Green Criminology

El FBI ha publicado el informe sobre más de 5,4 millones de incidentes y 6,290,042 de ilícitos que se presentaron al Sistema de Informes Nacionales de Incidentes (NIBRS) del Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) en 2016, y por primera vez, desde el 2016, el informe anual ha incluido datos sobre maltrato hacia los animales. El FBI actualizó sus políticas del Programa NIBRS de UCR, a partir del 1 de enero de 2016, para incluir específicamente la crueldad hacia los animales como una categoría delictiva específica de modo que las agencias de policía deberían incluirla al presentar las estadísticas delictivas al FBI. La crueldad hacia los animales es un crimen grave no solo contra los animales, sino también contra la sociedad en general. La Dra Querol afirma: “como decimos en el grupo de trabajo de la NSA/FBI protegiendo a las personas protegemos a los animales y, protegiendo a los animales protegemos a las personas”. Gracias al esfuerzo de la NSA y el FBI, el maltrato a animales se incluye desde el 2016 en el Grupo A de delitos graves, contra la sociedad. Al saber dónde están ocurriendo estos crímenes y la demografía de quién está cometiendo estos crímenes, las agencias de policía y las protectoras pueden tomar medidas proactivas para abordar los problemas en áreas con altas tasas de maltrato hacia los animales. Informar al FBI no es obligatorio, pero mientras más información se proporcione al FBI, mejor será capaz de medir la cantidad de delitos en un área específica y permitir una revisión más exhaustiva de la relación entre la crueldad hacia los animales y otros crímenes en la comunidad.

Las principales conclusiones del informe de este año:

En la comparativa de datos sobre incidentes de maltrato animal en 2016 y 2017, vemos que se ha obtenido una mejora notable pasando de 1126 incidentes en 2016 a 3228 en 2017.
Según la tipología delictiva, el 61% de los incidentes son relacionados contra la propiedad, el 23% contra las personas y el 16% contra la sociedad (categoría que incluye el maltrato hacia los animales). Durante el 2017 se han recogido 3228 incidentes de maltrato hacia los animales.
Respecto a la edad de los autores de los incidentes de maltrato animal se detectaron 2620 adultos (84%), 116 menores de 18 años (4%) y 379 individuos cuya edad era desconocida (12%).
Cuando se ha analizado el maltrato hacia los animales por sexo, destaca un 56% de hombres, un 36% de mujeres y un 8% se desconocía. Cabe señalar que la cifra de mujeres que perpetran maltrato hacia los animales es mayor de la que recogen habitualmente los estudios o los atestados policiales. Aunque aún estamos trabajando en la tipología de maltrato por sexo, los resultados abren nuevas vías de investigación.
En lo que se refiere a la autoría del maltrato animal, la mayoría de casos son perpetrados por personas de raza blanca en un (65%) de los casos, las personas de raza negra/afroamericanos un 21%, los nativos americanos un 1% , los asiáticos en un 21%, los nativos de Hawaiï o islas del Pacífico en un 1% y en un 12% de los casos se desconoce la raza. Cuando contrastamos los datos de prevalencia de otros delitos (como violencia de pareja) en reservas o en poblaciones nativas, las cifras son extremadamente altas, lo que nos hace pensar que, seguramente, las cifras de maltrato animal están infraestimadas.
Respecto a las franjas de edad en que se produce el maltrato, si observamos la franja de los 21 a los 40 años, supone el 56% de todos los casos de maltrato animal. También conviene resaltar que hemos detectado maltrato en todas las franjas de edad, desde menores de 10 años (8 casos)a mayores de 66. Del mismo modo que sucede con el análisis por edad, estamos en proceso de analizar el tipo de malrato por franja de edad.
Respecto a la geolocalización del maltrato animal destaca que la mayoría se producen en residencias o domicilios, constituyendo el 73% de todas las áreas analizadas. El hecho de que se produzca mayoritariamente en residencia o domicilio, dificulta su detección y obliga a los agentes implicados no sólo en la detección de maltrato animal, sino a otros profesionales, así como a la comunidad, a involucrarse en la detección de dicho ilícito.
Al analizar las franjas horarias en que se reportan más incidentes, llama la atención de que aumenta desde las 8 de la mañana hasta las 6 de la tarde. A pesar de que estamos analizando las causas, podría deberse a la reducción de los efectivos policiales y los agentes de control animal durante las horas nocturnas.

