Recent empirical research has confirmed the importance of green infrastructure and outdoor recrea... more Recent empirical research has confirmed the importance of green infrastructure and outdoor recreation to urban people’s well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, only a few studies provide cross-city analyses. We analyse outdoor recreation behaviour across four Nordic cities ranging from metropolitan areas to a middle-sized city. We collected map-based survey data from residents (n = 469–4992) in spring 2020 and spatially analyse green infrastructure near mapped outdoor recreation sites and respondents’ places of residence. Our statistical examination reveals how the interplay among access to green infrastructure across cities and at respondents’ residential location, together with respondents’ socio-demographic profiles and lockdown policies or pandemic restrictions, affects outdoor recreation behaviour. The results highlight that for pandemic resilience, the history of Nordic spatial planning is important. To support well-being in exceptional situations as well as in the l...
Recent years have seen a massive development of geospatial sensing systems informing the use of s... more Recent years have seen a massive development of geospatial sensing systems informing the use of space. However, rarely do these sensing systems inform transformation towards urban sustainability. Drawing on four global urban case examples, we conceptualize how passive and active sensing systems should be harnessed to secure an inclusive, sustainable and resilient urban transformation. We derive principles for stakeholders highlighting the need for an iterative dialogue along a sensing loop, new modes of governance enabling direct feeding of sensed information, an account for data biases in the sensing processes and a commitment to high ethical standards, including open access data sharing.
The article ''Safety perceptions in university campuses: the role of environment'', written by De... more The article ''Safety perceptions in university campuses: the role of environment'', written by Dengkai Huang, Vania Ceccato, Marketta Kyttä was originally published electronically on the publisher's internet portal (currently SpringerLink) on May 10, 2022 without open access. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the Crime drop in Ghana? Some insights from crime patterns and trends 445 material.
Sosiaalisten vaikutusten arviointi kaavoituksessa Avauksia sisältöön ja menetelmiin brought to yo... more Sosiaalisten vaikutusten arviointi kaavoituksessa Avauksia sisältöön ja menetelmiin brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk provided by Helsingin yliopiston digitaalinen arkisto Kaavoituksen ja elinympäristön sosiaalisesta ulottuvuudesta 2.1 Mitä sosiaalisten vaikutusten arviointi on? 8 2.2 Sosiaalisten vaikutusten arvioinnin erityispiirteitä 9 2.3 Kaavoituksen suhde ihmisten elinoloihin ja hyvinvointiin 2.4 Sosiaalinen ulottuvuus maankäyttö-ja rakennuslaissa 2.5 Sosiaalinen kestävyys ja kaavan sosiaaliset tavoitteet 2.6 SVA:n rinnakkaiskäsitteet 3 Arvioinnin kytkeminen kaavoitusprosessiin 3.1 Periaatteina ennakointi ja vuorovaikutteisuus 3.2 SVA osana kaavaprosessia 4 Sosiaalisten vaikutusten sisältö kaavoituksessa 4.1 Alueen sosiaalinen luonne 4.2 Alueen toiminnallisuus 4.3 Koettu ympäristö (elämyksellisyys) 5 Sosiaalinen ulottuvuus eri kaavatasoilla ja-kohteissa 5.1 Arvioinnin ulottuvuuksia eri kaavatasoilla 5.2 Arvioinnin ulottuvuuksia eri suunnittelukohteissa 6 Sosiaalisten vaikutusten seuranta 6.1 Seuranta on alueellista oppimista 6.2 Sosiaalisten vaikutusten seurannan tavoitteet 6.3 Esimerkkejä seurannan järjestämisestä 6.4 Seuranta osana suunnitteluprosessia 6.5 Seurannan toimijat 6.6 Keinoja seurannan toteuttamiseksi 7 Arvioinnin ja seurannan menetelmistä 7.1 Mitä on sosiaalinen tieto 7.2 Kvantitatiivisia arviointimenetelmiä 7.3 Kvalitatiivisia arviointimenetelmiä 7.4 Yhdistelmiä kvantitatiivisista ja kvalitatiivisista menetelmistä 7.5 Tulosten tulkinnan lähteitä Yhteenveto ja jälkisanat Kirjallisuus ja lähteet Liite: Oppaita SVA:sta Kuvailulehti
The illustration above represents the history of political environmental awareness. Catchwords re... more The illustration above represents the history of political environmental awareness. Catchwords refer to the central topics in past decades, followed by some of the pivotal events which have taken place on the world scene. The timeline sums up the essential content of how sustainable development has been understood in each decade. Concern for the impact of environmental change on the development of humanity and economic growth was ushered into the arena of public debate in the 1950s and 60s by a few thought-provoking books. Many environmental organisations were founded, among them the Club of Rome, Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace. The key issue was concern for the depletion of natural resources. In the 1970s the discussion around sustainable development was marked by a dichotomy between the poor south and the rich north. Interrelation between population and the state of the environment was recognised in 1972, when the UN organised the first international conference to discuss the environmental effects of human actions. The conference gave rise to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The following year the EEC drew up an environmental programme as well. Ecocatastrophes were commonly discussed in public forums. The global nature of environmental problems was realised in the 1980s. In 1985 a hole was discovered in the ozone layer. The greenhouse effect became a talking point. The Brundtland Report outlined the first global solutions to environmental problems. The report also popularised the term "sustainable development". The same year the Single European Act turned environmental issues into a central theme for EU policy making. With the document, principles such as "polluter pays" became widely used. Discussion in the 1990s continued to be based on the idea of cooperation and common good that evolved in the 80s. The Maastricht Treaty saw the powers in environmental matters passed to the EU, and it was agreed in Amsterdam that the principles of sustainable development should permeate all EU operations. Population growth, human rights and equality were widely discussed. Agenda 21 regulated exploitation and conservation of forests. Kyoto Protocol laid down emission reductions for the industrial countries, cementing climate change as the main theme in the 21 st century. Apart from climate change, since the turn of the millennium sustainable development has increasingly emphasised humanity and culture. The European Union's Lisbon strategy (2000) emphasises skills, competitiveness and human well-being as a precondition of