Artifact

Few studies reported the formation of Ti-containing clusters in the initial stages of TiO2 flame synthesis. The conversion from synthesis precursor to TiO2 monomers was commonly assumed to take place through global reaction such as thermal decomposition and/or hydrolysis at high temperatures. More recent studies have been able to identify stable intermediates of Ticontaining monomers, most commonly Ti(OH)4, as the final step before the formation of TiO2. However, no larger Ti-containing cluster formation mechanisms or interactions between these monomers have been tracked. To investigate cluster formation pathways of TiO2 during flame synthesis, Charged clusters were measured in an atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight (APi-TOF) mass spectrometer. TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by adding titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) precursor to a premixed CH4/O2/N2 flat flame aerosol reactor. Pure TiO2 clusters were not detected by the APi-TOF. Results from measured mass spectra and mass defect plots show that for positively charged clusters, the abstraction of CH2 groups occurs simultaneously with the clustering of larger intermediate organometallic species. For negatively charged clusters, NOx formation pathways in the flame may play a role during the initial stages of TiO2 formation, since a lot of Ti-containing clusters were attached with nitrate-related species. These research findings provide insights on quantum dot synthesis and molecular doping where rapid dilution of the flame synthesized nanoparticles is needed to better control the particle size and chemical composition. The possible influences of and potential artifacts brought by the dilution system on observing the incipient particle formation in flames were also discussed.

We retrospectively reviewed 770 consecutive patients who underwent pelvic MRI examinations at MD Anderson from January to April 2020. We identified sequences done in addition to our standard institutional protocol and the reasons for these repeated sequences.

Розглянуто модель генерації шуму взаємодії вихор—лопать (BVI) ротора гелікоптера в дозвуковому діапазоні швидкостей (M = 0,2). Визначено кількісні межі застосування цієї моделі. На підставі повного тривимірного рівняння нестаціонарного поширення малих збурень розв’язано задачу про генерацію шуму від взаємодії лопаті ротора гелікоптера параболічної форми та вихору Тейлора, який розміщений на певній відстані над лопаттю. Для розв’язання цієї задачі використовувався числово-аналітичний метод, який дає можливість отримати значення звукового потенціалу та його похідних у ближньому полі. Аналіз розрахунку коефіцієнта тиску показав, що характер взаємодії вихор—лопать породжує три сплески тиску типу ударних хвиль А, В, С, що вперше експериментально встановлені Г. Тьєманом. Але амплітуди цих сплесків менші за рівнем тих, що спостерігались для трансзвукового діапазону швидкостей. Також встановлено, що рівень BVI-шуму вищий, ніж рівень шуму обертання за відсутності вихору, на 10 Дб (відносно р...

This paper discusses the affect of images, focusing on the notion in the art and theory of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries that movement in painting corresponds with (emotional) movement in the spectator and with the imagination or creativity of the artist. It addresses the work of Signorelli, Morto da Feltro, Pinturicchio, and Sodoma (c. 1500) and, in particular, their grotesques. This art form, which became remarkably prolific in fresco decorations of the villas and palaces of the sixteenth century, was appreciated as a figuration of movement, understood both literally in terms of the grotesque’s composition as a figura serpentinata and metaphorically as generated by the turbulent imagination of the artist. It is argued that grotesques constituted a field within the visual culture of the time that, due to its marginality and its investigation of metamorphosis and monstrosity, challenged the boundaries between image and spectator and explored the creative power of the artist.

This article consists of six text-image pieces that share practical research into modes of moving, perceiving and thinking through the back and extended notions of dorsality. Since 2019, through workshops, studio residencies, presentations and collaborative moving, conversational, drawing and writing practices, I have been developing physical exercises and choreographic devices for tuning into the back, bringing attention to and exploring the unseen surfaces and axial technologies of the back. These dorsal practices are evolving through movement and sensory research as well as opening a wider set of philosophical concepts and possibilities for orientating in and co-habiting a world amongst other bodies and things. The pieces combine short written texts, sidenotes and images. The texts have evolved from sensory observation in practical movement tasks and conversations, in the form of notes and recordings, often working in a dynamic process between embodied experience, memory and imagination. The footnotes are a playful device for allowing other peripheral ideas such as light, moth, vestibular labyrinth, tree, tracing paper, ghost, voice, front-crawling to enter and generate gaps for the reader in which to linger, skip, skim, imagine, (re)connect. The still images, diagrams and drawings are another way of taking note, testing, proposing, articulating and reading.

