crime in the City of Nis, Republic of Serbia, was conducted on the research sample of property crimes and violent crimes committed in the years 2008, 2013 and 2018. All the cases were geocoded into spatial units which represent urban and suburban areas in the territory of the City of ...

The authors of the paper deal with the issue of application of the so-called proactive criminal investigation in order to improve efficiency in the field of preventing and combating of serious types of crime. In this regard, the authors suggest that the use of purely reactive criminalistic investigation in cases of serious crimes such as terrorism and organized and economic crime is insufficient, and that there is a need for increasing of the application of the so-called proactive criminalistic investigations. Accordingly, the authors suggest basic guidelines for the design of proactive criminalistic investigations.

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) is an approach to understanding crime which focuses on the built environment and geography instead of simply a potential offender’s behavior or socio-economic characteristics. The theory of CPTED proposes that characteristics of the built environment can lower or increase the risk of crime at a location, based on the principles of Natural Surveillance, Natural Access Control, Territoriality, and Image. For this study, I investigated how CPTED characteristics had an impact on the property crime rate in Beaumont, Texas. I observed six Beaumont neighborhoods, and their houses and other buildings were rated according to an audit list I developed, consisting of 12 quantifiable CPTED characteristics based on the four principles. The houses and buildings of the six neighborhoods were rated by their individual parcels, according to a 0-4 based scale. These rated parcels were aggregated to a combined total of 134 residential blocks in ArcGIS, with each block being assigned the average of the CPTED ratings of the combined parcels. Maps of the six neighborhoods and their blocks were created which showed their vulnerability to crime, based on CPTED characteristic ratings. In addition to the CPTED vulnerability maps, I also developed maps which showed actual crime rates, which rated residential blocks within neighborhoods based on the number of crimes per 1,000 houses. The maps and spreadsheet data from the audit were used to determine the relationship of CPTED characteristics to crime rate. The research hypothesis was that neighborhoods that exhibit comparatively more CPTED characteristics will have fewer instances of crime than neighborhoods that exhibit fewer CPTED characteristics. The null hypothesis was that neighborhoods that exhibit more CPTED characteristics will not show a significant difference in crime rate compared to neighborhoods with fewer CPTED characteristics. The data was collected by slowly traversing each neighborhood by car, and using high-definition video cameras to record each individual house. The recorded video was later played back, and the CPTED residential audit was completed for each house. Information from the audit was documented in a spreadsheet, and also entered into ArcGIS software in order to create the CPTED vulnerability maps. ArcGIS was also used to create crime rate maps, based on data from the Beaumont Police Department. The neighborhoods were ranked from highest CPTED rating down to lowest CPTED rating; and from lowest crime count to highest crime count, to see if there were similar rankings in which high CPTED rating is closely paired with low crime-count. In addition to the ranking method, the CPTED ratings and crime counts for each block of the six neighborhoods were also plotted on a graph, to determine if there is a valid linear regression in which crime rate is determined by the CPTED rating. The results show that the neighborhood with the highest CPTED rating had the second lowest crime density, and the neighborhood with the lowest CPTED rating had the highest crime density. The ranks of the neighborhoods according to CPTED rating and crime count show that there likely is some relationship between these two variables. A regression analysis shows that there is an inverse relationship (y = -550.49x + 1254.5) in which an increase in the CPTED rating corresponds to a decrease in crime rate per 1,000, with an R2 value of .1805. The Spearman-Rho test indicates that there is a moderate correlation (R = .447) between CPTED rating and crime rate per 1,000, at the .05 significance level with a P value of 0.00000007. When looking at the CPTED rating maps of these neighborhoods alongside the crime count maps, many values of blocks in the CPTED maps correspond to similar values in the crime count maps. This phenomenon can better be illustrated by determining where similar rank values in CPTED rating and crime rating “overlap.” Although this process is more subjective compared to other methods, it is helpful in illuminating the areas in which the CPTED rating procedure most strongly predicted areas which are most at risk for crime, and which areas are most defended against crime. Even though this process of finding overlap was somewhat subjective, it was able to correctly predict 85 out of 134 blocks (63%) while the remaining 49 blocks (37%) do not show the relationship being sought, according to the hypothesis. The regression analysis and Spearman’s test showed this relationship in a more objective manner than the maps, illustrating that crime rate falls as CPTED ratings rise.

In Staying Alive While Living the Life, Sue-Ann MacDonald and Benjamin Roebuck unpack the realities of living on the streets from the perspective of homeless youth. While much is written about at-risk youth, most literature on youth homelessness reduces their lives to flattened images with little room for the diverse, complex and individual nature of their experiences. Challenging the dominant youth-at-risk conversation by putting forward a framework of survival and resilience, MacDonald and Roebuck illustrate the ways that young people who experience homelessness demonstrate tremendous resilience when facing adversity, social exclusion and various forms of oppression.

Drawing on conversations with homeless youth, this book focuses both on the external constraints imposed on their lives as well as the ways young people understand their circumstances and their approaches to problem solving. The result is a nuanced analysis that puts human agency at its centre, allowing readers to explore the challenges young people face and the internal and external resources they draw upon when making decisions about their lives.