the former. The UN Millennium Declaration (2000) proclaims shared responsibility and universal human rights. At the Gothenburg Summit (2001) agreement was reached on slowing down climate change, increasing the use of clean energy, preventing health risks, responsible use of natural resources and improving transportation systems and land use. These themes form the framework for the sustainable development programmes in the EU and consequently, in Finland (2006). In its Human Security Report (2006), the UN formulated safety much in the way socially sustainable development is defined. Faced with a global threat, the problem centres on the individual whose desire and reason conflict. It is thought that the key challenge for sustainable development at the moment is guiding individual choice in a more sustainable direction, either by voluntary means or by imposing sanctions. In the latest UN reports (Human Development Report 2007/2008), the social impact of climate change and global equality are key issues. Well-being and safety gain an added significance in a world where uncertainty is growing. As natural conditions keep changing, satisfying basic human needs, such as a reliable water supply, may become the next main issue for sustainable development. 4 In this study, urban structure has been interpreted and approached as a broad concept that comprises both built environments (buildings, infrastructure) as well as human activities and social structures. In terms of scale, the examination of the urban structure extends from the regional level to cover single blocks and yards. In this presentation we use sustainability to refer to the ecological, social and economic sustainability of the urban structure. Regarding built environment, urban structure is controlled through urban and regional planning and other management systems for construction that are used in directing the development towards set targets. Land use management creates the core of urban planning with city planning-a lengthy process which establishes how areas are built. In addition to urban planning, the presentation brings forward the questions of mobility and transport as well. The theme has not been explored extensively, but its inclusion reminds of the close interaction between land use and mobility. Based on ecological requirements, adequacy of natural resources (renewable energy, water, air, food) must be a key factor for sustainable urban structure. But what kind of urban structure is most efficient with respect to the utilisation of natural resources? As for social sustainability, the basic prerequisite is human health and well-being; a sustainable urban structure offers quality of life now and in the future. The scope of this study excludes the third requirement of sustainability, economic efficiency. This would have further complicated the work and added to the material under review. The key actor singled out will be cities, which play an increasingly important role in the climate change mitigation as global urbanisation progresses. The political-administrative practices and structures of cities are vital for the aim of achieving sustainability. However, the cities cannot achieve results alone, and diverse partnerships with companies, NGOs, private citizens and the scientific community continue to increase in importance. For these reasons, the presentation includes sections on local governance and leadership as well as on participation and interaction. The presentation has been compiled to serve the Sustainable Communities programme by TEKES (Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation). The work was done as a collaboration between a multidisciplinary group of researchers, a process involving many long conversations and difficult choices. 5 ENVIRONMENT AND THE HUMAN BEING. This presentation explores urban structure as a space for interaction between societal regulation and steering. It also considers human experiences and behaviour as well as the choices made at an individual level. These two perspectives will emerge repeatedly in various parts of the presentation. Also megatrends, such as globalisation, urbanisation, advancement of technology and ageing population, steer development in particular directions. The structure of this presentation follows the definition of sustainable urban structure as presented above-in other words, the "seven dimensions" that each have a bearing on developing urban structures towards sustainability. Each dimension has its own colour, which structures the material in the presentation and is integrated into the project logo (illustration above). The logo also calls to mind how multilayered the urban structure is: each dimension relates to sustainable urban structure at many different levels. Urban structure reflects the megatrends and the structures and systems prevailing in the society as well as the choices made by people in their individual lives. The core of productive innovation is distilled from these layers; in other words, it is new technologies, planning solutions, organisational models etc. that lead towards sustainable development. The reporting method, "power reporting", is based on utilising the notes function of the common Power Point software. Therefore, the report can be used both as a slide show and as a written presentation supplemented with more detailed texts. The material presented is based on excerpts chosen from extensive international data sources by the group. The presentation includes references to scientific researches and policy programmes, as well as to concrete practices, plans, methods and products that we hope will inspire audiences to further develop the urban structure towards sustainability. 6 8 "Carbon neutral Newcastle-passionately protecting climate in the North East" "Ashton Hayes going carbon neutral! Aiming to be England's first carbon neutral village. The University of Chester informs us that we have cut our emissions by 21% since we started (2006)! Well done everyone. "
