Anti Social Behaviour

The residual nature of social housing leads some vulnerable people into the highly regulated world of tenancies and social housing powers that aims to ensure the good behaviour of all tenants. This books sets out to explore how social housing tenants with a Variable Mental Capacity (VMC) are governed through anti-social behaviour and housing legislation. Applying existing literature, governing this way can create and maintain what Foucault would term ‘docile bodies’ within a community. Whilst acknowledging the ‘individual society’ (Bauman 2000), this research seeks to compare theoretical concepts in a discussion on how tenants with VMC are governed as individuals by housing professionals, but are required to be a ‘docile body’ by the community. This book is written in an endeavour to improve the human condition. It aims to start the debate about how various professionals approach the management of tenants/clients whose mental condition can give rise to ASB.
What is problematized is the issue of support versus enforcement; as Parr (2010) discusses in relation to the housing professional being in the midst of the two agendas of ASB and community care. Whilst trying to appease the community, the individual tenant could be vulnerable to punitive measures that will not aid his recovery to good mental health. The literature acknowledges that the housing professional is not trained to identify mental illness (Parr 2010). They are reliant on those agencies that have the expertise to assess and diagnose. The problem arises when those agencies will not or cannot diagnose them and give them support to aid the individual in his or her recovery. This book scrutinises the relationships between housing and mental health professionals to tease out where tensions could arise when managing tenants who may need support over enforcement to resolve their ASB.

The Melbourne metropolitan train network has experienced incidents of anti-social behaviour and crime across the network over recent years. Identification of this problem has lead to design research aimed at exploring ways to minimise anti-social behaviour, improve passenger security and the perceptions of Melbourne's railway system.

This report presents the findings of research on antisocial behaviour (henceforth ASB) in London. The research explored the impact of ASB on the lives of Londoners and examined how agencies are responding to problems of ASB across London. The overall aim of the research was to inform, and set the context for, the development of the London AntiSocial Behaviour Strategy. The strategy is being produced by 11 cross-London agencies with shared responsibilities for tackling ASB, and establishes a regional framework for action on ASB. There were four main components to the research: A review of findings of recent surveys of Londoners' attitudes to ASB. Focus groups with Londoners from minority and marginalised groups. A review of data on relevant agencies' ASB workloads. An assessment of responses to ASB in three contrasting London boroughs.

Antisocial behaviour (ASB) has received increasing political and media attention. It is of great concern to the public. The police are under pressure to tackle it, in particular using antisocial behaviour orders (ASBOs). There is currently little hard data on what is effective. This article presents findings from an evaluation of an ASB Taskforce, which increasingly focused on using ASBOs. Whilst there is evidence of a citywide reduction in perceived ASB, there is none that reported levels have fallen. The difficulties facing the police are discussed. It is concluded that a broader approach to the problem would be more promising.

Drug addiction, violence and anti-social behaviour are characteristics of street prostitution. An alternative approach to zero tolerance is establishing a managed zone where sex workers operate according to regulations and can access health services. Using a consultation with sex workers ðn ¼ 50Þ, businesses ðn ¼ 51Þ, residents ðn ¼ 179Þ and the public ðn ¼ 789Þ we examined where a zone might be established in a UK city (Liverpool) and characteristics of the zone required by these stakeholders. All groups believed a zone would improve sex workers' safety and reduce prostitution elsewhere. Sex workers (96%) agreed to work in a zone. Location criteria from all groups were used to identify two potential business areas to host a zone but businesses in or near these areas rejected plans through fear for staff safety and reduced business. We discuss the consultation process, difficulties in locating services for marginalised groups in cities and the implications for health and judicial policy relating to prostitution. r

Abstract: Measures introduced to tackle anti-social behaviour have been described as crime control through the coming together of social housing management and policing. This suggests that a new form of social control is coming into effect. Taking Cohen's classic analysis of ...

