Scaling

Liquid crystal elastomers realize a fascinating new form of soft matter that is a composite of a conventional crosslinked polymer gel (rubber) and a liquid crystal. These solid liquid crystal amalgams, quite similarly to their (conventional, fluid) liquid crystal counterparts, can spontaneously partially break translational and/or orientational symmetries, accompanied by novel soft Goldstone modes. As a consequence, these materials can exhibit unconventional elasticity characterized by symmetry-enforced vanishing of some elastic moduli. Thus, a proper description of such solids requires an essential modification of the classical elasticity theory. In this work, we develop a rotationally invariant, nonlinear theory of elasticity for the nematic phase of ideal liquid crystal elastomers. We show that it is characterized by soft modes, corresponding to a combination of long wavelength shear deformations of the solid network and rotations of the nematic director field. We study thermal fluctuations of these soft modes in the presence of network heterogeneities and show that they lead to a large variety of anomalous elastic properties, such as singular length-scale dependent shear elastic moduli, a divergent elastic constant for splay distortion of the nematic director, long-scale incompressibility, universal Poisson ratios and a nonlinear stress-strain relation for arbitrary small strains. These long-scale elastic properties are universal, controlled by a nontrivial zero-temperature fixed point and constitute a qualitative breakdown of the classical elasticity theory in nematic elastomers. Thus, nematic elastomers realize a stable "critical phase", characterized by universal power-law correlations, akin to a critical point of a continuous phase transition, but extending over an entire phase.

Two methods to establish a common scale across grades within a content area using a common item design (separate and concurrent) have previously been studied under simulated conditions. Separate estimation is accomplished through separate calibration and grade-by-grade chained linking. Concurrent calibration established the vertical scale in a single step by simultaneously estimating parameters for all items at all grades. These methods, and a third hybrid method, pairwise concurrent estimation, were examined in this study, using operational test data. Data were obtained from responses to the 2002 Colorado Student Assessment Program (CSAP) mathematics assessments in grades 5 through 10. These assessments had been constructed to have at least 20 items in common between adjacent grades. The data set for each grade consisted of 10,000 cases, randomly selected from the population of approximately 54,000 students with valid scores at each grade. The 2002 CSAP mathematics scales were plac...

The engineering correlations for assessment of hazard distance defined by a size of fireball after either liquid hydrogen spill combustion or high-pressure hydrogen tank rupture in a fire in the open atmosphere (both for stand-alone and under-vehicle tanks) are presented. The term “fireball size” is used for the maximum horizontal size of a fireball that is different from the term “fireball diameter” applied to spherical or semi-spherical shape fireballs. There are different reasons for a fireball to deviate from a spherical shape, e.g., in case of tank rupture under a vehicle, the non-instantaneous opening of tank walls, etc. Two conservative correlations are built using theoretical analysis, numerical simulations, and experimental data available in the literature. The theoretical model for hydrogen fireball size assumes complete isobaric combustion of hydrogen in air and presumes its hemispherical shape as observed in the experiments and the simulations for tank rupturing at the g...

Slip and length measurements on earthquakes suggest large stress drop variability. We analyze an extended set of slip-length measurements for large earthquakes (M ≥ 6) to seek for the possible origin(s) of this apparent variability. We propose that such variability arises from earthquakes breaking a variable number of major fault segments. That number depends on the strength of the inter-segment zones, which itself depends on the structural maturity of the faults. We propose new D max -L parameterizations based on that idea of multiple segment-ruptures. In such parameterizations, each broken segment roughly scales as a crack, while the total multi-segment rupture does not. Stress drop on individual segments is roughly constant, only varying between 3.5 to 9 MPa. The slight variation that is still observed depends on fault structural maturity; more mature faults have lower stress drops than immature ones. The new D max -L functions that we propose reduce uncertainties with respect to available relationships. They thus provide a more solid basis to estimate seismic hazard by integrating fault properties revealed by geological studies.

White, and the teachers, students and parents at Bridge International Academies in Gicagi and Kwa Njenga, Nairobi. Lastly, we would like to extend a special thank you to the following: our copy-editor, Merrell Tuck-Primdahl, our designer, blossoming.it, and our colleagues, Kathryn Norris and Jennifer Tyre. The Brookings Institution is a nonprofit organization devoted to independent research and policy solutions. Its mission is to conduct high-quality, independent research and, based on that research, to provide innovative, practical recommendations for policymakers and the public. The conclusions and recommendations of any Brookings publication are solely those of its author(s) and do not reflect the views of the Institution, its management, or its other scholars. Support for this publication and research effort was generously provided by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and The MasterCard Foundation. The authors also wish to acknowledge the broader programmatic support of the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the LEGO Foundation, and the Government of Norway. Brookings recognizes that the value it provides is in its absolute commitment to quality, independence, and impact. Activities supported by its donors reflect this commitment, and the analysis and recommendations are not determined or influenced by any donation.