Liikenne-ja viestintäministeriö Toimielimen asettamispäivämäärä Julkaisun nimi Tulevaisuuden haas... more Liikenne-ja viestintäministeriö Toimielimen asettamispäivämäärä Julkaisun nimi Tulevaisuuden haasteita lasten ja nuorten liikkumistarpeissa Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on ollut selvittää lasten ja nuorten liikkumistottumuksia ja niihin vaikuttavia tekijöitä tulevaisuudessa. Asiaa on selvitetty viiden eri teeman alla: nuorten arkiliikkuminen, itsenäinen liikkuminen, asenteet, turvattomuus ja tulevaisuus. Tutkimus on tehty 6. ja 8. luokkalaisille koululaisille suunnatulla kyselyllä sekä asiantuntijahaastatteluilla. Kyselyt tehtiin viidessä eri koulussa, joista kaksi sijaitsi pääkaupunkiseudulla (Helsingissä ja Espoossa), yksi Kuopiossa ja kaksi Nurmijärvellä. Tutkimus on keskittynyt tarkastelemaan kulkutavan valintaa ja asenteita eri kulkutapoihin erityisesti joukkoliikenteen näkökulmasta. Koulumatkoihin kuluu eniten aikaa Nurmijärvellä asuvilla sekä helsinkiläisillä. Espoon Leppävaarassa koulua käyvillä koulumatka oli lyhyin. Kulkutavat poikkeavat merkittävästi asuinpaikan mukaan toisistaan. Espoolaisista kuudesluokkalaisista yli kolme neljäsosaa ja kahdeksasluokkalaisistakin yli puolet kulkevat koulumatkansa kävellen, Klaukkalan koulussa Nurmijärvellä ei kukaan. Nurmijärvellä yleisin kulkutapa koulumatkoilla oli mopo. Suhtautumisesta eri kulkutapoihin positiivisemmat mielikuvat kohdistuivat pyöräilyyn ja mopolla ajamiseen, kielteisimmät raitiovaunulla, bussilla tai koulutaksilla matkustamiseen. Joukkoliikenteessä myönteisimmin suhtauduttiin junaan, tosin kukaan kyselyyn vastaajista ei käyttänyt junaa päivittäisillä matkoillaan. Tytöt suhtautuivat sekä kävelyyn että bussilla matkustamiseen myönteisemmin kuin pojat. Kielteisimmin autoiluun suhtautuivat Helsingin ja Espoon vastaajat sekä tytöt yleisesti. Mielikuvat kävelystä painottuivat hauskaan, helppoon ja hyväksi kunnolle, mutta sitä pidettiin myös tylsänä ja hitaana. Pyöräilyyn liitetyt mielikuvat olivat selvemmin positiivisia kuin kävelyn. Autoilua pidettiin hauskana ja nopeana mutta myös tylsänä, passiivisena ja epämukavana. Joukkoliikennevälineistä bussiin liitettiin eniten kielteisiä mielikuvia, mutta sitä pidettiin myös hauskana, helppona ja tavallisena. Raideliikenne miellettiin hauskana, helppona, nopeana ja elämyksellisenä. Kielteisiä mielikuvia junasta olivat tylsä, epämukava ja kallis; metrosta ja raitiovaunusta epämiellyttävä. Joukkoliikenteen itsenäinen käyttö on aloitettu keskimäärin kolmasluokkalaisena, Nurmijärvellä vuotta myöhemmin kuin muualla. Itsenäisessä liikkumisessa erot olivat suurimmat viikonloppuisin, espoolaiset saivat liikkua yksin tai kaverin kanssa keskimäärin 2,5 luokka-astetta nuorempana kuin nurmijärveläiset. Vastaajat eivät olleet kokeneet juurikaan turvattomuuteen liittyviä ongelmia liikkumisessaan. Johtopäätöksenä esitetään, että mahdollisuus nuorten itsenäiseen liikkumiseen sekä kävelyn, pyöräilyn ja joukkoliikenteen suosion kasvattaminen tulevaisuudessa tulee ottaa huomioon mm. yhdyskuntien suunnittelussa, kasvatuksessa ja opetuksessa, joukkoliikennepalveluiden kehittämisessä ja uuden teknologian hyödyntämisessä. Tulevaisuudessa hyödyt näkyvät sekä myönteisinä terveys-että ympäristövaikutuksina.
Centricity and multi-locality of activity spaces: The varying ways young and old adults use neigh... more Centricity and multi-locality of activity spaces: The varying ways young and old adults use neighborhoods and extra-neighborhood spaces in Helsinki Metropolitan Area. Cities, 110, Article 103062.
System (PPGIS) for data collection has been significantly growing over the past few years in diff... more System (PPGIS) for data collection has been significantly growing over the past few years in different areas of research and practice. With the growing amount of data, there is little doubt that a potentially wider community can benefit from open access to them. Additionally, open data add to the transparency of research and can be considered as an essential feature of science. However, data anonymization is a complex task and the unique characteristics of PPGIS add to this complexity. PPGIS data often include personal spatial and non-spatial information, which essentially require different approaches for anonymization. In this study, we first identify different privacy concerns and then develop a PPGIS data anonymization strategy to overcome them for an open PPGIS data. Specifically, this article introduces a contextsensitive spatial anonymization method to protect individual home locations while maintaining their spatial resolution for mapping purposes. Furthermore, this study empirically evaluates the effects of data anonymization on PPGIS data quality. The results indicate that a satisfactory level of anonymization can be reached using this approach. Moreover, the assessment results indicate that the environmental and home range measurements as well as their intercorrelations are not significantly biased by the anonymization. However, necessary analytical measures such as use of larger spatial units is recommendable when anonymized data is used. In this study, European data protection regulations were used as the legal guidelines. However, adaptation of methods employed in this study may be also relevant to other countries where comparable regulations exist. Although specifically targeted at PPGIS data, what is discussed in this paper can be applicable to other similar spatial datasets as well.
We investigated how people's recreational activities, values, and land use preferences are relate... more We investigated how people's recreational activities, values, and land use preferences are related to the protection level, biodiversity and cultural heritage values of nature-based tourism areas in northern Finland. We assessed peoples' opinions using a public participation geographic information system (PPGIS) and analyzed the data together with spatial biodiversity and cultural heritage data from the same area. Associations between the PPGIS place markings with the protection level and biodiversity values were quite low, and for the cultural heritage sites they were altogether missing. Negative preferences were often marked in areas with high numbers of sites rated as pleasant and they overlapped with each other, indicating conflicting preferences. Since most activities are not noticeably related to the protection level or biodiversity values of a site they can be planned so as to protect the biodiversity of the area.
Rapid growth of the older population worldwide, coupled with their overreliance on automobile and... more Rapid growth of the older population worldwide, coupled with their overreliance on automobile and its negative consequences for the environment and for their wellbeing, has encouraged research on travel behavior of this age group. This study contributes to the literature by providing an integrated analysis of the effects of sociodemographic, built environmental, psycho-social, trip, and activity space attributes on shopping trip mode choice of older adults in Helsinki Metropolitan Area. Data was collected using an online map-based survey. Two person-based activity space models were developed, in addition to the commonly used 500-m buffer, to measure activity space and built environmental attributes. Integrated Choice and Latent Variable (ICLV) models were utilized to explore modal choice. Although the use of activity space models did not significantly increase the fit of ICLV models, it provided different information. Walkability index showed a positive significant effect on walking...