Spatial densification is an ongoing process in most cities today, but has an uneasy relation with the liveability of our environments. In this article, we approach this uneasy relationship between densification and liveability as a ‘matter of scales’ and work consciously with the tensions which arise, such as a lack of communication and mistrust. We analyse a case of urban design and discuss how the participatory design approach of ‘experiential evaluation’ as a ‘scaling device’ was deployed to support the formation of a ‘scaling platform’ around this matter of scale. This scaling platform has the ambition to connect the multiple actors across multiple scales to make the tensions between scales constructive. In the discussion, we present the learnings of the design process and the challenges that we encountered.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of RS-EPI-DWI in the detection of cholesteatoma and to compare with single-shot echo-planar DWI (SS-EPI-DWI). Diffusion-weighted and apparent diffusioncoefficient (ADC) images were obtained using RS-EPI and SS-EPI techniques in 30 patients. Presence of cholesteatoma (3 point scale), amount of artefacts (4 point scale), visibility (4 point scale), and ADC values of the lesions were assessed. The results of both techniques were compared with each other and gold-standard (GS) test results. Lesion visibility and presence of artefact scores of RS-EPI-DWI group were significantly different from those of the SS-EPI group. RS-EPI-DWI images had fewer artefacts and higher visibility scores. The sensitivity, specificity, negative/positive-predictive, and overall-agreement values of RS-EPI-DWI technique were 100%, 78%, 100%, 74%, and 87%; respectively. These values for SS-EPI-DWI technique were 91%, 60%, 88%, 67%, and 75%; respectively. Also, these values were higher on axial plane than coronal plane images for ADC measurements. Based on gold-standard test findings, agreement values were good (= 0.74) for RS-EPI-DWI and moderate for SS-EP-DWI (= 0.50) techniques (P < 0.001 for both). The RS-EPI-DWI technique allows a higher spatial-resolution and this technique is less susceptible to artefacts when compared with SS-EPI technique.

Turbinate destruction is an important diagnostic criterion in canine and feline nasal computed tomography (CT). However decreased turbinate visibility may also be caused by technical CT settings and nasal fluid. The purpose of this experimental, crossover study was to determine whether fluid reduces conspicuity of canine and feline nasal turbinates in CT and if so, whether CT settings can maximize conspicuity. Three canine and three feline cadaver heads were used. Nasal slabs were CT-scanned before and after submerging them in a water bath; using sequential, helical, and ultrahigh resolution modes; with images in low, medium, and high frequency image reconstruction kernels; and with application of additional posterior fossa optimization and high contrast enhancing filters. Visible turbinate length was measured by a single observer using manual tracing. Nasal density heterogeneity was measured using the standard deviation (SD) of mean nasal density from a region of interest in each nasal cavity. Linear mixed-effect models using the R package 'nlme', multivariable models and standard post hoc Tukey pair-wise comparisons were performed to investigate the effect of several variables (nasal content, scanning mode, image reconstruction kernel, application of post reconstruction filters) on measured visible total turbinate length and SD of mean nasal density. All canine and feline water-filled nasal slabs showed significantly decreased visibility of nasal turbinates (P < 0.001). High frequency kernels provided the best turbinate visibility and highest SD of aerated nasal slabs, whereas medium frequency kernels were optimal for water-filled nasal slabs. Scanning mode and filter application had no effect on turbinate visibility.

Enterprises, including corporations, use virtual worlds for such purposes as marketing, training, and recruitment and, increasingly, meetings. As researchers whose primary focus has been on the nature of "work" and the sites and institutions that mediate contemporary experiences of work, the authors reflect on the implications of play as a constitutive feature of virtual worlds through consideration of institutional uses of virtual worlds. Evidence for the claim that play has emerged as the paradigmatic metaphor for interpreting and designing virtual worlds is presented. A case from the authors' company's application of virtual worlds to work and learning environments is unpacked to explore how notions of play and game drove particular ways of proceeding and not others and the implications of this thinking for the resulting solution. Questions are raised concerning what such a rethinking may entail and the opportunities it may hold for opening up new opportunities and understandings of virtual worlds.

Higher education for the design professions – designers, architects and engineers – has been combining traditional disciplines of research and design in new ways, into what is now known as design research. As a discipline in its own right, design research is still quite young, and the design professions need a theory of science that takes their specific character into account, thus contributing to their self-image, and locating them in the greater landscape of research. Using philosophically oriented conceptual analysis I develop a system of basic concepts as elements of such a theory of science for the design professions. The concepts of design, research and design research are analysed, clarified and coordinated, in relation to concepts such as knowledge, theory and practice. At the same time I propose a precise, yet intuitive, terminology that may be shared and foster cross-disciplinary understanding and communication among the design professions, and which each of them can expan...