Dossier de Presentación del Programa Viopet VioPet es un programa que acoge temporal o definitivamente a los animales domésticos de
víctimas de la violencia familiar. Esta iniciativa surge desde GEVHA (Grupo para el Estudio de la Violencia hacia Humanos y Animales) y el
Observatorio de Violencia Hacia los Animales a partir de la relación establecida entre la violencia hacia animales y humanos y debido a
la falta de protección de los animales que desemboca en una desprotección total de les víctimas humanas que sufren este
fenómeno.

En los últimos tiempos se han realizado diversos estudios sobre la delincuencia medio ambiental desde ámbitos como la teoría del delito, la política criminal y la criminología dados los diversos atentados medio ambientales que ocurren a lo largo y ancho del planeta, recordando que la responsabilidad de dichos atentados siempre se relaciona con la actuación de las personas jurídicas. Objetivo: el estudio de la víctima ambiental desde el nuevo enfoque metodológico de la aporofobia y con una doble visión: la comparativa entre norte-sur junto con la eco-victima urbana. Todo ello para realizar una propuesta político-criminal que permita el alcance de una justicia ecológico-social. Metodología: la metodología a emplear será la investigación teórica mediante la consulta de diferentes aportes doctrinales para elaborar una serie de conclusiones y hacer aportaciones útiles para lograr una política criminal eficiente dirigida a lograr una justicia ecológico-social. Resultados y conclusiones: L...

This chapter utilizes a green criminological perspective to examine this key issue as it pertains to waste dumping in rural northwestern China. First, we offer a brief review of green criminology’s approach to waste crime and summarize the literature on top-down environmental regulation enforcement in China. Next, we describe the development of the medical waste regulation framework and highlight the current obstacles to enforcement in China. The chapter then utilizes a case study to illustrate how institutional incentives in the job performance evaluation system of bureaucrats shaped the under-enforcement of medical waste regulations at the grassroots level of rural governance. Our chapter concludes with a discussion of how the study expands our understanding of waste crime and environmental regulation enforcement in an illiberal context.

Public discourse on environmental responsibility and sustainability continues to pressure corporations, especially those that have been portrayed as key contributors of environmental harm. Greenwashing is a strategy that companies adopt to engage in symbolic communications with environmental issues without substantially addressing them in actions. This paper aims to raise awareness of corporate greenwashing, drawing attention to issues that progress the trend of individualized responsibility and consumption, while concealing the social and (eco)systemic issues in the process. By drawing on the case study of winter apparel company Canada Goose, this paper questions whether businesses can 'go green' in good faith, if corporate responsibility and environmental responsibility can ever be reconciled, and if there is considerable need to clarify the intended effects and unintended consequences of corporate greenwashing.

The Russian Federation is a source of wildlife and wildlife products that fuel the vast, and often overlooked, illegal wildlife trade that takes place around the globe. Out of the many illicit animal and plant trades, two of these black markets -the illegal fur trade and the illegal falcon trade -are used in this article to explore the organization of this illicit activity in Russia Far East. Using interviews from Russian and other wildlife trade experts, structural frameworks are established for each of these illegal wildlife markets.

The drive for harmonisation of environmental criminal standards at both the international and European level emerges from the increasing recognition of the scale and seriousness of environmental crime, the need to strengthen mechanisms of police and judicial interstate cooperation to combat crossborder crime, and the objective to ensure fair competition in a global economy and an integrated EU common market. The harmonisation of environmental criminal law requires a competent institutional framework able to convey the need for criminalisation of environmental harm while
not overriding national aspirations to sovereignty in criminal matters. The book Enironmental Criminal Liability and Enforcement in European and International Law assesses legal, theoretical and practical questions of harmonisation of national environmental criminal law and the mechanisms for cooperation by sovereign states under European and International Law, with a particular emphasis on legislative developments in the European Union, the Council of Europe and other international institutions, assessing the case for an extension of the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court over international environmental crimes.