Children interact with and are greatly affected by their neighbourhoods. This research aims to un... more Children interact with and are greatly affected by their neighbourhoods. This research aims to understand the places children go in their neighbourhood and their perceptions of them. A child-centred approach was used to map destinations and ask open-ended survey questions, using Maptionnaire (a public participation geographic information system (PPGIS) mapping software). Overall, 1102 children aged 7-13 years, from 19 schools in Auckland, New Zealand participated. PPGIS destinations were mapped with parks, unhealthy food outlets and advertising to contextualise children's neighbourhood destinations. We developed and present here the Kids-PoND (Kids-Perceptions of Neighbourhood Destinations) framework for understanding children's perceptions and use of neighbourhood destinations. We found parks with a variety of options for active play and socialisation are important to children as are shops where children consumed unhealthy food and drink. Our findings have implications for public health, town planning, children and their parents and schools.
When touched, dissimilar materials, such as metal and wood, evoke different thermal sensations wh... more When touched, dissimilar materials, such as metal and wood, evoke different thermal sensations when both are maintained at room temperature due to the inherent differences in their thermo-physical properties. In this study, we employed psychophysical experiments to quantify the tactile perception of surface temperature using pine wood, oak wood and ceramic floor tile. Twenty-four participants (10 female, 14 male; age 27 +-5 years) took part in the experiment. The results showed that a pine surface at 20.0 ºC feels equally cold to that of an oak surface with a temperature of 20.9 ºC. After increasing or decreasing the oak surface temperature by 1.2 °C (from 20.9 °C) it began to feel, respectively, either warmer or colder than the pine surface at 20 °C. Similarly, the pine surface at 20.0 °C and ceramic tile surface at 22.8 °C evoked an equal sensation of cold and, by raising the temperature of the ceramic tile by 0.9 °C from 22.8 °C, it began to feel warmer than the pine at 20 °C. On the other hand, by decreasing the temperature of the ceramic tile by the same amount (0.9 °C), the pine surface at 20 °C began to feel warmer. The quantification of temperature perception seems to offer a promising approach to precisely evaluating the tactile warmth and thermal behaviour of building materials used in diverse applications. We further discuss how these results might offer insights into how the heating/cooling energy required in buildings might be reduced with the careful selection of construction materials.
While participatory urban and regional planning have become a widely accepted approach to enhance... more While participatory urban and regional planning have become a widely accepted approach to enhance the democratic aims of community and urban development, challenges still remain. Planners lack the knowledge of usable tools to reach broader groups of participants, which can turn participation into a small-group elitist activity. Also, the quality and utilisation of the knowledge produced is problematic, the collected data remains invisible and systematic analysis is often not realized. In this article, we ask whether digitally supported PPGIS (public participation Geographical Information Systems) tools can help addressing these challenges. Through a critical analysis and reflection upon over 200 real life planning cases in Finland (62%) and other countries (38%) using PPGIS methodology we study the ability of PPGIS tools to (1) enhance effective arrangements of public participation, (2) reach a broad spectrum of people and 3) produce high quality and versatile knowledge. Our results indicate a variety of advantages and disadvantages in using PPGIS methodology in urban and regional planning practice. By categorizing the pros and cons of using PPGIS in practise, we enable planners to implement more inclusive and people-centred urban and regional planning in the future.
Activity space (AS) is a measure of spatial behavior used to summarize the mobility behavior of i... more Activity space (AS) is a measure of spatial behavior used to summarize the mobility behavior of individuals. Current studies often highlight the fact that AS is highly complex and multidimensional in character. Therefore, the need for more holistic approaches providing more comprehensive descriptions of mobility patterns is evident. This article assesses the activity spaces of young adults aged 25–40 living in the Helsinki metropolitan area using a dataset collected with an online map survey. Using a wide range of measurements covering different aspects of AS, we identified seven components that define activity spaces, namely size, intensity of activities, volume of trips, exteriority, polycentricity, elongation, and destination specialization. We then used the components together with travel mode use to identify a typology of daily mobility patterns. The results show that individuals with different types of AS differ significantly in their socio-demographic characteristics, such as...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2018
Physical activity is a fundamental factor in healthy ageing, and the built environment has been l... more Physical activity is a fundamental factor in healthy ageing, and the built environment has been linked to individual health outcomes. Understanding the linkages between older adult’s walking and the built environment are key to designing supportive environments for active ageing. However, the variety of different spatial scales of human mobility has been largely overlooked in the environmental health research. This study used an online participatory mapping method and a novel modelling of individual activity spaces to study the associations between both the environmental and the individual features and older adults’ walking in the environments where older adult’s actually move around. Study participants (n = 844) aged 55+ who live in Helsinki Metropolitan Area, Finland reported their everyday errand points on a map and indicated which transport mode they used and how frequently they accessed the places. Respondents walking trips were drawn from the data and the direct and indirect e...
This is an electronic reprint of the original article. This reprint may differ from the original ... more This is an electronic reprint of the original article. This reprint may differ from the original in pagination and typographic detail.
Researchers for long have hypothesized relationships between mobility, urban context, and health.... more Researchers for long have hypothesized relationships between mobility, urban context, and health. Despite the ample amount of discussions, the empirical findings corroborating such associations remain to be marginal in the literature. It is growingly believed that the weakness of the observed associations can be largely explained by the common misspecification of the geographical context. Researchers coming from different fields have developed a wide range of methods for estimating the extents of these geographical contexts. In this article, we argue that no single approach yet has sufficiently been capable of capturing the complexity of human mobility patterns. Subsequently, we discuss that reaching a better understanding of individual activity spaces can be possible through a spatially sensitive estimation of place exposure. Following this discussion, we take an integrative person and place-based approach to create an individualized residential exposure model (IREM) to estimate the local activity spaces (LAS) of the individuals. This model is created using data collected through public participation GIS. Following a brief comparison of IREM with other commonly used LAS models, the article continues by presenting an empirical study of aging citizens in Helsinki area to demonstrate the usability of the proposed framework. In this study, we identify the main dimensions of LASs and seek their associations with sociodemographic characteristics of individuals and their location in the region. The promising results from comparisons and the interesting findings from the empirical part suggest both a methodological and conceptual improvement in capturing the complexity of local activity spaces.