In this article, we discuss and argue for the value of working with strategic design in organizational settings through inventive research practices rooted in co-design and design anthropology. More specifically, we propose a process of collaborative experimentation staged as a series of events that establish relations between everyday organizational perspectives and practices and organizational strategic documents. We base our analytical discussions and reflections on a research project carried out in the organizational setting of a labour union. We describe how a programme–experiment informed design research approach, driven by and reliant on collaborative explorations, provides a scaffold for unlocking organizational strategic management visions and goals in interaction with transformational perspectives on organizational practices. We frame our approach as a research strategy of working ‘from within’ the organizational setting, which focuses on staging dialogues between the expe...

Although simultaneous recording of EEG and MRI has gained increasing popularity in recent years, the extent of its clinical use remains limited by various technical challenges. Motion interference is one of the major challenges in EEG-fMRI. Here we present an approach which reduces its impact with the aid of an MR compatible dual-array EEG (daEEG) in which the EEG itself is used both as a brain signal recorder and a motion sensor. Methods: We implemented two arrays of EEG electrodes organized into two sets of nearly orthogonally intersecting wire bundles. The EEG was recorded using referential amplifiers inside a 3 T MR-scanner. Virtual bipolar measurements were taken both along bundles (creating a small wire loop and therefore minimizing artifact) and across bundles (creating a large wire loop and therefore maximizing artifact). Independent component analysis (ICA) was applied. The resulting ICA components were classified into brain signal and noise using three criteria: 1) degree of two-dimensional spatial correlation between ICA coefficients along bundles and across bundles; 2) amplitude along bundles vs. across bundles; 3) correlation with ECG. The components which passed the criteria set were transformed back to the channel space. Motion artifact suppression and the ability to detect interictal epileptic spikes following daEEG and Optimal Basis Set (OBS) procedures were compared in 10 patients with epilepsy. Results: The SNR achieved by daEEG was 11.05 ± 3.10 and by OBS was 8.25 ± 1.01 (p b 0.00001). In 9 of 10 patients, more spikes were detected after daEEG than after OBS (p b 0.05). Significance: daEEG improves signal quality in EEG-fMRI recordings, expanding its clinical and research potential.

Persona-based design (PBD) has become a popular method for enabling design teams to reason and communicate about user centered design issues and trade-offs. There is a growing body of literature that describes different ways in which personas have been applied by researchers and practitioners. Despite this diversity in practice the debates about the usefulness of PBD as a method treat it as a single design method that is either good or bad. As a result, we feel it is important to look more critically at what different authors are doing when claiming to use the persona concept, and to develop a theoretical distinction between various persona kinds and their attributes, as well as different characteristics which individual personas may exhibit. This method of analyzing the creation of personas we believe can be applied to other design techniques, in order to gain a better understanding of how they work, and how different methods of application can have different consequences for the resultant designs.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess 2 cone-beam computed tomographic systems on the detection of artificially induced vertical root fractures (VRFs) and artifact intensity using birooted teeth restored with different intracanal materials. Methods: The sample consisted of 20 extracted birooted premolars. Root fracture was induced in half of the sample. Seven intracanal material combinations were used in each tooth, 1 at a time: unrestored, gutta-percha, a buccal root with gutta-percha and a lingual root with a fiberglass post, a buccal root with gutta-percha and a lingual root with a metal core fiberglass post, fiberglass posts, metal core fiberglass posts, and NiCr posts. Cone-beam computed tomographic scans were acquired using CS 9000 3D (Carestream Dental Rochester, NY) and OP300 (Instrumentarium Dental Inc, Tuusula, Finland) units. Exposure parameters were fixed at 90 kV and 8 mA. The voxel size and field of view were set at 0.085 mm and 5 ! 5 cm for OP300 and 0.076 mm and 5 ! 3.75 cm for CS 9000, respectively. Two observers assessed all images using a 5-point confidence scale for VRF detection and a 4-point score for artifact interference. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve were compared using 2-way analysis of variance and the Tukey test (a 5 0.05). Artifact interference was evaluated by descriptive statistics and the chi-square test. Results: There were significant differences between scanners (P. .05) and among the different intracanal material groups (OP300) (P , .05) for specificity. When a metal post was present in both roots, severe artifact interference was observed in all images. Conclusions: CS 9000 3D presented better performance than OP300 on VRF detection of endodontically treated teeth. Unrestored teeth and teeth filled with fiberglass posts were considered the groups with the lowest artifact interference and the highest VRF detection results.