In August 2006, toxic waste was dumped in 16 locations near Abidjan, Ivory Coast. The multinational company Trafigura, the p was found guilty for illegally exporting the waste out of Amsterdam, but never admitted any responsibility for the dump itself. Th the case of Trafigura, employing the method of critical discourse analysis to expose how the company shapes its discourse of i concludes that the discourse is shaped by using neutralization techniques in order to deny the moral bind of law and the blame at In this process, Trafigura reproduces power relations by stressing its own supremacy, normalizing its actions and aggressively atta ultimate goal of restoring its story of reality as the dominant Keywords: toxic waste, crimes of the powerful, critical discourse analysis, neutr

Contemporary wars have produced serious consequences in terms of environmental harms, from the defoliants of Vietnam through the burning oil wells of Kuwait to the use of depleted uranium started in the Gulf War. This contribution proposes an examination of these phenomena from largely unexplored socio-criminological coordinates. First, I will outline some theoretical routes that will help in repositioning the idea of war in the context of contemporary social and ecological worlds. Second, I will retrace some theoretical proposals that will be useful in focusing on those aspects of contemporary wars that are most significant for a green criminological approach – a criminological perspective that studies environmental harms and crimes, together with the various forms of (in)justice concerning the human-environment relationship. Focusing on the use of depleted uranium in the context of contemporary wars, I will explore the so-called politics of denial employed by the states to obfuscate the harmful consequences arising from actions that can be defined as " state crimes ". The dimensions of environmental victimization will then represent the further analytical element basic to the recognition of the criminological relevance of the war scenarios described. In the last part, I will suggest some route directions on the course to be taken, suitable for a criminology intending to adequately challenge the ecological dimensions of contemporary wars, redirecting the criminological " telescope " towards uncharted knowledge and intervention domains. Riassunto Le guerre contemporanee hanno prodotto gravi conseguenze in termini di danni all'ambiente, dai defolianti usati in Vietnam ai pozzi incendiati in Kuwait, fino all'uso dell'uranio impoverito a partire dalla Guerra del Golfo. Il presente contributo pro-pone una lettura di questi fenomeni da inedite coordinate socio-criminologiche. In primo luogo, verranno tracciate alcune traiettorie teoriche utili per riposizionare la nostra idea di guerra nel contesto dei mondi sociali ed ecologici della contem-poraneità. Nella seconda parte del contributo, ripercorreremo alcune proposte teoriche che contribuiscono a mettere a fuoco gli aspetti più salienti delle guerre per un approccio di green criminology – una prospettiva criminologica che studia i crimini e i danni ambientali, assieme alle varie forme di (in)giustizia riguardanti la relazione tra l'uomo e l'ecosistema. Concentrando l'attenzione sull'uranio impoverito utilizzato nei contesti delle guerre contemporanee, saranno esplorate le c.d. politiche di diniego attuate dagli Stati per ridimensionare le conseguenze dannose che derivano da queste azioni, riconducibili alla nozione di state crime. Le dimensioni di vittimizzazione ambientale rappresenteranno poi l'ulteriore tassello analitico necessario per rendere conto della rilevanza criminologica degli scenari bellici descritti. Nella terza e ultima parte, verranno suggerite alcune possibili direzioni di rotta per una criminologia che intenda confrontarsi adeguatamente con la dimensione ecologica delle guerre contemporanee, ridirezionando il " telescopio " criminologico verso nuovi orizzonti conoscitivi e di intervento. Parole chiave: green criminology; guerre contemporanee; state crime; uranio impoverito; danni socio-ambientali.

Green criminology applies a broad green perspective to environmental harms, ecological justice, and the study of environmental laws and criminality. Within the green perspective, many NGOs argue for stronger wildlife laws and a more punitive regime, yet the reality is that UK wildlife laws are broadly sufficient, given their purpose as conservation rather than criminal justice legislation.

Violencia contra los animales es una obra pionera, un tanto diferente y sin duda novedosa. La sociedad cada vez va siendo más sensible en lo que concierne a la violencia sobre los animales y la obra aquí presentada es un ejemplo de esta progresiva preocupación. El maltrato a los animales es una cuestión de ética, de salud mental y de seguridad pública. Si no lo tomamos en consideración, incurriremos en mala praxis. El tema es interesante y está redactado por expertos (policías, jueces, psicólogos, cuidadores, etc.) que le dan unas diferentes perspectivas. Una obra llena de casos sobre la delincuencia contra los animales tratada como cualquier otro tipo de delito. Trata de mostrar que el maltrato animal es violencia y que la violencia es violencia, y los profesionales deben preocuparse por ella en cualquiera de sus formas. El estudio de la violencia contra animales ha desvelado casos de otras violencias, como la doméstica, la infantil o la sexual. Si no se trata la crueldad animal con la misma gravedad que otros delitos, se pierden señales y se promueve más violencia. Una persona que sistemáticamente golpea a un animal es una amenaza no solo para los animales, sino también para la sociedad en general. La crueldad animal intencional es una bandera roja para las fuerzas del orden.