Machiavellianism, Narcissism and Psychopathy are often referred to as the Ôdark triadÕ of personality. We examined the degree to which these constructs could be identified in 82 persons recruited from the general population, predicting that the dark triad would emerge as a single dimension denoting the cardinal interpersonal elements of primary psychopathy. We expected the primary psychopathy dimension to correlate negatively with Agreeableness (A) and Conscientiousness (C), whereas secondary psychopathy would be associated with Neuroticism (N). The negative correlation was found between primary psychopathy and A, but not with C. While the predicted correlation between secondary psychopathy and N was found, N was also positively associated with primary psychopathy and Machiavellianism. Factor analysis revealed that all measures of the dark triad loaded positively on the same factor, upon which A loaded negatively. Secondary psychopathy loaded positively on a second factor, together with N and (negatively) with C. These findings reiterate the distinguishing properties of secondary psychopathy, impulsivity and anti-social behaviour relative to primary psychopathy. Thus, even in the general population, the dark dimension of personality can be described in terms of low A, whereas much of the anti-social behaviour in normal persons appears underpinned by high N and low C.

Legislation: Antisocial Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014 (c.12) *P.L. 343 Since the mid-1990s antisocial behaviour (ASB)-and responses thereto-have played a prominent role in both political discourse and the criminal justice system. Amidst significant focus on problems associated with ASB, there emerged a shift in governmental policies towards risk management and preventive-led interventions. 1 Not only was this shift aimed at providing a means of early intervention, it also had the objective of moving towards a more victim-oriented approach. 2 The criminal justice system had previously been accused of "safeguarding the rights of the accused" at the expense of paying sufficient attention to the harm suffered by victims and their needs, 3 hence the need for a more balanced approach. The cornerstone of the response to ASB was the antisocial behaviour order (ASBO), which was introduced under the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (the 1998 Act). 4 The enactment of the Antisocial Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014 (the 2014 Act) sought to revolutionise the law on ASB by providing a more effective and flexible legal framework to local communities. 5 To this end, a raft of new measures was introduced. Some of these new measures, such as the Part 1 injunction, repealed and replaced pre-existing instruments, such as the ASBO, whereas others, such as the community trigger, 6 are completely new. This article offers new insights into the ASB regime by focusing on key developments under the 2014 Act. The article is structured in three parts. It begins by providing a critical analysis of the pre-2014 legal framework on ASB and the main challenges posed by it. Secondly, it offers a critical evaluation of the 2014 *P.L. 344 amendments focusing specifically on: i) the extended definition of ASB; ii) the repeal and replacement of both the ASBO and the post-conviction ASBO (CrASBO) by the injunction and the criminal behaviour order (CBO) respectively; and iii) the introduction of positive obligations. Thirdly, the article presents findings of an empirical study conducted with local enforcement agents focusing on the impact that the abovementioned developments have had on the daily administration of ASB at a local level. 7 Although there is extensive empirical research on the pre-2014 ASB framework, 8 this article delivers the first empirical data (that the author is aware of) on the implementation of the 2014 amendments. The findings of this study militate against some of the concerns raised about the potential misuse of the ASB legislation, e.g. the possibility of extending the scope of the law to purely innocent behaviour. This is due to a number of factors, such as the limited availability of resources and the presence of a review procedure. The findings of this study, however, should be approached with caution since the implementation of the ASB measures can vary considerably across England and Wales. The possibility, therefore, of using these measures in an arbitrary manner cannot be dismissed. This article argues that the findings of this study could assist in the formulation of a new code of practice for local enforcement agents through which the misuse of the ASB legislation can be prevented whilst ensuring a more coherent implementation of the relevant tools and powers. The initial response to antisocial behaviour As a line of high profile cases, such as that of Fiona Pilkington suggests, 9 ASB can range from everyday incivilities, such as noisy neighbours, to behaviour already proscribed by the criminal law, such as criminal damage, and can have a devastating effect on people's quality of life. 10 Certain kinds of ASB, especially those situated at the lower end of the spectrum, can be dismissed as too trivial to Page1