Caros leitores;

A obra Ergodesign: forma e funcionalidade, dividida em quatro capítulos, busca refletir como esta área do saber se configura como uma disciplina essencial no processo de criação de produtos, serviços e sistemas que buscam harmonizar forma e funcionalidade, priorizando a experiência do usuário.
Nesta perspectiva, podemos vislumbrar ao longo dos textos que esta abordagem se torna fundamental em um mundo onde a interação humana com produtos, serviços, dispositivos e ambientes, por exemplo, é cada vez mais intensa e diversificada. No cerne do Ergodesign, e nas discussões da obra Ergodesign: forma e funcionalidade, está o entendimento das necessidades, capacidades e limitações dos usuários, bem como a adaptação desses produtos, serviços e sistemas para garantir uma experiência ergonômica, satisfatória e inclusiva.

One of the most controversial procedures in the analysis of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) data is global signal regression (GSR): the removal, via linear regression, of the mean signal averaged over the entire brain, from voxel-wise or regional time series. On one hand, the global mean signal contains variance associated with respiratory, scanner-, and motion-related artifacts. Its removal via GSR improves various quality control metrics, enhances the anatomical specificity of functional connectivity patterns, and can increase the behavioural variance explained by such patterns. On the other hand, GSR alters the distribution of regional signal correlations in the brain, can induce artifactual anticorrelations, may remove real neural signal, and can distort case-control comparisons of functional-connectivity measures. Global signal fluctuations can be identified by visualizing a matrix of colour-coded signal intensities, called a carpet plot, in which rows represent voxels and columns represent time. Prior to GSR, large, periodic bands of coherent signal changes that affect most of the brain are often apparent; after GSR, these apparent global changes are greatly diminished. Here, using three independent datasets, we show that reordering carpet plots to emphasize cluster structure in the data reveals a greater diversity of spatially widespread signal deflections (WSDs) than previously thought. Their precise form varies across time and participants and GSR is only effective in removing specific kinds of WSDs. We present an alternative, iterative correction method called Diffuse Cluster Estimation and Regression (DiCER), that identifies representative signals associated with large clusters of coherent voxels. DiCER is more effective than GSR at removing diverse WSDs as visualized in carpet plots, reduces correlations between functional connectivity and head-motion estimates, reduces inter-individual variability in global correlation structure, and results in comparable or improved identification of canonical functional-connectivity networks. All code for implementing DiCER and replicating our results is available at https://github.com/BMHLab/DiCER.

Due to climate changes, resources availability and evolving markets, the food system is developing towards an articulated and complex ecology, with fast transformations occurring in food production, preparation, delivery and disposal. In this context, innovation is needed not just to ideate solutions to deal with a fast-changing system but also to accompany the change adopting a systemic long-term approach. We reflect on the transformational potential of design in the food sector enabled by digital technologies, one of the current major drivers of change. We define two levels of changes implying digital technologies, those that radically change the food system and those enabling changes within a given system. These levels are exemplified with case studies documented in literature and with students’ projects showing how transformational design can help grasp the complexity of current problems, and question the current status quo by facilitating a dialogue among stakeholders to stimul...

Mobile manipulators are being marketed for material handling and other tasks. Manufacturers suggest that the stability of the vehicle is best when the onboard loading tapers the centroid to the center of the wheelbase as the payload height increases. Experiments were performed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) that verify this notion on an Adept Lynx mobile robot with onboard Universal Robots UR5 manipulator. Results show that cantilevered loads near the payload top height cause vehicle instability during navigation that can roll the vehicle and cause off-path navigation. This paper describes the stability experiments and results.

Many studies have shown the importance of the socio-cultural factors that lead girls to desert scientific and technological courses. Over a long period, the contents of the French technology education (TE) college curricula may well have contributed to strengthening the feeling among girls that this discipline was better suited to boys. The choice of technical artifacts that embody the knowledge taught could be partially responsible for this. Our investigation was conducted in two stages. Firstly, we made an inventory of artifacts presented in four TE schoolbooks for the 6th grade. Secondly, we submitted this list to a population of 98 girls and boys (12-14 years). Our results indicate that most of these artifacts were categorized as mixed. However, those that are classed as masculine are more numerous than feminine one's. They are also more prevalent among girls and their number increases with age. The grouping of these artifacts by families also shows gender differences.

This paper presents a graduate student's reflections on the design of learning opportunities using the Desmos tool for carrying out mathematical activities and the online Zoom platform for facilitating mathematical learning. Using the theory of instrumental orchestration as our interpretative framework, we discuss the different types of orchestrations when a digital tool is used to support mathematical learning not in the familiar face-to-face classroom-based environment, but online instead. The contribution of this paper lies in the discussion of the design considerations and orchestrations to overcome the challenges of online learning and at the same time to capitalise on the opportunities it offers for mathematical learning.