Geen school ter wereld blijft gespaard van, zo nu en dan, manifestaties van fysiek geweld. Meestal blijft dat gelukkig beperkt tot het betere duw-, trek- en mepwerk. Maar het kunnen, heel soms, heel zware incidenten zijn waarbij mensen gewond raken. In dit artikel verkennen we verschillende manieren om geweld op school te voorkomen.

Dieser Band stellt die gegenwärtige Entwicklung, Merkmale und Praxisbeispiele evidenzorientierter Kriminalprävention vor. Er umfasst die Beiträge von 76 renommierten Experten und vermittelt dadurch einen umfassenden Eindruck von der Präventionswissenschaft in Deutschland. Dabei kommen Kritiker und Befürworter der evidenzorientierten Prävention von Kriminalität zu Wort, um dem Leser ein ausgewogenes Gesamtbild über deren Möglichkeiten und Grenzen zu vermitteln. Darauf aufbauend benennt der Band 70 Handlungsempfehlungen u.a. für die Kriminalitäts- und Präventionsbereiche: Behandlung von Sexualstraftätern, Extremismusprävention, (De-)radikalisierung im Strafvollzug, Wohnungseinbruchdiebstahl, Menschenhandel und Einsatz der elektronischen Fußfessel. Der Band schließt an den aktuellen Stand der Forschung und der politischen Diskussion an und füllt eine bestehende Lücke innerhalb der deutschsprachigen Literatur.

This short paper analyses the ongoing public debate on  the state of citizen security in Argentina and underscores the need for improving the quality of public discussions. It presents evidences from comparative research on the levels of crime in Argentina and on the failure of theories that assume that economic growth automatically leads to lower crime rates.

This doctoral research was kindly and generously financed by The Founda tion for Baltic and East European Studies and carried out at the Baltic and Eastern European Graduate School (BEEGS) and the Departments of political science at the Södertörn University and Stockholm University. Solna, October 1 st 2011 1. City-Security-Surveillance 1 11 A further question is where 'the West' ends, now that the Soviet empire is no more. Can the British experience be applied to countries such as Greece, Estonia, the Ukraine, Sweden, and Poland? I think not. 12 Besides the very interesting account of Maria Łos and Andrzej Zybertowicz ́(2000), only one Polish study on CCTV has been found. Paweł Waszkiewicz's dissertation, Big Brother in the Year 2010 [Wielki Brat Rok 2010], represents the sole attempt by the Polish research community to study CCTV. In the study, Waszkiewicz discusses the issue of CCTV in general and evaluates the Warsaw open street system. Based on a vast body of data, he shows that the system's efficiency does not correspond to the proprietors' claims (Waszkiewicz 2011b). Swedish research on CCTV is also sparse. Besides my own masters thesis on the topic and Eric Carlsson's discourse analysis of media representations of CCTV (Carlsson 2009; Svenonius 2004), this study represents the first empirically-driven research project on the development of CCTV outside of evaluation research (see appendix 1). Studies on surveillance instead extend only to criminological and historical accounts of crime policy, privacy regulation, or intelligence (Flyghed and Hörnqvist 2003; Flyghed 2005; Hörnqvist 2004; Migou Skarbrandt and Wigenmark 2007). A particularly interesting analysis is Andersson and Nilsson's (2009) text book and discourse analysis of Swedish crime policy from 1900-2007, where they show how crime policy has become politicised and how hegemonic regimes of practices have formed around the signifiers 'prevention', 'risk', and the 'mass crime society'. Prominent work has been done by Ilshammar, who has written an extensive history of ICT in Sweden Surveillance Studies and CCTV 15

Agressie en geweld zijn van alle tijden. Ook inspanningen om agressie en geweld te beheersen, zijn er altijd al geweest. Aan die beheersing kan nog veel verbeterd worden. Het is dan wel noodzakelijk om het geweldmechanisme eens te bekijken vanuit een andere invalshoek dan tot nu toe gebruikelijk is. Die benadering begint met vragen naar hoe agressie eigenlijk ontstaat. Waar komen agressie en ge-weld vandaan? Wat voedt agressie en gewelddadig handelen? Waarom kunnen mensen hun agressie zo slecht beheersen?

Theory matters in crime prevention. Indeed, but this is hardly the full story. Crime prevention is oftentimes viewed as atheoretical—not grounded in the etiology of crime and offending. Reasons abound for this view, and the recent interest in an evidence-based approach to policy-making has been at the forefront. This article reviews the role that theory plays in modern day crime prevention, with a special focus on the three main crime prevention strategies: developmental, community, and situational. The review identifies a number of key challenges and opportunities for making theory more central to crime prevention. It suggests that the classification system employed in situational crime prevention has allowed for a more explicit connection between sound theory and prevention techniques, and may provide important lessons for developmental and community crime prevention.