Bullying in schools has been found to be widespread. The popular stereotype of a bully, supported by theories based on the social skills deficit model, is of a powerful but 'oafish' person with little understanding of others. In this article, we trace the origin of this view, and present an alternative view: that some bullies, at least, will need good social cognition and theory of mind skills in order to manipulate and organise others, inflicting suffering in subtle and damaging ways while avoiding detection themselves. Such skills, although likely to be utilised in all bullying, may be particularly useful for ringleader bullies and in the indirect forms of bullying which are more common between girls. Suggestions for further research in this area are made, and implications for antibullying work briefly discussed.

The aim of the present study was to examine to what degree different mechanisms of moral disengagement were related to age, gender, bullying, and defending among school children. Three hundred and seventy-two Swedish children ranging in age from 10 to 14 years completed a questionnaire. Findings revealed that boys expressed significantly higher levels of moral justification, euphemistic labeling, diffusion of responsibility, distorting consequences, and victim attribution, as compared with girls. Whereas boys bullied others significantly more often than girls, age was unrelated to bullying. Moral justification and victim attribution were the only dimensions of moral disengagement that significantly related to bullying. Furthermore, younger children and girls were more likely to defend victims. Diffusion of responsibility and victim attribution were significantly and negatively related to defending, while the other dimensions of moral disengagement were unrelated to defending.

Background: Individuals with early warning signs of life-long psychopathy, callous-unemotional traits (CU) and high levels of antisocial behaviour (AB) can be identified in childhood. We report here the first twin study of high levels of psychopathic tendencies in young children. Methods: At the end of the first school year, teachers provided ratings of CU and AB for 3687 twin pairs from the Twins Early Development Study (TEDS). For the analyses of extreme CU, we selected same-sex twin pairs where at least one twin scored 1.3 or more standard deviations above the mean on the CU scale (612 probands, 459 twin pairs). For the analysis of extreme AB, we selected same-sex twin pairs where at least one twin scored 1.3 or more standard deviations above the mean on AB scale (444 probands, 364 twin pairs). Furthermore, the extreme AB sample was divided into those who were also extreme on CU (children with psychopathic tendencies; 234 probands, 187 twin pairs) and those who did not score in the extreme for CU (children without psychopathic tendencies; 210 probands, 177 twin pairs). Results: DeFries-Fulker extremes analysis indicated that exhibiting high levels of CU is under strong genetic influence. Furthermore, separating children with AB into those with high and low levels of CU showed striking results: AB in children with high levels of CU is under extremely strong genetic influence and no influence of shared environment, whereas AB in children with low levels of CU shows moderate genetic and shared environmental influence. Conclusions: The remarkably high heritability for CU, and for AB children with CU, suggests that molecular genetic research on antisocial behaviour should focus on the CU core of psychopathy. Our findings also raise questions for public policy on interventions for antisocial behaviour.

Shënim për lexuesin: Versioni në gjuhën angleze i kësaj analize mund të jetë më i ndryshëm dhe nuk është në dispozicion për publikun por vetëm për një " elitë " të caktuar. Në rast të mospërputhjes ndërmjet versioneve, mbizotëron ai në anglisht. Versioni shqip ka për qëllim t'i demaskoj krimet në gjimnazin " Haxhi Zeka " në Istog, ku strumbullari i tyre është Ibrahim Bytyqi, por po aq fajtorë për të bëmat e tij janë thuajse të gjithë pedagogët tjerë që e mbështesin atë drejtpërdrejtë apo edhe tërthorazi përmes heshtjes, sidomos injoranca e atyre që duken si viktima të tij. Disa terme që ndoshta nuk i kuptoni, si për shembull " guxhum " , " pehatë " , " papq " etj., i gjëni në Fjalorin e Pejës dhe Istogut nga i njëjti Autor.