The metaphor of scaling up is the wrong one to use for describing and prescribing educational change. Many of the strategies being employed to achieve scaling up are counter-productive: they conceive of practitioners as delivery agents or consumers, rather than as co-constructors of change. An approach to educational innovation based on the concept of taking local innovations to scale carries the danger of turning schools into franchises and of reducing the global diversity of educational ideas. Sound educational ideas get scaled up not only (or primarily) through a linear, topdown model that begins with a laboratory test and ends with a road show of workshops and training sessions. They also get scaled up-in the sense of disseminated and then adapted in ways that change practice-through researchers sharing with practitioners thickly described, contextualized examples of innovative practices and then inviting practitioners to decide how best to adapt these innovative practices for their local settings.

Crocodylians exhibit a fascinating diversity of terrestrial gaits and limb motions that remain poorly described and are of great importance to understanding their natural history and evolution. Their musculoskeletal anatomy is pivotal to this diversity and yet only qualitative studies of muscle-tendon unit anatomy exist. The relative masses and internal architecture (fascicle lengths and physiological cross-sectional areas) of muscles of the pectoral and pelvic limbs of American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis Daudin 1801) were recorded for an ontogenetic series of wild specimens (n = 15, body masses from 0.5 to 60 kg). The data were analysed by reduced major axis regression to determine scaling relationships with body mass. Physiological cross-sectional areas and therefore muscle force-generating capacity were found to be greater in the extensor (anti-gravity) muscles of the pelvic limb than in the pectoral limb, reflecting how crocodylians differ from mammals in having greater loading of the hindlimbs than the forelimbs. Muscle masses and architecture were generally found to scale isometrically with body mass, suggesting an ontogenetic decrease in terrestrial athleticism. This concurs with the findings of previous studies showing ontogenetic decreases in limb bone length and the general scaling principle of a decline of strength : weight ratios with increasing size in animals. Exceptions to isometric scaling found included positive allometry in fascicle length for extensor musculature of both limbs, suggesting an ontogenetic increase in working range interpreted as increasing postural variability – in particular the major hip extensors – the interpretation of which is complicated by previous described ontogenetic increase of moment arms for these muscles.

Computer graphing makes it easier nor students and teachers to create and manipulate graphs. Scale issues are nearly unavoidable in the computer context. In interviews and protocol analysis with six students from grade 8, and 12 students from grades 11 and 12, it became apparent that some aspects of scale are clearly understood very early while other aspects remain confusing to even some of the most successful students in pre-calculus and calculus, and that there is a consistency and meaning in metaphors which students invoked in explaining their ideas to themselves and teachers. Three metaphors inferred from students' words and one metaphor supplied by the authors are discussed. These are: (1) the computer as automatic paper and pencil; (2) scaling is like using a magnifying glass; (3) scaling as a rubber sheet (supplied by the authors); and (4) the mathematical curve as a bead necklace. Some implications concerning the curriculum are discussed. (YP)

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Disposal of concentrate from brackish water desalination plants by deep well injection into oil and gas fields is an attractive option in Texas. Underpressured depleted oil and gas reservoirs cover large areas of the state. Six areas were selected from across Texas for detailed analysis. These sites were characterized by abundant brackish groundwater, a projected shortage of freshwater, depleted oil and gas fields, and shallow injection wells. Information was collected on formation mineralogy, pressure history, geochemical attributes and flow parameters.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of erbium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Er:YAG) laser (2.94 μm) irradiation on the removal of root surface smear layer of extracted human teeth and to compare its efficacy with that of citric acid, ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA), or a gel containing a mixture of tetracycline hydrochloride (HCl) and citric acid, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thirty human dentin specimens were randomly divided into six groups: G1 (control group), irrigated with 10 ml of physiologic saline solution; G2, conditioned with 24% citric acid gel; G3, conditioned with 24% EDTA gel; G4, conditioned with a 50% citric acid and tetracycline gel; G5, irradiated with Er:YAG laser (47 mJ/10 Hz/5.8 J/cm 2 /pulse); G6, irradiated with Er:YAG laser (83 mJ/10 Hz/10.3 J/cm 2 /pulse). Electron micrographs were obtained and analyzed according to a rating system. Statistical analysis was conducted with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests (P<0.05). G1 was statistically different from all the other groups; no statistically significant differences were observed between the Er:YAG laser groups and those undergoing the other treatment modalities. When the two Er:YAG laser groups were compared, the fluency of G6 was statistically more effective in smear layer removal than the one used in G5 (Mann-Whitney test, P<0.01). Root surfaces irradiated by Er:YAG laser had more irregular contours than those treated by chemical agents. It can be concluded that all treatment modalities were effective in smear layer removal. The results of our study suggest that the Er:YAG laser can be safely used to condition diseased root surfaces effectively. Furthermore, the effect of Er:YAG laser irradiation on root surfaces should be evaluated in vivo so that its potential to enhance the healing of periodontal tissues can be assessed.