Written for my Masters at Middlesex Uni it shows how early I was thinking through issues of green criminology by analysing the environmental questions in Islington Crime Survey. And talking of 'green realism' hence:

'Past green campaigns against business should ensure that the left does not criticise greens for ignoring corporate crime but greens should be careful not to blame just the working class for litter and dog shit.'

This paper (from July 1991!) briefly examines the reliability of official statistics; and more fully examines some of the findings and politics of national and local victim surveys.  The second Islington Crime Survey (ICS2) is examined in particular because of its novel departure in going beyond crime and incivilities, or extra-legal problems, to environmental questions that effect the quality of life.  The first part is more concerned with theory and politics; the second part constitutes a small scale secondary analysis of data from the Second Islington Crime Survey relating to the environmental questions. 

Both parts will be informed by the Author's personal experience of similar interviewing for the Bloomsbury and Islington Health and Lifestyle Survey and the Streatham Crime Survey.  Mention of methodology will generally only be made in terms of its relation to theory and politics.  In the first part the findings of surveys will be reported only so far as is necessary to illuminate the argument.

In spite of the regulation, financial assistance and securitisation of
responses to rhino poaching, rhino deaths have escalated over the
past decade. This article discusses why efforts to disrupt illegal
flows of rhino horn have been unsuccessful by honing in on
structural and functional aspects of the broader rhino horn economy.
Existing scholarly literature tends to focus on the legal–illegal
binary in markets. The focus of this article is on grey flows in
wildlife markets through an examination of rhino horn laundering
and illegal hunting in the wildlife industry. Fluid interfaces of legal,
grey and illegal flows have led to the creation of hybrid and highly
adaptable flows. It is also argued that the international regulatory
framework is not geared towards effective transnational enforcement
and lacks social legitimacy amongst key actors. The article
draws on research findings from a multi-sited ethnography, during
which the researcher followed rhino horn from the source to the
market.

Generally, in the modern, western world, conceptualizations of the natural environment are associated with what nature can offer us—an anthropocentric perspective whereby humans treat nature and all its biotic components as 'natural resources'. When nature and the beings within it are regarded purely in utilitarian terms, humans lose sight of the fact that ecosystems and nonhuman animals have intrinsic value. Most biotechnological use of nonhuman animals is informed by an instrumental view of nature. In this article, we endeavour to broaden the field of animal abuse studies by including in it the exploration of biotechnological abuse of animals. We analyse the issue by discussing it in relation to differing philosophical starting points and, in particular, the rights and justice theory developed within green criminology.

O que fez com que hoje nós não tenhamos a correta noção de como lidar com o fenômeno “crime”? O que faz com que tenhamos hoje um quadro gravíssimo de insegurança pública, mesmo tendo nossos governos investido tantos recursos nessa área nas últimas décadas? O que faz pensar que encarcerando uma parcela maior da sociedade estaremos combatendo eficazmente a criminalidade? O que ocasionou a nossa sociedade clamar por punições medievais e legitimá-las e as condições desumanas dos nossos cárceres, mesmo em pleno século 21? O que naturalizou e banalizou a violência cometida pelo Estado através de suas forças oficiais? Por que a Academia não consegue explicar e propor soluções viáveis a todo esse caos? E, ainda, quando são apresentadas tais soluções, por que não há utilização destas por parte dos agentes e agências (políticas) de poder? Onde foi que nós erramos?

The short answer: Green Criminology is the analysis of environmental harms from a criminological perspective, or the application of criminological thought to environmental issues. As with elsewhere in criminology, this means thinking about offences (what crimes or harms are inflicted on the environment, and how), offenders (who commits crime against the environment, and why) and victims (who suffers as a result of environmental damage, and how), and also about responses to environmental crimes: policing, punishment and crime prevention. On a more theoretical level, green criminology is interested in the social, economic and political conditions that lead to environmental crimes; on a philosophical level it is concerned with which types of harms should be considered as ‘crimes’ and therefore within the remit of a green criminology.