This article concerns the extent to which corrupt behavior is dependent on the organizational power structure and the resources available for illegal exchange. This qualitative study is based on 42 in-depth interviews with organizational actors in different organizations in Hungary. Four core themes emerged from the analysis of the interviews: (a) isolated corruption at the bottom, (b) the middle level’s own corruption, (c) “technicization” when middle-level professionals and expert groups are used to legalize the corruption of the dominant coalition, and (d) “turning-off controls” when organizational elites intentionally deactivate internal and external controls to avoid detection.

A problem-solving approach to anti-social behaviour (ASB) cases has recently been embedded into magistrates’ courts in England and Wales. This approach incorporates core components of the Anti-Social Behaviour Response Court (ASBRC) model and is underpinned by principles of community justice. This article summarizes some of the main findings of an 18-month ESRC-funded study that investigated how far the ASBRC model has been absorbed into mainstream courts in England and Wales. This research suggests that courts have not embedded community justice principles, nor have they altered their focus to incorporate a significant degree of liaison with the community. The article concludes with some observations on the implications of the findings for the development and enhancement of community engagement and community justice principles.

The background problem this research addresses is the weakness of single agency responses to youth behaviour. For example, a conventional response by various authorities (the public transport authority, security, police) to groups of young people is to 'move them on' if their behaviour elicits complaints from the public, or is perceived as threatening by the authorities. The PTA has primary responsibility for safety and passenger well-being on station premises and moves non-travelling young people from station precincts. Local authority rangers and security patrols respond to complaints about antisocial behaviour in community public spaces and move on young people who gather in parks. Shopping centres' security personnel respond to noisy behaviour and groups that gather in shopping centres Planning and Transport Research Centre

Recent reviews of moral development theory demonstrate that revisionist theoretical perspectives have cross cultural validity, but moral development in relation to people with intellectual disabilities (IDs) has not been considered within this literature. A structured review of the published literature relating to children, adolescents and adults with IDs, and moral development was carried out. Twenty studies meeting the inclusion criteria were found. The review indicated that people with IDs may not progress through the developmental stages of moral reasoning as quickly as typically developing peers, or reach the more advanced stages. This difference from non-disabled peers tends to disappear if groups are matched on some measure of cognitive ability. However, the studies are fraught with methodological problems and there is a need for further research, given the theoretical developments within the area of moral development, including the evidence of a relationship between moral development and anti-social behaviour amongst typically developing children and adolescents.

This article theorizes the adoption of risk assessment practices to inform criminal justice responses to ‘vulnerable’ and repeat victims of anti-social behaviour. Evidence suggests that some police forces have become highly risk-averse which has had consequences for the way in which minor incivilities have come to be viewed as perpetually requiring a formal police response. However, the development of victim risk assessment has also been very effective in enabling agencies to determine ‘high-risk’ victims with clarity and speed. It is argued that, rather than viewing risk in hegemonic terms, more attention ought to be given to conceptualizing risk in terms of the new opportunities it presents not simply for refining and improving the delivery of services, but also for the ways in which risk enables victims to develop new parameters of victimhood, and to subvert the traditional dominance of politics/policy in acting as primary definers on understanding(s) and accepted knowledge(s) of victimization and vulnerability.

The adolescent antisocial phenomenon is an important matter for our society due to the increase in frequency and severity of deviant conducts during a developmental stage when individuals face multiple changes. Although most research focuses on male offending, gender differences in antisocial behaviour have been widely recognised. It is important to deepen our knowledge of antisocial behaviour in adolescent males and females, through its related factors and understand gender specificities. We present a research on antisocial manifestations and their relation with gender, age, socioeconomic status, personality, social skills, self-concept, and family environment in a sample of 489 students between 9 and 17 years old (60.5% females). Results show common factors that explain why boys and girls have higher antisocial tendencies: psychoticism and social conformity. In girls self-control was also a factor contributing to determine female antisocial tendency. Significant correlations between antisocial behaviour, age, personality, social skills, self-concept and family environment in boys and girls reveal the importance of individual dispositions. We conclude that there is unexpected equality in contemporary male and female adolescent experiences. Nevertheless, differences in other variables correlated with antisocial behaviour indicate different personal resources and coping mechanisms in boys and that should be addressed in future interventions and longitudinal studies.