The lack of adequate, prompt and comprehensive post-institutional care of juvenile perpetrators of criminal offences after the execution of custodial educational measures or juvenile prison sentence is a serious obstacle for the accomplishment of their essential goal-re-education of juveniles and prevention of their recidivism. Therefore, the authors of this paper analyse legal provisions that regulate the imposing and enforcement of custodial educational measures and juvenile prison sentence as well as those that are relevant to the application of post-institutional care in the Republic of Serbia. Moreover, current state in our country in this field is presented from the standpoint of experts working with juveniles who have left institutions for the enforcement of custodial sanctions. The examples of successful social reintegration of juveniles who have been included in post-institutional care but also numerous practical problems regarding post-institutional care of juveniles are also highlighted. Finally, the steps that need to be made at normative and practical level in order to facilitate the application of postinstitutional treatment of juveniles are suggested.

This paper provides a critical review of crime prevention measures involving coercive control over the activities, behaviors and public visibility of young people. Drawing on examples and trends in the U.S., Australia and the U.K., the paper reviews four major areas of coercive intervention in youthful activity: reconstructing of public space in ways that basically exclude and/or contain the young in particular ways; extending police powers in regulating the street life of young people; making use of youth curfews; and emphasizing the need for parents to police their offspring. It is argued that adoption of a developmental crime prevention strategy is both possible, and more desirable, than reliance on coercive measures.

Meaning of Security: It refers to freedom from fear, threat, danger or anxiety. A state of being protected. Precautions taken to guard against crime. Security is a condition of safety and the measures taken to ensure this condition. PHYSICAL SECURITY: Measures taken to safeguard personnel from harm and to protect property from loss. They are • Deterrence • Intrusion detection • Security guards • Access control Physical security focuses on the concept of 5 Ds • Deter-barriers to discourage intruders • Deny-barriers to prevent an attempt • Delay-barriers to increase intruder's effort • Detect-equipment to reveal intruder's presence • Defend-measures put in place to respond to intrusion ROLES OF A SECURITY OFFICER • Engaging regularly in dialogue with the executives of the host community so that issues affecting the community could be resolved amicably without disruption of company operations. • Gathering intelligence (security information) from the locals and cascading same to appropriate authority for action • Training the guards regularly on what to do while on duty in their respective beats

This chapter seeks to link technology and crime science, including situational crime prevention. It starts by briefly considering the nature of technology. It then looks at the relationship between technology, opportunity, problems and solutions. But opportunity is a more subtle concept than many in the field assume, needing further development for present purposes. It is therefore discussed in relation to both traditional frameworks of crime science and to a more integrated and detailed counterpart, the Conjunction of Criminal Opportunity. But all the opportunity frameworks need supplementing by an account of the dynamics of crime, especially through the concepts of scripts and script clashes. A major section then examines the relationship between crime and technological change, covering adaptations and clashes over longer timescales, in the shape of co-evolutionary arms races between offenders and preventers. This spans both biological and cultural evolution. Then come sections on the practicalities of adopting a deliberately evolutionary approach to prevention—gearing up against crime, innovation and design—and finally some weaknesses of purely technological approaches to crime prevention. The conclusion reviews the significance of understanding technology for crime science. This enhanced understanding of how changing technology can both create and block opportunity for crime, nuisance and terrorism (henceforth, crime) is needed to help us anticipate, detect and respond to the many changes in the crime and security world we can expect to encounter during the rest of the twenty-first century.

With nearly half of the global Internet user population located in Asia-Pacific,
cybercrime victimization is an emerging challenge that is particularly concerning for
the region. While advancements in the dissemination of information and
communication technologies (ICTs) have been beneficial in many ways, increasing user
reliance on ICTs to store and exchange personal, sensitive or critical information has
created a lucrative market for cybercrime. Cybercrime is a complex ever-evolving
phenomena with dynamics still insufficiently understood and characterized by constant
new developments, such as darknet marketplaces, the increasing use of
cryptocurrencies for anonymized transactions in illegal online markets, and supply
chain attacks that affect downstream customers at a massive scale. Yet, cybercrime
data collection efforts are underprioritized in the Asia-Pacific region, with many
countries lagging behind in the adoption of innovative methods and in resolving
fundamental data collection challenges, such as inadequate procedures that introduce
measurement bias and low reporting rates.

This presentation examines the current trends in cybercrime in the Asia-Pacific region,
reviews existing domestic and international efforts against cybercrime, with a focus on
collection of cybercrime data, and analyzes specific data collection methods, data
sources, and best practices to measure cybercrime, with regional and international
examples that can be adopted by countries and researchers in the region.

When self-service checkout (SCO) first launched in the United States in 1992 there was considerable scepticism and, perhaps not surprisingly, concern that huge losses would follow. Despite conflicting evidence on their impact on shrinkage, and customer theft in particular, consumer-oriented payment systems are an increasingly common feature of the retail environment. This paper reviews how the move to SCO has affected retail theft. Drawing on recent market research surveys suggesting that up to a third of customers regularly steal when using SCO in supermarkets, the paper outlines the aetiology of a new breed of shoplifter, 'the SWIPERS', and presents a typology of these offenders.