Recent empirical research has confirmed the importance of green infrastructure and outdoor recrea... more Recent empirical research has confirmed the importance of green infrastructure and outdoor recreation to urban people’s well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, only a few studies provide cross-city analyses. We analyse outdoor recreation behaviour across four Nordic cities ranging from metropolitan areas to a middle-sized city. We collected map-based survey data from residents (n = 469–4992) in spring 2020 and spatially analyse green infrastructure near mapped outdoor recreation sites and respondents’ places of residence. Our statistical examination reveals how the interplay among access to green infrastructure across cities and at respondents’ residential location, together with respondents’ socio-demographic profiles and lockdown policies or pandemic restrictions, affects outdoor recreation behaviour. The results highlight that for pandemic resilience, the history of Nordic spatial planning is important. To support well-being in exceptional situations as well as in the l...
Recent years have seen a massive development of geospatial sensing systems informing the use of s... more Recent years have seen a massive development of geospatial sensing systems informing the use of space. However, rarely do these sensing systems inform transformation towards urban sustainability. Drawing on four global urban case examples, we conceptualize how passive and active sensing systems should be harnessed to secure an inclusive, sustainable and resilient urban transformation. We derive principles for stakeholders highlighting the need for an iterative dialogue along a sensing loop, new modes of governance enabling direct feeding of sensed information, an account for data biases in the sensing processes and a commitment to high ethical standards, including open access data sharing.
The article ''Safety perceptions in university campuses: the role of environment'', written by De... more The article ''Safety perceptions in university campuses: the role of environment'', written by Dengkai Huang, Vania Ceccato, Marketta Kyttä was originally published electronically on the publisher's internet portal (currently SpringerLink) on May 10, 2022 without open access. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the Crime drop in Ghana? Some insights from crime patterns and trends 445 material.
Sosiaalisten vaikutusten arviointi kaavoituksessa Avauksia sisältöön ja menetelmiin brought to yo... more Sosiaalisten vaikutusten arviointi kaavoituksessa Avauksia sisältöön ja menetelmiin brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk provided by Helsingin yliopiston digitaalinen arkisto Kaavoituksen ja elinympäristön sosiaalisesta ulottuvuudesta 2.1 Mitä sosiaalisten vaikutusten arviointi on? 8 2.2 Sosiaalisten vaikutusten arvioinnin erityispiirteitä 9 2.3 Kaavoituksen suhde ihmisten elinoloihin ja hyvinvointiin 2.4 Sosiaalinen ulottuvuus maankäyttö-ja rakennuslaissa 2.5 Sosiaalinen kestävyys ja kaavan sosiaaliset tavoitteet 2.6 SVA:n rinnakkaiskäsitteet 3 Arvioinnin kytkeminen kaavoitusprosessiin 3.1 Periaatteina ennakointi ja vuorovaikutteisuus 3.2 SVA osana kaavaprosessia 4 Sosiaalisten vaikutusten sisältö kaavoituksessa 4.1 Alueen sosiaalinen luonne 4.2 Alueen toiminnallisuus 4.3 Koettu ympäristö (elämyksellisyys) 5 Sosiaalinen ulottuvuus eri kaavatasoilla ja-kohteissa 5.1 Arvioinnin ulottuvuuksia eri kaavatasoilla 5.2 Arvioinnin ulottuvuuksia eri suunnittelukohteissa 6 Sosiaalisten vaikutusten seuranta 6.1 Seuranta on alueellista oppimista 6.2 Sosiaalisten vaikutusten seurannan tavoitteet 6.3 Esimerkkejä seurannan järjestämisestä 6.4 Seuranta osana suunnitteluprosessia 6.5 Seurannan toimijat 6.6 Keinoja seurannan toteuttamiseksi 7 Arvioinnin ja seurannan menetelmistä 7.1 Mitä on sosiaalinen tieto 7.2 Kvantitatiivisia arviointimenetelmiä 7.3 Kvalitatiivisia arviointimenetelmiä 7.4 Yhdistelmiä kvantitatiivisista ja kvalitatiivisista menetelmistä 7.5 Tulosten tulkinnan lähteitä Yhteenveto ja jälkisanat Kirjallisuus ja lähteet Liite: Oppaita SVA:sta Kuvailulehti
The illustration above represents the history of political environmental awareness. Catchwords re... more The illustration above represents the history of political environmental awareness. Catchwords refer to the central topics in past decades, followed by some of the pivotal events which have taken place on the world scene. The timeline sums up the essential content of how sustainable development has been understood in each decade. Concern for the impact of environmental change on the development of humanity and economic growth was ushered into the arena of public debate in the 1950s and 60s by a few thought-provoking books. Many environmental organisations were founded, among them the Club of Rome, Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace. The key issue was concern for the depletion of natural resources. In the 1970s the discussion around sustainable development was marked by a dichotomy between the poor south and the rich north. Interrelation between population and the state of the environment was recognised in 1972, when the UN organised the first international conference to discuss the environmental effects of human actions. The conference gave rise to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The following year the EEC drew up an environmental programme as well. Ecocatastrophes were commonly discussed in public forums. The global nature of environmental problems was realised in the 1980s. In 1985 a hole was discovered in the ozone layer. The greenhouse effect became a talking point. The Brundtland Report outlined the first global solutions to environmental problems. The report also popularised the term "sustainable development". The same year the Single European Act turned environmental issues into a central theme for EU policy making. With the document, principles such as "polluter pays" became widely used. Discussion in the 1990s continued to be based on the idea of cooperation and common good that evolved in the 80s. The Maastricht Treaty saw the powers in environmental matters passed to the EU, and it was agreed in Amsterdam that the principles of sustainable development should permeate all EU operations. Population growth, human rights and equality were widely discussed. Agenda 21 regulated exploitation and conservation of forests. Kyoto Protocol laid down emission reductions for the industrial countries, cementing climate change as the main theme in the 21 st century. Apart from climate change, since the turn of the millennium sustainable development has increasingly emphasised humanity and culture. The European Union's Lisbon strategy (2000) emphasises skills, competitiveness and human well-being as a precondition of