Selected biochemical evidence suggests a potential role for n-3 long-chain PUFA (n-3PUFA) in the regulation of mood and behaviour. The present paper reviews the relevant evidence, to date, from epidemiological studies, clinical studies and intervention trials. Most evidence is available investigating a role for n-3PUFA in depression, depressive illness and suicidal behaviour, but work is also available on anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, fatigue and fatigue-related disorders, aggression, hostility and anti-social behaviour, inattention, impulsivity and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and schizophrenic disorders. For all these aspects of mood and behaviour, the evidence available is currently limited and highly inconsistent, both in terms of study methodology and study findings. There is a clear need for further work in this area.

Antisocial personality disorder is the inability for an individual to maintain consistency and rational behavior. They have unconscious reasoning behind the manner in which they behave. On a cellular level they have biological reasons for their behavior. A mother transmits emotions while the child is in the womb, aiding in the emotional state of the unborn fetus.

La teoría de personalidad de H. J. Eysenck (1964) respecto a la conducta antisocial predice que entre la población reclusa se hallaría una determinada combinación de las dimensiones básicas de persona - lidad, consistente en puntuaciones elevadas en Extraversión, Neuroticismo y Psicoticismo. Estudios posteriores parecían indicar que las predicciones únicamente se cumplían para la dimensión P , cues - tionando

In 2002, Rogaland College */an educational institution for the training of social educators, nurses and occupational therapists in Norway */started a postgraduate training programme entitled ''Training of Social Competence''. The main subject of the programme was Aggression Replacement Training (Goldstein, Glick, & Gibbs, Aggression Replacement Training: A comprehensive intervention for aggressive youth. Champaign, IL: Research Press , 1998), and the programme's most important purposes were to train students in the identification, treatment, and prevention of aggressive and anti-social behaviour, and to teach them skills for the implementation of ART in organizations. Thus, the programme explicitly addressed factors associated with treatment effects, skills required as an ART trainer and programme implementation skills. The present paper reviews relevant research and briefly describes the positive evaluation results of the training programme.

How is it that we have concluded that certain traits in clinical psychopaths actually have a genetic source and not simply the product of environmental influence? One of the key factors is what we call "Exact Duplication" (E.D.). Now, what that refers to is factual evidence in the nature of certain traits themselves and the fact that these are the same traits in virtually all clinical psychopaths. In science, we observe and make notes upon what we observe. We are diligent and our work is exacting. And one of the most basic things when it comes to scientific work is that those conducting it must be objective in order to end up with the correct conclusions. That is, we cannot allow bias to enter into what are are thinking and doing when working upon what we need real and accurate answers for. So, when it comes to finding answers our goal is to be a) exact and b) correct. To do that, we have various processes that we use in order to make comparisons and in which to make determinations regarding the factors involved in our work. We often look for indications that what we are doing is actually correct or whether or not we are on the right track. We are always in a process of confirmation. That is so that we know that as we go, were are not making mistakes or doing something incorrectly. Something that has been used in the past and is used at present by scientists to help measure whether or not something is a) on the right track, and/or b) if the item/s being observed 'fit' or have some actual connection to what it is or may be peripheral to (i.e., the subject matter), is 'Probability'. Probability is also known as either mathematical probability, or simply 'Likelihood' (from which, Likelihood Ratios are developed). In an instance such as we are dealing with when it comes to the traits that are known of and found in all clinical psychopaths we can generally define those which each individual meeting the definition of 'clinical psychopath' has and displays, as a 'universal' – meaning that these traits are the same that are found in all clinical psychopaths without exception. When we, as scientists or as individuals using the scientific method (or methodology) find a 'universal' or universals we view this in terms of whether or not or to what degree the chances of probability enter into the equation. When we have established without a doubt that we indeed have factual and provable information such as with universals, that tells us that there is some " common source " or source commonality (S.C.). And if one hypothetical source commonality or explanation is lacking (such as with an environmental source for clinical psychopathy), then we must look for or examine another which does account for this phenomenon. And when we have weighed the facts and made the proper considerations, we find that an environmental source or cause for a percentage of the factors or traits involved in clinical psychopathy just cannot explain the core of the universals involved. In my examinations, I have thus concluded that what has been observed by those who have and are still presently observing individuals with the full array of traits that we see expressed or displayed by those we term psychopaths, is actually a mix of two different main types. And thus, the mistake of thinking that there is solely an environmental cause for psychopathy. Having two categories or types instead of the one, allows us to account for those traits which fall outside of the universal. What I have done then, as a result of my own findings from observations that have taken over 20 years and painstaking firsthand experience, is to categorize these two main types; the Primary Type and the Secondary Type. Basically, the Primary Type refers to the genetic psychopath only. And it is the genetic psychopath that has been my primary concern in terms of my own research.