Environmental victimisation, especially in remote indigenous communities, is a topic that has been neglected in both victimology and criminology for many years (Bisschop and Vande Walle 2013). This paper aims to explore two case studies where incidents of environmental justice (or injustice) have either happened or are likely to occur in the future as a result of social inequalities. There will be an exploration of domestic environmental harms, their subsequent differential victimisation and the possibility of conflict resolution. This is however not limited to strict legal definitions of crime and victimisation. Williams (1996) through this legal lens, defines environmental victims as those (people) that are harmed by changes in their environment due to deliberate or reckless acts or omissions. In this paper, two case studies have been selected: the health and social impacts of asbestos mining in the community of Baryulgil, NSW and the approval of a radioactive waste dump near Muckaty, NT. Both of these cases represent environmental racism linked to the social status of being poor, part of a minority group or indigenous community (Bullard 1994 and Brook 1998). Furthermore, each case presents characteristics that may complicate thinking about victimisation and redress. This paper intends to provide awareness about the victimisation experienced within these communities and explore possibilities for conflict resolution.

"The question ‘Whose side are we on?’ (Becker, 1967) is arguably more fundamental and more nuanced for green criminology than elsewhere in the study of crime. More nuanced because green criminology focuses on environmental problems, therefore considering conflicts between humanity and nature alongside the dimensions of social conflict normally implicated in the question. More fundamental because the consideration of value positions inherent in the question is essential to the very definition of green criminology, shaping not only the remit of the field and the approaches taken within it, but also its relationships with the parent subject ‘criminology’ and the politically charged label
‘green’."

This article explains why an understanding of deviant leisure is significant for criminology. Through reorienting our understanding of 'deviance' from a contravention of norms and values to encompassing engagement in behavior and actions that contravene a moral 'duty to the other', the new 'deviant leisure' perspective outlined here, describes activities that through their adherence to cultural values inscribed by consumer capitalism, have the potential to result in harm. Using the ideological primacy of consumer capitalism as a point of departure, we explore the potential for harm that lies beneath the surface of even the most embedded and culturally accepted forms of leisure. Such an explanation requires a reading that brings into focus the subjective, socially corrosive, environmental and embedded harms that arise as a result of the commodification of leisure. In this way, this article aims to act as a conceptual foundation for diverse yet coherent research into deviant leisure.

In this study, the question of whether or not the occurrence of the Fukushima nuclear disaster is ascribable to the accumulation of manufactured risk factors was addressed. In order to construct a plausible argument, this study considers the potential applications of Beck’s ‘risk society’ thesis and green criminology theory as a theoretical foundation. This study paid explicit attention to three key issues surrounding the nuclear accident; namely, whether or not the scale of the tsunami that hit the facility was predictable from a scientific standpoint, whether or not Tokyo Electric Power Company was actively and intentionally engaged in the cover-up or the manipulation of the information regarding the extent of the damage in the facility and whether or not the relevant external regulatory bodies had appropriately monitored the company’s operations. Based on the evidence presented in the post-accident investigation reports and other relevant scholarly articles, it was determined that the fundamental cause of the accident is attributable to the plant operator’s reckless accumulation of manufactured risk factors. Contrary to the conclusion presented in TEPCO’s interim report, the evidence suggests that its imprudent corporate governance and exiguous risk mitigation planning were indeed the root causes of the accident, along with a number of vestiges of gross misconduct, negligence, organisational corruption and the systematic cover-up operations undertaken with its regulatory agencies. Based on the findings presented in the post-accident investigation reports, this study also considered the necessity of introducing a new criminological theory entitled ‘nuclear risk criminology’. Identical to an environmental justice-based approach, nuclear risk criminology can be utilised in defining a manufactured risk produced by the nuclear power industry as a new form of environmental harm and establishing a causal connection between nuclear operators’ conduct and nuclear hazards based on scientific risk calculation methods.

Corporate flower farms are based along the shores of Kenya’s Lake Naivasha, a Ramsar Convention protected wetland. Kenya suffers from high unemployment and relative poverty and prioritises economic development. Corporate flower farms are polluting the Lake with the use of agrochemicals and depleting its waters to irrigate this thirsty crop. The influx of people seeking work is also affecting the Lake as wastewater pollution is problematic. This paper will consider the issue of trying to determine who is responsible for the harms associated with any industry, and will also discuss existing and prospective methods of regulating corporate flower farms.