Research on the use of artifacts such as textbooks and digital technologies has shown that their use is not a straight forward process but an activity characterized by mutual participation between artifact and user. Taking a socio-cultural perspective, we analyze the role of artifacts in the teaching and learning of mathematics and argue that artifacts influence the didactical situation in a fundamental way. Therefore, we believe that understanding the role of artifacts within the didactical situation is crucial in order to become aware of and work on the relationships between the teacher, their students and the mathematics and, therefore, are worthwhile to be considered as an additional fundamental aspect in the didactical situation. Thus, by expanding the didactical triangle, first to a didactical tetrahedron, and finally to a ''socio-didactical tetrahedron'', a more comprehensive model is provided in order to understand the teaching and learning of mathematics. Keywords Artifacts Á Cultural-historical activity theory Á Didactical tetrahedron Á Didactical triangle Á Digital technologies Á Instrumental approach Á Mathematics textbooks Á Sociocultural perspective Á Teachers' practice Á Tools

In exploring the productive potential of virtual worlds, one relevant line of inquiry is the degree to which immersive online environments can support the objectives of real-world enterprises. Despite the favorable treatment of virtual worlds in the popular and business press, organizations remain cautious in their acceptance and adoption of virtual environments. Since there is a dearth of academic literature on this facet of the virtual world phenomenon, this research aims to provide an assessment of executive perspectives on the potential impact of virtual worlds on businesses and the challenges that may be encountered in organizational application of such environments. To capture businessoriented perceptions of virtual worlds we analyzed, the reports of twenty-five business executives who recently spent considerable time training in and exploring Second Life, a popular online virtual environment. We identify and discuss seven tensions reflected in their assessment of the organizational role of virtual worlds, and situate these tensions in the prevailing computermediated communication discourse. Findings point to significant parallels with evaluative perspectives on earlier waves of Internet-based innovation, insights from the existing literature on computer-mediated communication, and an opportunity for theory generation through dialectical reasoning.

In Finnish basic education, we are making interventions that engage student teams in collaborative invention (co-invention) processes aimed at knowledge creation. In this paper, we focus on one team of four students aged 13 or 14. We introduce our preliminary findings and a methodological framework designed to analyze and describe 1) the development of design ideas and 2) the shared epistemic object of knowledge that the student team created during the co-invention process. In addition, we seek to describe the role of concrete design artifacts in the ideation process. Introduction This paper focuses on the co-invention process of a team of 13–14-year-old students participating in a Co-Lab project at Aurinkolahti basic school in Helsinki, Finland. The Laboratory of Co-Inquiry, Co-Design, Co-Teaching, and CoRegulation (Co-Lab) project aims to engage students in collaborative efforts to invent complex concrete or immaterial artifacts, sparking intellectual, technical, and aesthetic cha...

This paper presents a spatial domain threshold based adaptive power-law applications (TAPLA) in image enhancement technique in which adaptation is carried out with local thresholds. This is an improved version of Adaptive Power-law Transformations (APLT) [14] in which adaptation is carried out with local means. The computational time of APLT is windowsize dependent to find local mean while the TAPLA is independent of window-size to find local means, which are used to determine the local threshold values. Window-size independent of computational time is due to use of integral average image as prior process to find local mean. Like APLT, TAPLA can control the enhancement factors such as contrast, brightness and sharpness/smoothness with a proper choice of parameters through a single function. This method can be applied on both the grey scale and color images. In the case of color images, each channel is considered separately. TAPLA outperforms better than APLT in image quality as well as in computational time.

Purpose: The purpose of our study was to conduct a chemical analysis of extracranial foreign bodies (FBs) causing artifacts in cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to investigate the association between chemical composition, magnetic susceptibility, and artifact size. Materials and Methods: A total of 12 patients were included in the study. The FBs responsible for the artifacts were visualized using cranial computed tomography (CT). Artifact-causing FBs were removed from the scalps of 10 patients and analyzed using scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (X-RD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The magnetic susceptibility of the samples was determined using the reference standard material MnCl2.6H2O. The volume of the MRI artifacts was measured in cubic centimeters (cm3). Results: EDS results demonstrated that the mean Fe ratio was 5.82% in the stone samples and 0.08% in the glass samples....

Planning processes often cause tensions between institutions and citizens because the local knowledge and values of the citizens are not included in the decision-making process, which can cause mistrust. This article builds on an ongoing PhD research that explores the potential of experiential evaluation as an alternative and experimental approach to “hybrid forums”: an approach to open the participatory planning process for diverse actors and values. In order to render tensions visible and constructive in the participatory planning process, experiential evaluation creates “risky situations” in these hybrid forums. To discuss this approach of experiential evaluation, we use a methodological and analytical framework based on the four steps of strategic navigation techniques: tracing, mapping, diagramming, and agencying. We use these techniques to analyse two risky situations that were created through experiential evaluation within the participatory planning process of the neighbourho...