This paper offers unique insights into the distribution of damage to bus shelters, in a single case study area, Merseyside (UK). The geography of bus shelter damage is examined in relation to the criminogenic and socio-economic characteristics of its neighbourhood, and the local land use context. The findings suggest that shelter damage is related in a known and predictable way to known characteristics of its neighbourhood, and that shelters in areas with high levels of anti social behaviour and violence against the person are more susceptible to bus shelter damage. Two key factors in the occurrence of bus shelter damage appear to be lack of capable guardianships and the presence of youths. In relation to the influence of land use, the presence of parks, children s play areas and schools (particularly those whose unauthorised truancy levels were above the national average) were positively correlated with shelter damage. By contrast, negative relationships were found between shelter damage and the presence of pubs, clubs, and off-licenses. The implications of these findings for crime prevention are then discussed, alongside some potential avenues for future research.

This paper sets out to critically explore the use of anti-social behaviour orders (ASBOs) in relation to young people with learning disabilities. It brings together an emerging body of evidence, from a range of sources, which suggests that these marginalized and vulnerable young people are over-represented amongst those made subject to ASBOs. In this context it will provide a critique

Abstract: In this paper we use a SEM analysis to test an explanatory model for antisocial behaviour in adolescence that includes dimensions that have a direct effect on antisocial behaviour (psychoticism and self-control), and dimensions that are relatively malleable during this developmental stage and mediate the role of age on antisocial behaviour (family environment and conformity to social rules). A structural equations model was tested with a sample of 489 participants between 9 and 17 years old. Results show a good fitting model where psychoticism, self-control, age, social conformity and family environment are intertwined in a complex net of relations and effects involved in the explanation of adolescent antisocial behaviour. Conclusions embrace the differentiated nature of each predictor and its role both directly and in relation to other predictors. The complexity of adolescent antisocial behaviour became evident, showing that it cannot be addressed in simplistic terms, as we need to account for several variables' direct and indirect effects.
RESUMO: Apresentamos a análise de um Modelo de Equações Estruturais para testar um modelo explicativo para o comportamento antissocial na adolescência que inclui dimensões com efeito direto no comportamento antissocial (psicoticismo e autocontrolo) e dimensões que apresentam mais varia-bilidade ao longo deste estádio de desenvolvimento e que medeiam o papel da idade com comportamento antissocial (ambiente familiar e conformidade social). Foi testado um modelo de equações estruturais com uma amostra de 489 jovens entre os 9 e os 17 anos de idade. Os resultados revelam um modelo significativo, com bons índices de ajustamento, no qual o psicoticismo, autocontrolo, idade, conformidade social e ambiente familiar se entrecruza numa complexa rede de relações e efeitos envolvidos na explicação do comportamento antissocial na adolescência. As conclusões reconhecem a natureza distinta de cada preditor e o papéis diretos e através das relações com outras  variáveis preditoras. Fica evidenciada a complexidade do comportamento antissocial na adolescência, demonstrando que tal fenómeno não pode ser abordado de forma simplista, já que há que considerar efeitos diretos e indiretos de diversas variáveis.