This edited collection brings together internationally renowned scholars to explore green criminology through the interdisciplinary lenses of power, justice and harm. The chapters provide innovative case study analyses from North America, Europe and Australia that seek to advance theoretical, policy and practice discourses about environmental harm. The book unifies transnational debates in environmental law, policy and justice, and in doing so examines international agreements and policy within diverse environmental discourses of sociology, criminology and political economy.

GREEN CRIMINOLOGY E VITTIMIZZAZIONE AMBIENTALE. VERSO NUOVE RIFLESSIVITÀ 1. Introduzione. -2. Lo stato dell'opera criminologica sull'ambiente. -3. Green criminology e criminologia critica. -4. Per una vittimologia ambientale. -5. Un modello processuale. -6. La rilevanza delle indagini empiriche sulla vittimizzazione ambientale. -7. Conclusioni.

This study has assessed the array of harms ranging from animal welfare, environmental and public health implications induced by the intensive rearing of livestock. In light of this, the socioeconomic dynamics of contemporary society have been assessed against the backdrop of these harms. Subsequently, it has been argued that the origins of these harms are deeply entangled in socioeconomic processes inherent to a capitalistic world society.

L’indagine prende le mosse dal raddoppiamento dei termini di prescrizione disposto dall’art. 157, comma 6 del codice penale (come novellato dalla legge n. 68 del 2015) per i delitti contro l’ambiente collocati nel titolo VI bis. Di tale norma si ricostruisce significato e ricadute di politica criminale, per poi indagarne le possibili ragioni giustificatrici, nel quadro ordinamentale complessivo. Vengono quindi esaminati i relativi punti critici, sui piani sia della congruenza con gli obiettivi della riforma, sia della coerenza rispetto al sistema generale di tutela penale dell’ambiente. Si affronta inoltre il tema della giustiziabilità di tale disciplina nell’ambito del sindacato di ragionevolezza della Corte costituzionale.

SOMMARIO: 1. Il raddoppio del termine di prescrizione per i nuovi ecodelitti, tra pulsioni efficientistiche e derive simboliche del diritto penale ambientale. – 2. Il dibattito sulla prescrizione dei reati ambientali nei lavori parlamentari della legge n. 68 del 2015. – 3. La dubbia utilità della deroga alla prescrizione ordinaria in relazione al momento consumativo degli ecodelitti di “macroevento”. – 4. Incoerenza con la prescrizione degli “altri” delitti ambientali (intra ed extra codicem). – 5. Incoerenza interna alla disciplina dei nuovi ecodelitti: l’allineamento tra fattispecie dolose e colpose, di danno e di pericolo. – 6. La problematica prescrizione delle contravvenzioni ambientali nel quadro della riforma del 2015. – 7. Ulteriori discrasie sistematiche: la prescrizione del disastro innominato ambientale e la responsabilità da ecoreato dell’ente. – 8. Lo statuto in fieri del giudizio di ragionevolezza sulla prescrizione del reato. – 9. L’incidenza della riforma “Orlando” sui meccanismi derogatori della prescrizione ordinaria.