In the first part of this theoretical paper, we present the instrumental approach and concepts worked and developed by P. Rabardel a French teacher-researcher specialising in psychology and ergonomics. Rabardel&#39;s work is focus on the distinction between technical object, artifact; the instrument a mixed entity; instrumental genesis; the instrumented activity in the instrumented action. In the second part, we present an example to explain how it is possible to use some concepts to analyse the activity in a teaching and learning situation - more precisely in a situation focused on designing a product through easily recognisable and analysable lines of action.

This paper contributes to the current discourse on the role of artefacts in facilitating and triggering interaction among people. The discussion will focus on artefacts used as part of an interview method developed in order to discover knowledge that was observed but absent from both project reports and other documentation within multidisciplinary collaborative research projects, located within the field of Interaction Design. Using artefacts in an interview context enabled participants to reveal insights that were, in turn, participatory and human-centred. Thus the method was effective and appropriate in illuminating knowledge situated in interaction. This ethnomethodological tool enabled participants to reflexively externalize their understanding of the complex interactions that occur within projects, encouraging participation, interaction, visualization, reflection and communication through the use of tools aimed at capturing and illuminating the lived experiences of human engagement. These interviews were conducted with a selection of participants, chosen because they were researchers, working together within a cooperative research centre.

En el presente texto se pretende elucidar la habitual confusión que se realiza al atribuir valoraciones morales a ciertos artefactos. Valiéndonos de clásicos de la filosofía, argumentamos a favor de la idea que sostiene que los artefactos no pueden ser considerados como buenos o malos en sí mismos, sino según los atributos que le son propios en tanto objetos construidos con un fin dado. En este sentido, la bondad o maldad de un artefacto refiere a la posibilidad de cumplir de forma óptima con el objetivo para el cual ha sido elaborado. De forma tal que todo artefacto estaría eximido de cualquier carga moral que pueda pensarse, no así el sujeto que los construye o utiliza, quien es capaz de realizar un acto deliberativo en pleno conocimiento de las circunstancias que le rodean y de las consecuencias de su acción. AbstractThis paper tries to clarify the usual confusion that takes place in attributing moral value to certain artifacts. Taking into account philosophy classics, we are in ...

Sabendo-se da importância das praças públicas, como meio organizador das vias da cidade (estrutural/arquitetônica), as quais servem também como espaço de recreação  e de interações sociais dos habitantes. Este trabalho tem como objetivo realizar uma análise ergonômica e proposta de um redesign do banco unitário de concreto de uma praça localizada em um município do interior do nordeste brasileiro, pois nele encontram-se poucas áreas destinadas ao lazer da população, fazendo com que as poucas praças existentes possuam uma crescente demanda de usuários frequentadores.

The meaning of ‘design’ can be captured in a general way by a good definition, but even the best definition cannot provide an understanding sufficiently deep to guide the professional designer or the student of design in the intricate deliberations of doing design in practice. Therefore we explore design beyond the level of definitions, reviewing canonical theories about design as a professional enterprise. We find that the well-established theoretical notion of ‘co-evolution’ of problem and solution in design has its merits in regard to understanding design deliberations; but also that existing theories leave the practitioner at a loss for guidance in some respects. To remedy this situation, we propose the notion of ‘triple co-evolution’ that also involves the ‘audience’ of a designed artefact. Furthermore, we conjecture that the study of so-called ‘constitutive rhetoric’ offers valuable conceptual resources for conceiving of design in terms of such triple co-evolution. For example...

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of RS-EPI-DWI in the detection of cholesteatoma and to compare with single-shot echo-planar DWI (SS-EPI-DWI). Diffusion-weighted and apparent diffusioncoefficient (ADC) images were obtained using RS-EPI and SS-EPI techniques in 30 patients. Presence of cholesteatoma (3 point scale), amount of artefacts (4 point scale), visibility (4 point scale), and ADC values of the lesions were assessed. The results of both techniques were compared with each other and gold-standard (GS) test results. Lesion visibility and presence of artefact scores of RS-EPI-DWI group were significantly different from those of the SS-EPI group. RS-EPI-DWI images had fewer artefacts and higher visibility scores. The sensitivity, specificity, negative/positive-predictive, and overall-agreement values of RS-EPI-DWI technique were 100%, 78%, 100%, 74%, and 87%; respectively. These values for SS-EPI-DWI technique were 91%, 60%, 88%, 67%, and 75%; respectively. Also, these values were higher on axial plane than coronal plane images for ADC measurements. Based on gold-standard test findings, agreement values were good (= 0.74) for RS-EPI-DWI and moderate for SS-EP-DWI (= 0.50) techniques (P < 0.001 for both). The RS-EPI-DWI technique allows a higher spatial-resolution and this technique is less susceptible to artefacts when compared with SS-EPI technique.