The Anti-Social Behaviour Order (ASBO) is one of the best known measures used to tackle anti-social behaviour. In keeping with the popular conception, the order is frequently used against young people. Of all ASBOs issued in England and Wales up to the end of 2005, roughly 40% were imposed on under-18s. This paper begins with a brief outline of the three principles at the heart of the celebrated Scottish children’s hearings system. With reference to these principles, and to the provisions which govern the use of the order against 12–15 year olds north of the border, the paper then discusses five areas of concern about the use of ASBOs against young people in England and Wales: the readiness to resort to ASBOs; the forum for ASBO applications; the terms of ASBOs; publicising the details of ASBOs; and custodial net-widening. The paper ends by suggesting reforms to
the ASBO regime in England and Wales insofar as it is used against young people.

This study aims to provide a framework for assessing and modelling behavioural changes in a prison therapeutic community. A behavioural checklist able to monitor both positive and negative behaviours throughout the course of therapy, paying particular attention to offence-paralleling behaviours, was devised. Content analysis of therapy notes on n=68 residents identified 35 variables. The study investigated the hypothesis that it is possible to model behavioural change over the course of therapy using an action systems framework. This framework has been used to classify different forms of anti-social behaviour (Fritzon & Brun, 2005; Miller & Fritzon, in press) and pro-social behaviour . The four modes of action system functioning were consistently identified during therapy using Smallest Space Analysis. Paired sample t-tests of residents at the beginning and end periods of therapy suggested that residents progress from the antisocial to prosocial behaviours from within each mode. Overall, findings support the prison therapeutic community treatment model, as well as demonstrating the appropriateness of the action systems framework for understanding the nature and function of positive and negative therapeutic behaviours.

This study explores the emotional problems affecting refugees in Kakuma refugee camp (northern Kenya). The freelisting technique was used to interview 52 community members and 32 "key informants". Freelisting was found to be useful in this setting, and provided information which could assist with advocacy, programme planning, and programme evaluation.

This article discusses the definition of anti-social behaviour employed by section 1(1)(a) of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 for the purposes of the Anti-Social Behaviour Order. It argues that, if the ASBO is to remain at the forefront of the Government’s campaign against anti-social behaviour, this section should be amended. The article begins by outlining the claimed benefits of, and critics’ concerns about, the definition, arguing that the difference of opinion stems from different views of state power. It then argues that the ASBO has been employed for social control, often at the expense of more constructive forms of intervention, and that this has shown New Labour’s willingness to vest enforcement agencies with the wide discretion conferred by section 1(1)(a) to have been misplaced. Finally, it proposes a refined version of section 1(1), which focuses the Order on the cases for which it was purportedly designed whilst maintaining any benefits of the broad definitional approach currently taken in section 1(1)(a).

This article proposes a (re)consideration of antisocial behaviour control informed by an analysis of the seminal work of sociologists of 'reflexive modernity' . It is hoped that the arguments advanced within this article will prompt further consideration of the following questions:What does the relative neglect of the reflexive modernity thesis tell us about the domain conjecture(s) of sociological theory on antisocial behaviour policy and the use of ASBOs? And can a focus upon reflexive modernity theory help to construct a more proportionate account of ASBOs as a form of social control? Hence, it is the purpose of this article to consider critically the implications of Beck's 'risk society' to our understandings and explanations of antisocial behaviour, ASBOs and social control, by linking the late modern (re)formatting of antisocial behaviour(s) and the creation of ASBOs to the new parameters of the 'risk society'.