the former. The UN Millennium Declaration (2000) proclaims shared responsibility and universal human rights. At the Gothenburg Summit (2001) agreement was reached on slowing down climate change, increasing the use of clean energy, preventing health risks, responsible use of natural resources and improving transportation systems and land use. These themes form the framework for the sustainable development programmes in the EU and consequently, in Finland (2006). In its Human Security Report (2006), the UN formulated safety much in the way socially sustainable development is defined. Faced with a global threat, the problem centres on the individual whose desire and reason conflict. It is thought that the key challenge for sustainable development at the moment is guiding individual choice in a more sustainable direction, either by voluntary means or by imposing sanctions. In the latest UN reports (Human Development Report 2007/2008), the social impact of climate change and global equality are key issues. Well-being and safety gain an added significance in a world where uncertainty is growing. As natural conditions keep changing, satisfying basic human needs, such as a reliable water supply, may become the next main issue for sustainable development. 4 In this study, urban structure has been interpreted and approached as a broad concept that comprises both built environments (buildings, infrastructure) as well as human activities and social structures. In terms of scale, the examination of the urban structure extends from the regional level to cover single blocks and yards. In this presentation we use sustainability to refer to the ecological, social and economic sustainability of the urban structure. Regarding built environment, urban structure is controlled through urban and regional planning and other management systems for construction that are used in directing the development towards set targets. Land use management creates the core of urban planning with city planning-a lengthy process which establishes how areas are built. In addition to urban planning, the presentation brings forward the questions of mobility and transport as well. The theme has not been explored extensively, but its inclusion reminds of the close interaction between land use and mobility. Based on ecological requirements, adequacy of natural resources (renewable energy, water, air, food) must be a key factor for sustainable urban structure. But what kind of urban structure is most efficient with respect to the utilisation of natural resources? As for social sustainability, the basic prerequisite is human health and well-being; a sustainable urban structure offers quality of life now and in the future. The scope of this study excludes the third requirement of sustainability, economic efficiency. This would have further complicated the work and added to the material under review. The key actor singled out will be cities, which play an increasingly important role in the climate change mitigation as global urbanisation progresses. The political-administrative practices and structures of cities are vital for the aim of achieving sustainability. However, the cities cannot achieve results alone, and diverse partnerships with companies, NGOs, private citizens and the scientific community continue to increase in importance. For these reasons, the presentation includes sections on local governance and leadership as well as on participation and interaction. The presentation has been compiled to serve the Sustainable Communities programme by TEKES (Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation). The work was done as a collaboration between a multidisciplinary group of researchers, a process involving many long conversations and difficult choices. 5 ENVIRONMENT AND THE HUMAN BEING. This presentation explores urban structure as a space for interaction between societal regulation and steering. It also considers human experiences and behaviour as well as the choices made at an individual level. These two perspectives will emerge repeatedly in various parts of the presentation. Also megatrends, such as globalisation, urbanisation, advancement of technology and ageing population, steer development in particular directions. The structure of this presentation follows the definition of sustainable urban structure as presented above-in other words, the "seven dimensions" that each have a bearing on developing urban structures towards sustainability. Each dimension has its own colour, which structures the material in the presentation and is integrated into the project logo (illustration above). The logo also calls to mind how multilayered the urban structure is: each dimension relates to sustainable urban structure at many different levels. Urban structure reflects the megatrends and the structures and systems prevailing in the society as well as the choices made by people in their individual lives. The core of productive innovation is distilled from these layers; in other words, it is new technologies, planning solutions, organisational models etc. that lead towards sustainable development. The reporting method, "power reporting", is based on utilising the notes function of the common Power Point software. Therefore, the report can be used both as a slide show and as a written presentation supplemented with more detailed texts. The material presented is based on excerpts chosen from extensive international data sources by the group. The presentation includes references to scientific researches and policy programmes, as well as to concrete practices, plans, methods and products that we hope will inspire audiences to further develop the urban structure towards sustainability. 6 8 "Carbon neutral Newcastle-passionately protecting climate in the North East" "Ashton Hayes going carbon neutral! Aiming to be England's first carbon neutral village. The University of Chester informs us that we have cut our emissions by 21% since we started (2006)! Well done everyone. "