The industrial revolution created a rise in mass manufacture, increasing consumption to current unsustainable levels and marking a decline in hands-on craft practice. In contemporary practice, designers frequently employ digital ways of working and, whilst this may create opportunities and efficiencies, it can limit the working of materials by hand. In contrast, hands-on craft processes can develop in-depth knowledge and understanding to help solve complex and novel design problems. With increasing use of digital design methods, it is timely to reflect on the role and value of hands-on craft practices. The study explores the use of craft-based keywords design for sustainability craft-based design hands-on design woven textiles footwear design process research

Commercial sandals are typically designed in a two-dimensional (2D) format with materials being applied during product development. In contrast, woven textile practitioners frequently utilize hands-on interaction with materials to produce design ideas through a craft-based approach. Hands-on making has been associated with a number of benefits including, but not limited to, knowledge generation and the potential for innovation. This article reports on practice-led research consisting of a sandal design project that integrates craft-based woven textile practice. Action research was used to develop the approach and evaluate the creative potential and practical considerations at different stages of the design process. Ultimately, this research determines where and how craft-based woven textile practice may be integrated into commercial footwear design and identifies the associated creative design potential. Qualitative data was recorded by written and visual means of documentation and analyzed using coding and clustering. The findings indicate that there is novel creative potential associated with the integration of a craft-based woven textile approach to sandal design and that it may be integrated to varying degrees at all stages of the design process. Benefits include opportunities for innovation, generation of in-depth knowledge, control, and immediacy in decision-making. Key challenges were noted in time and cost inefficiencies. The ability to consider material and product design in parallel ensured a considered relationship between the two. This led to benefits in the final designs that included the production of zero-waste, stitch free constructions. This research contributes empirical evidence and findings in relation to theoretical concerns in the area of craft practice as a vehicle for design innovation.

Aseptic lymphocyte-dominated vasculitis-associated lesions (ALVAL) are a recognized complication of metal-on-metal bearing hip prostheses. There is an impending concern regarding the future investigation and management of patients who have received such implants. The current literature is discussed, and the current guidelines for management of these patients in the UK are reviewed. The various imaging techniques available, such as computed tomography, metal artefact reduction magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound are discussed and evaluated with respect to the assessment of patients with suspected ALVAL. The histopathological findings are discussed with images of the tissue changes provided. Images of the radiological findings are also provided for all general radiological methods. ALVAL and its radiological presentation is an important issue that unfortunately may become a significant clinical problem.

When changing from traditional classrooms to innovative learning environments it is crucial to include the users of the environment in the design process. However, participatory processes might be limited by contrasting expertise, cultures, priorities or project restrictions, which poses a risk to the alignment of spatial design and pedagogical practices. To meet this challenge, the article proposes a postdesign participatory activation process aimed to support the transition into new learning spaces. This is exemplified in an empirical case, where co-design methods and physical design objects have been explored as tools to foster spatial literacy and competencies in a fifth-grade cohort (teachers and students), and potentially match pedagogical practices with spatial affordances. Participatory activation is believed to be an ongoing process because learning environments are not static designs-they keep evolving based on people, pedagogies and practices.

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) enable their users to interact with their surrounding environment using the activity of their brain only, without activating any muscle. This technology provides severely disabled people with an alternative mean to communicate or control any electric device. On the other hand, BCI applications are more and more dedicated to healthier people, with the aim of giving them access to augmented reality or new rehabilitation tools. As it is noninvasive, light and relatively cheap, electroencephalography (EEG) is the most used acquisition technique to record cerebral activity of the BCI users. However, when using such type of BCI, user movements are likely to provoke motions of the measuring electrodes which can severely damage the EEG quality. Thus, current BCI technology requires that the user sits and performs as little movements as possible. This is of course a strong limitation of BCI for use in ordinary life. Very recently, preliminary studies have been published in the literature and suggest that BCI applications can be realized even in the physically moving context. In this paper, we thoroughly investigate the possibility to develop a P300-based BCI system in ambulatory condition. The study is based on experimental data recorded with seven subjects executing a visual P300 speller-like discrimination task while simultaneously walking at different speeds on a treadmill. It is demonstrated that a P300-based BCI is definitely feasible in such conditions. Different artifact correction methods are described and discussed in detail. To conclude, a recommended approach is given for the development of a real-time application.