Gated communities are normally presented in highly negative terms, based on the common assumption that they are a major factor in the intensification of social segregation. In contrast to received wisdom, this paper argues that the theory of club goods can be used to understand gating as a response to both real and perceived issues of crime, vandalism and antisocial behaviour. It is suggested that gating can help to foster social cohesion in an area or neighbourhood by involving a wide spectrum of communities and income groups to create management vehicles which can: reduce crime, protect parked vehicles, increase safety and enhance the local environment by preventing unsolicited entry. Through two case studies, the paper explores how communities struggling with neighbourhood problems including crime are using gating as a way of improving their environment rather than abandoning poorer areas of the city to find a safer home in more residentially segregated affluent neighbourhoods. If housing and planning policy makers are to take seriously a commitment to resident democracy and local participation, such concerns should not be dismissed out of hand as examples of 'isolationism' or 'particularistic consumerist interests'.

[email protected]. 3 In Belgium, for example, incivilities are tackled with "municipal administrative sanctions" (gementelijke administratieve sancties); in Germany and Slovenia, they are mostly considered violations (Ordnungswidrigkeiten, prekrški), which form part of the criminal law, even though they are not criminal offences in the strict sense. Antisocial behaviour orders (ASBOs), massively used throughout England and Wales since 1999, before the new antisocial behaviour legislation of 2014 coming into force, were civil-law orders, when -if breached -gained a criminal law nature.

I am thrilled to be supporting the needy, vulnerable or the disadvantage and because of this I have founded or established an organization that seeks to create suitable environment, restore hope and opportunities in them.
I am raising funds to support the cause of my organization.
This cause means a lot to me because: Teenage Pregnancy, Street Children, Illiteracy, School Dropout, and Social Vices, can be reduced, prevented and controlled or eliminated totally and it is a goal worth working for.
You can be part of the solution. If time is more scarce than money, it's okay to just donate.
If you have time, like our volunteers you can join us at least once a month and work together. You can help with your knowledge, materials, networks or links, prayers, and other ways.
Come be a friend and mentor. Everything helps.
In Ghana here, online donation is a bit challenging, but you can still donate through and by bank wiring, money transfer, mobile money, and other banking methods. All donations are received in the organization’s name. No individual receives a donation on the organizations name, unless there is an approval from the authorities based on special reasons.
I hope you can consider supporting us in this endeavor by donating $25,
$50 or even $100. Every little bit counts.

Below is synopsis of the organization and donation methods:

CHRIST CENTERED COUNSELING NETWORK (CCCN)

This is a nonprofit organization that seeks to create suitable environment, restore hope and opportunities in people.
The targeted groups are Children, Students, Youth, Parents and Guidance.

The services or objects are Biblical Counseling, Social Studies and Research Works, Human resource development and entrepreneurship aid, schools and community outreach programs.
We humbly ask for a generous support towards our objects (objectives). Your donation would enable us to offer free or little charge to our targeted groups. No amount is small, no matter where you are, you can donate.


Donation by Bank Deposit method:
Bank Name: Capital Bank, Cape Coast Branch, Ghana


Account Name: Christ Centered Counseling Network

Account Number: 2701022059911288


Donate by Mobil Money Method: Visit www.cccn.webs.com


NOTE: With mobile money transfer, kindly send the transfer transaction ID or message to [email protected] and [email protected] for auditing purposes.


For more information Contact: [email protected] or [email protected]

Website: www.cccn.webs.com

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Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/groups/8582950

Contacts: www.facebook.com/cccnpage

We are seeking partners, volunteers, and supports from humanitarian organizations, Christian ministries, individual, business organizations, etc.

Join CHRIST CENTERED COUNSELING NETWORK (CCCN) - to create suitable environment, restore hope and opportunities in people.