Animal abuse, cruelty and neglect are often considered
isolated incidents wholly separated from other forms of family
violence. Today, professionals involved with victims of family
violence are not surprised when they learn that often these
acts are linked, and that various agencies are working with the
same families. The overall target of the DOMPET project
"The prevention of animal abuse and domestic violence" is to
understand underlying factors of this phenomenon to become
more insights into the processes of animal abuse and domestic
violence in terms of prevention. We recruited for the preliminary results of the first phase
71 shelters via e-mail from Spain,. Colombia, Chile, Argentina,
México, Perú, Uruguay, Venezuela. Respondents were
directors (CEOs), communication directors, adoption managers. The respondent had to fill in an on-line
questionnaire and we analyzed the data afterwards.
We asked shelters what percentage of animals have been
abused or mistreated (with the exception of abandonment):
38.0% of the shelters reported that between 25-50% of their
animals have suffered violence. About 77.5% have
acknowledged a link between family violence and animal
abuse. Although 75.0% do not have an agreement with
women shelters yet. Only 6.9% of the shelters do, and the rest
are working in establishing a common protocol. In 61.0% of
the shelters, women are allowed to visit the animals in case she
had to leave the companion animal temporarily. 67.2% of the
shelters report to law-enforcement agencies if they identify a
case of animal abuse. When asked if they believed animalassisted therapies may be beneficial for victims of domestic
violence, 95.4% agree.
Violence to animals within the context of domestic violence,
previous studies reveal that 71% of pet-owning women
entering women’s shelters reported that their batterer had
injured, maimed, killed or threatened family pets for revenge
or to psychologically control victims; 32% reported their
children had hurt or killed animals. 68% of battered women
reported violence towards their animals. 87% of these
incidents occurred in the presence of the women, and 75% in
the presence of the children, to psychologically control and
coerce them. Mistreating animals is a warning sign that others in the household may not be safe. Our results are consistent
with the findings from previous studies. State laws against
animal cruelty have been toughened and now widely include
felony provisions based on research indicating the risk to
human safety that animal abuse can cause. Many states in the
USA now allow judges to include pets in protection-fromabuse orders in domestic violence hearings. There are no
similar measures in any of the countries that responded and no
shelter that allows women to keep their companion animals
on-site, which would definitely diminish the victimization
while keeping the human-animal bond. Other new laws
encourage or require professionals in several disciplines to
report suspected abuse to the appropriate authorities without
fear of civil or criminal liability or of violating confidentiality
constraints, but such measures have not been implemented in
these countries yet. There is a growing body of research in
several disciplines that are publishing compelling research
describing The Link and its many manifestations. These
reports are making their way into mainstream media to
increase community awareness and build additional credibility
for the ways that animal abuse, domestic violence, child
maltreatment, and elder abuse are often interrelated.

Continuing injustices and denial of rights of indigenous peoples are part of the long legacy of colonialism. Parallel processes of exploitation and injustice can be identified in relation to non-human species and/or aspects of the natural environment. International law can address some extreme examples of the crimes and harms of colonialism through the idea and legal definition of genocide, but the intimately related notion of ecocide that applies to nature and the environment is not yet formally accepted within the body of international law. In the context of this special issue reflecting on the development of green criminology, the article argues that the concept of ecocide provides a powerful tool. To illustrate this, the article explores connections between ecocide, genocide, capitalism and colonialism and discusses impacts on indigenous peoples and on local and global (glocal) ecosystems.

Mass incarceration entrenches racial and class inequality and segregation. Before, during, and after low-income people of color enter prison, they experience a range of barriers and biases that make it difficult to break out of the prison pipeline. This article investigates food justice and restorative justice activists in Oakland, California who are intervening at the point of reentry. I argue for the significance of teasing out the connections between food and carceral politics as a way to expand the practice and understanding of food justice. Specifically, I show how the incarcerated geographies of former prisoners, that is, perspectives and experiences that result due to the prison pipeline, motivate the formation of a restorative food justice. The associated healing and mutual aid practices increase social equity by creating spaces to overcome the historical trauma of mass incarceration, produce living wage jobs, rearticulate relationships to food and land, and achieve policy reforms.

The social sciences have, historically, sought to understand the world of human society as separate from that of nature. As environmental problems become increasingly prevalent in scientific, popular and political discourse, however, this viewpoint is clearly misguided. Human society both causes and suffers from an alarming range of environmental harms. The human and natural worlds are (and always have been) part of the same global ecosystem and products of the same evolutionary history; they are interdependent, not independent. Humans and the social worlds we have built depend on nature. At the most fundamental level, we need (healthy) food, (clean) water, (suitably oxygenated) air and a (hospitable) climate for survival. On a socio-economic level, the trappings of human society demand energy and raw materials—and while all communities and all forms of social and political structures draw on nature to support them, it is under the increasingly hegemonic neo-liberal capitalism of the late 20th and early 21st centuries that we see unsustainable levels of resource consumption and associated environmental degradation. Hence, humans also shape nature. Economic activity impacts local and global eco-systems, changing landscapes, water systems, carbon and nutrient cycles, and weather patterns—drastically altering the populations of uncountable numbers of species (including causing an unknowable number of extinctions) (see generally Brisman and South 2013). Human exploitation of nature on the scale we have seen in the modern and late-modern eras exacerbates ‘natural’ disasters and causes new forms of environmental harm. These, in turn, impact humanity, causing real, serious and growing suffering to individual victims, to identifiable social groups, and to society at large.