Liikenne-ja viestintäministeriö Toimielimen asettamispäivämäärä Julkaisun nimi Tulevaisuuden haas... more Liikenne-ja viestintäministeriö Toimielimen asettamispäivämäärä Julkaisun nimi Tulevaisuuden haasteita lasten ja nuorten liikkumistarpeissa Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on ollut selvittää lasten ja nuorten liikkumistottumuksia ja niihin vaikuttavia tekijöitä tulevaisuudessa. Asiaa on selvitetty viiden eri teeman alla: nuorten arkiliikkuminen, itsenäinen liikkuminen, asenteet, turvattomuus ja tulevaisuus. Tutkimus on tehty 6. ja 8. luokkalaisille koululaisille suunnatulla kyselyllä sekä asiantuntijahaastatteluilla. Kyselyt tehtiin viidessä eri koulussa, joista kaksi sijaitsi pääkaupunkiseudulla (Helsingissä ja Espoossa), yksi Kuopiossa ja kaksi Nurmijärvellä. Tutkimus on keskittynyt tarkastelemaan kulkutavan valintaa ja asenteita eri kulkutapoihin erityisesti joukkoliikenteen näkökulmasta. Koulumatkoihin kuluu eniten aikaa Nurmijärvellä asuvilla sekä helsinkiläisillä. Espoon Leppävaarassa koulua käyvillä koulumatka oli lyhyin. Kulkutavat poikkeavat merkittävästi asuinpaikan mukaan toisistaan. Espoolaisista kuudesluokkalaisista yli kolme neljäsosaa ja kahdeksasluokkalaisistakin yli puolet kulkevat koulumatkansa kävellen, Klaukkalan koulussa Nurmijärvellä ei kukaan. Nurmijärvellä yleisin kulkutapa koulumatkoilla oli mopo. Suhtautumisesta eri kulkutapoihin positiivisemmat mielikuvat kohdistuivat pyöräilyyn ja mopolla ajamiseen, kielteisimmät raitiovaunulla, bussilla tai koulutaksilla matkustamiseen. Joukkoliikenteessä myönteisimmin suhtauduttiin junaan, tosin kukaan kyselyyn vastaajista ei käyttänyt junaa päivittäisillä matkoillaan. Tytöt suhtautuivat sekä kävelyyn että bussilla matkustamiseen myönteisemmin kuin pojat. Kielteisimmin autoiluun suhtautuivat Helsingin ja Espoon vastaajat sekä tytöt yleisesti. Mielikuvat kävelystä painottuivat hauskaan, helppoon ja hyväksi kunnolle, mutta sitä pidettiin myös tylsänä ja hitaana. Pyöräilyyn liitetyt mielikuvat olivat selvemmin positiivisia kuin kävelyn. Autoilua pidettiin hauskana ja nopeana mutta myös tylsänä, passiivisena ja epämukavana. Joukkoliikennevälineistä bussiin liitettiin eniten kielteisiä mielikuvia, mutta sitä pidettiin myös hauskana, helppona ja tavallisena. Raideliikenne miellettiin hauskana, helppona, nopeana ja elämyksellisenä. Kielteisiä mielikuvia junasta olivat tylsä, epämukava ja kallis; metrosta ja raitiovaunusta epämiellyttävä. Joukkoliikenteen itsenäinen käyttö on aloitettu keskimäärin kolmasluokkalaisena, Nurmijärvellä vuotta myöhemmin kuin muualla. Itsenäisessä liikkumisessa erot olivat suurimmat viikonloppuisin, espoolaiset saivat liikkua yksin tai kaverin kanssa keskimäärin 2,5 luokka-astetta nuorempana kuin nurmijärveläiset. Vastaajat eivät olleet kokeneet juurikaan turvattomuuteen liittyviä ongelmia liikkumisessaan. Johtopäätöksenä esitetään, että mahdollisuus nuorten itsenäiseen liikkumiseen sekä kävelyn, pyöräilyn ja joukkoliikenteen suosion kasvattaminen tulevaisuudessa tulee ottaa huomioon mm. yhdyskuntien suunnittelussa, kasvatuksessa ja opetuksessa, joukkoliikennepalveluiden kehittämisessä ja uuden teknologian hyödyntämisessä. Tulevaisuudessa hyödyt näkyvät sekä myönteisinä terveys-että ympäristövaikutuksina.
Centricity and multi-locality of activity spaces: The varying ways young and old adults use neigh... more Centricity and multi-locality of activity spaces: The varying ways young and old adults use neighborhoods and extra-neighborhood spaces in Helsinki Metropolitan Area. Cities, 110, Article 103062.
System (PPGIS) for data collection has been significantly growing over the past few years in diff... more System (PPGIS) for data collection has been significantly growing over the past few years in different areas of research and practice. With the growing amount of data, there is little doubt that a potentially wider community can benefit from open access to them. Additionally, open data add to the transparency of research and can be considered as an essential feature of science. However, data anonymization is a complex task and the unique characteristics of PPGIS add to this complexity. PPGIS data often include personal spatial and non-spatial information, which essentially require different approaches for anonymization. In this study, we first identify different privacy concerns and then develop a PPGIS data anonymization strategy to overcome them for an open PPGIS data. Specifically, this article introduces a contextsensitive spatial anonymization method to protect individual home locations while maintaining their spatial resolution for mapping purposes. Furthermore, this study empirically evaluates the effects of data anonymization on PPGIS data quality. The results indicate that a satisfactory level of anonymization can be reached using this approach. Moreover, the assessment results indicate that the environmental and home range measurements as well as their intercorrelations are not significantly biased by the anonymization. However, necessary analytical measures such as use of larger spatial units is recommendable when anonymized data is used. In this study, European data protection regulations were used as the legal guidelines. However, adaptation of methods employed in this study may be also relevant to other countries where comparable regulations exist. Although specifically targeted at PPGIS data, what is discussed in this paper can be applicable to other similar spatial datasets as well.
We investigated how people's recreational activities, values, and land use preferences are relate... more We investigated how people's recreational activities, values, and land use preferences are related to the protection level, biodiversity and cultural heritage values of nature-based tourism areas in northern Finland. We assessed peoples' opinions using a public participation geographic information system (PPGIS) and analyzed the data together with spatial biodiversity and cultural heritage data from the same area. Associations between the PPGIS place markings with the protection level and biodiversity values were quite low, and for the cultural heritage sites they were altogether missing. Negative preferences were often marked in areas with high numbers of sites rated as pleasant and they overlapped with each other, indicating conflicting preferences. Since most activities are not noticeably related to the protection level or biodiversity values of a site they can be planned so as to protect the biodiversity of the area.
Rapid growth of the older population worldwide, coupled with their overreliance on automobile and... more Rapid growth of the older population worldwide, coupled with their overreliance on automobile and its negative consequences for the environment and for their wellbeing, has encouraged research on travel behavior of this age group. This study contributes to the literature by providing an integrated analysis of the effects of sociodemographic, built environmental, psycho-social, trip, and activity space attributes on shopping trip mode choice of older adults in Helsinki Metropolitan Area. Data was collected using an online map-based survey. Two person-based activity space models were developed, in addition to the commonly used 500-m buffer, to measure activity space and built environmental attributes. Integrated Choice and Latent Variable (ICLV) models were utilized to explore modal choice. Although the use of activity space models did not significantly increase the fit of ICLV models, it provided different information. Walkability index showed a positive significant effect on walking...