Several methods have been proposed to integrate digital models into Cone Beam Computed Tomography scans. Since all these methods have some drawbacks such as radiation exposure, soft tissue deformation and time-consuming digital handling processes, we propose a new method to integrate digital dental casts into Cone Beam Computed Tomography scans. Plaster casts of 10 patients were randomly selected and 5 titanium markers were glued to the upper and lower plaster cast. The plaster models were scanned, impressions were taken from the plaster models and the impressions were also scanned. Linear measurements were performed on all three models, to assess accuracy and reproducibility. Besides that, matching of the scanned plaster models and scanned impressions was done, to assess the accuracy of the matching procedure. Results show that all measurement errors are smaller than 0.2 mm, and that 81% is smaller than 0.1 mm. Matching of the scanned plaster casts and scanned impressions show a mean error between the two surfaces of the upper arch of 0.14 mm and for the lower arch of 0.18 mm. The time needed for reconstructing the CBCT scans to a digital patient, where the impressions are integrated into the CBCT scan of the patient takes about 15 minutes, with little variance between patients. In conclusion, we can state that this new method is a reliable method to integrate digital dental casts into CBCT scans. As far as radiation exposure, soft tissue deformation and digital handling processes are concerned, it is a significant improvement compared to the previously published methods.

Several methods have been proposed to integrate digital models into Cone Beam Computed Tomography scans. Since all these methods have some drawbacks such as radiation exposure, soft tissue deformation and time-consuming digital handling processes, we propose a new method to integrate digital dental casts into Cone Beam Computed Tomography scans. Plaster casts of 10 patients were randomly selected and 5 titanium markers were glued to the upper and lower plaster cast. The plaster models were scanned, impressions were taken from the plaster models and the impressions were also scanned. Linear measurements were performed on all three models, to assess accuracy and reproducibility. Besides that, matching of the scanned plaster models and scanned impressions was done, to assess the accuracy of the matching procedure. Results show that all measurement errors are smaller than 0.2 mm, and that 81% is smaller than 0.1 mm. Matching of the scanned plaster casts and scanned impressions show a mean error between the two surfaces of the upper arch of 0.14 mm and for the lower arch of 0.18 mm. The time needed for reconstructing the CBCT scans to a digital patient, where the impressions are integrated into the CBCT scan of the patient takes about 15 minutes, with little variance between patients. In conclusion, we can state that this new method is a reliable method to integrate digital dental casts into CBCT scans. As far as radiation exposure, soft tissue deformation and digital handling processes are concerned, it is a significant improvement compared to the previously published methods.

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In the western part of the world, the concept of design is increasingly perceived as a central means of how we organize the world and imbue it with (cultural) meaning, rather than a quality attached to material objects. In this article we are interested in what concept of design is implied in typical design training activities in different cultural contexts (Morocco, India, Thailand, Mexico, and Singapore). Inspired by the questions that have arisen in connection with project experience and research done by the authors in many countries, this survey outlines approaches and efforts to establish design competence with a particular paradigm to the fostering of sustainable economic and cultural development in local communities. Having worked with development projects involving various aspects of design, we have chosen to study projects with clear design goals as examples of how diverse the interpretation of the concept of design can be. These observations may stimulate an awareness of the important impact of notions of design in terms of innovation and cultural diversity and may even give rise to more research into these issues.

In the western part of the world, the concept of design is increasingly perceived as a central means of how we organize the world and imbue it with (cultural) meaning, rather than a quality attached to material objects. In this article we are interested in what concept of design is implied in typical design training activities in different cultural contexts (Morocco, India, Thailand, Mexico, and Singapore). Inspired by the questions that have arisen in connection with project experience and research done by the authors in many countries, this survey outlines approaches and efforts to establish design competence with a particular paradigm to the fostering of sustainable economic and cultural development in local communities. Having worked with development projects involving various aspects of design, we have chosen to study projects with clear design goals as examples of how diverse the interpretation of the concept of design can be. These observations may stimulate an awareness of the important impact of notions of design in terms of innovation and cultural diversity and may even give rise to more research into these issues.

In presenting this thesis/dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Postgraduate degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the Libraries of this University may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis/dissertation in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my thesis/dissertation work or, in their absence, by the Head of the Department or the Dean of the College in which my thesis work was done. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis/dissertation or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis/dissertation.

This article focuses on the paradox, that places on the one hand are increasingly regarded as something that can be designed, while these designed places on the other hand also seem to hold a remarkable longing for that which is not designed. When architecture and landscape is shaped, various steps are taken to shape the identity, life and story of the new places.  Inherent in contemporary concepts like urban design, city branding and placemaking is thus the assumption that we can – and should – design not only our material surroundings but also the more immaterial social and cultural aspects that constitute a place. In her book “Brandscapes” Anna Klingman argues that in the experience economy the focus of architecture has evolved from ”what is has” and ”what it does” to ”what you feel” and ”who you are” (Klingman 2007). But by what means and to what extend is it possible to design how we feel and who we are? This article addresses these questions by focusing on how place is designe...