Children interact with and are greatly affected by their neighbourhoods. This research aims to un... more Children interact with and are greatly affected by their neighbourhoods. This research aims to understand the places children go in their neighbourhood and their perceptions of them. A child-centred approach was used to map destinations and ask open-ended survey questions, using Maptionnaire (a public participation geographic information system (PPGIS) mapping software). Overall, 1102 children aged 7-13 years, from 19 schools in Auckland, New Zealand participated. PPGIS destinations were mapped with parks, unhealthy food outlets and advertising to contextualise children's neighbourhood destinations. We developed and present here the Kids-PoND (Kids-Perceptions of Neighbourhood Destinations) framework for understanding children's perceptions and use of neighbourhood destinations. We found parks with a variety of options for active play and socialisation are important to children as are shops where children consumed unhealthy food and drink. Our findings have implications for public health, town planning, children and their parents and schools.
When touched, dissimilar materials, such as metal and wood, evoke different thermal sensations wh... more When touched, dissimilar materials, such as metal and wood, evoke different thermal sensations when both are maintained at room temperature due to the inherent differences in their thermo-physical properties. In this study, we employed psychophysical experiments to quantify the tactile perception of surface temperature using pine wood, oak wood and ceramic floor tile. Twenty-four participants (10 female, 14 male; age 27 +-5 years) took part in the experiment. The results showed that a pine surface at 20.0 ºC feels equally cold to that of an oak surface with a temperature of 20.9 ºC. After increasing or decreasing the oak surface temperature by 1.2 °C (from 20.9 °C) it began to feel, respectively, either warmer or colder than the pine surface at 20 °C. Similarly, the pine surface at 20.0 °C and ceramic tile surface at 22.8 °C evoked an equal sensation of cold and, by raising the temperature of the ceramic tile by 0.9 °C from 22.8 °C, it began to feel warmer than the pine at 20 °C. On the other hand, by decreasing the temperature of the ceramic tile by the same amount (0.9 °C), the pine surface at 20 °C began to feel warmer. The quantification of temperature perception seems to offer a promising approach to precisely evaluating the tactile warmth and thermal behaviour of building materials used in diverse applications. We further discuss how these results might offer insights into how the heating/cooling energy required in buildings might be reduced with the careful selection of construction materials.
While participatory urban and regional planning have become a widely accepted approach to enhance... more While participatory urban and regional planning have become a widely accepted approach to enhance the democratic aims of community and urban development, challenges still remain. Planners lack the knowledge of usable tools to reach broader groups of participants, which can turn participation into a small-group elitist activity. Also, the quality and utilisation of the knowledge produced is problematic, the collected data remains invisible and systematic analysis is often not realized. In this article, we ask whether digitally supported PPGIS (public participation Geographical Information Systems) tools can help addressing these challenges. Through a critical analysis and reflection upon over 200 real life planning cases in Finland (62%) and other countries (38%) using PPGIS methodology we study the ability of PPGIS tools to (1) enhance effective arrangements of public participation, (2) reach a broad spectrum of people and 3) produce high quality and versatile knowledge. Our results indicate a variety of advantages and disadvantages in using PPGIS methodology in urban and regional planning practice. By categorizing the pros and cons of using PPGIS in practise, we enable planners to implement more inclusive and people-centred urban and regional planning in the future.
Activity space (AS) is a measure of spatial behavior used to summarize the mobility behavior of i... more Activity space (AS) is a measure of spatial behavior used to summarize the mobility behavior of individuals. Current studies often highlight the fact that AS is highly complex and multidimensional in character. Therefore, the need for more holistic approaches providing more comprehensive descriptions of mobility patterns is evident. This article assesses the activity spaces of young adults aged 25–40 living in the Helsinki metropolitan area using a dataset collected with an online map survey. Using a wide range of measurements covering different aspects of AS, we identified seven components that define activity spaces, namely size, intensity of activities, volume of trips, exteriority, polycentricity, elongation, and destination specialization. We then used the components together with travel mode use to identify a typology of daily mobility patterns. The results show that individuals with different types of AS differ significantly in their socio-demographic characteristics, such as...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2018
Physical activity is a fundamental factor in healthy ageing, and the built environment has been l... more Physical activity is a fundamental factor in healthy ageing, and the built environment has been linked to individual health outcomes. Understanding the linkages between older adult’s walking and the built environment are key to designing supportive environments for active ageing. However, the variety of different spatial scales of human mobility has been largely overlooked in the environmental health research. This study used an online participatory mapping method and a novel modelling of individual activity spaces to study the associations between both the environmental and the individual features and older adults’ walking in the environments where older adult’s actually move around. Study participants (n = 844) aged 55+ who live in Helsinki Metropolitan Area, Finland reported their everyday errand points on a map and indicated which transport mode they used and how frequently they accessed the places. Respondents walking trips were drawn from the data and the direct and indirect e...
This is an electronic reprint of the original article. This reprint may differ from the original ... more This is an electronic reprint of the original article. This reprint may differ from the original in pagination and typographic detail.
Researchers for long have hypothesized relationships between mobility, urban context, and health.... more Researchers for long have hypothesized relationships between mobility, urban context, and health. Despite the ample amount of discussions, the empirical findings corroborating such associations remain to be marginal in the literature. It is growingly believed that the weakness of the observed associations can be largely explained by the common misspecification of the geographical context. Researchers coming from different fields have developed a wide range of methods for estimating the extents of these geographical contexts. In this article, we argue that no single approach yet has sufficiently been capable of capturing the complexity of human mobility patterns. Subsequently, we discuss that reaching a better understanding of individual activity spaces can be possible through a spatially sensitive estimation of place exposure. Following this discussion, we take an integrative person and place-based approach to create an individualized residential exposure model (IREM) to estimate the local activity spaces (LAS) of the individuals. This model is created using data collected through public participation GIS. Following a brief comparison of IREM with other commonly used LAS models, the article continues by presenting an empirical study of aging citizens in Helsinki area to demonstrate the usability of the proposed framework. In this study, we identify the main dimensions of LASs and seek their associations with sociodemographic characteristics of individuals and their location in the region. The promising results from comparisons and the interesting findings from the empirical part suggest both a methodological and conceptual improvement in capturing the complexity of local activity spaces.
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