The responses of 110 subjects to 18 items of the AT-20 tolerance of ambiguity scale were analyzed in an item response framework using Rasch modeling. The results indicated that the items satisfy the assumptions of this model and an excellent ®t was obtained. In particular, the observed item reliability (KR-20) was 0.93 and the person reliability was 0.68. The latter value agrees with previous ®ndings derived in a classical test theoretical framework. A Rasch type scale (M = 25, SD = 5) is developed and various psychometric and scaling issues are discussed.

Forward osmosis (FO) is an osmotically driven membrane process, where the membrane separates a draw solution (DS) with high salinity from a feed solution (FS) with low salinity. There can be a counter direction flow of salt (i.e., salt leakage) that may interact with the water flux through the FO membrane. For the first time reported, this study describes a new calcium carbonate scaling phenomenon in the seawater FO desalination process using ammonium bicarbonate as the DS. The scaling on the membrane surface at the feed side is caused by the interaction between an anion reversely diffused from the DS and a cation present in the FS, causing a significant decline of the water flux. The composition of the scaling layer is dominated by the solubility (represented as solubility product constant, K sp) of salt formed by the paired anion and cation. Membrane surface morphology plays a crucial role in the reversibility of the scaling. If the scaling occurs on the active layer of the FO membrane, hydraulic cleaning (increasing crossflow velocity) efficiency to restore the water flux is up to 82%. When scaling occurs on the support layer of the FO membrane, the hydraulic cleaning efficiency is strongly reduced, with only 36% of the water flux recovered. The present study reveals the risk of scaling induced by the interaction of feed solute and draw solute, which is different from the scaling caused by the supersaturation in reverse osmosis and other FO studies reported. The scaling investigated in this study can occur with a very low solute concentration at an early stage of the FO process. This finding provides an important implication for selection of draw solution and development of new membranes in the FO process.

The height of the net scaling accordance with the physical size is important to improve performance and produce optimal shot kinematic characteristics in children. This study aimed to identify the average rate of optimal net height scaling among children aged seven to nine years. This study uses an experimental design with a total of 48 children randomly selected as study participants. Participants were divided into 24 pairs (boys = 12 pairs, female = 12 pairs) which were equivalent in terms of skill level and gender. All participants played against their respective pairs using four net height situations namely JP (155 cm), JM100 (127 cm), JM92 (117 cm) and JM82 (104 cm) situations reciprocally. All matches are conducted using a singles competition system with 11 points which is two sets per match situation. Data collection was done through video recordings and questionnaires. Shot performance was analysed from the aspects of serve success, shot chances and rally length. Participants' satisfaction with the four paired match situations was obtained through a questionnaire. Study data were analysed using SPSS version 16.0 program. The results of one-way ANOVA test for repeated measurements showed that there was significant mean score differences (p <.05) for performance and satisfaction between the JP, JM100, JM92 and JM82 situations. The findings of the study showed that scaling the net height of 92% of the average height of children aged seven to nine years was the optimal net height. Therefore, this study suggests that the use of standard net heights among children should be reviewed.

The structural framework of soil mediates all soil processes, at all relevant scales. The spatio-temporal heterogeneity prevalent in most soils underpins the majority of biological diversity in soil, providing refuge sites for prey against predator, flow paths for biota to move, or be moved, and localized pools of substrate for biota to multiply. Just as importantly, soil biota play a crucial role in mediating soil structure: bacteria and fungi aggregate and stabilize structure at small scales (µm-cm) and earthworms and termites stabilize and create larger-scale structures (mm-m). The stability of this twoway interaction of structure and biota relations is crucial to the sustainability of the ecosystem.

EKV3 is a circuit-design-oriented compact MOSFET model for analog/RF IC design. The paper presents parameter extraction guidelines and modelling using EKV3 for TOSHIBA's 90nm RF-CMOS technology covering DC, CV and RF (S-parameter) and temperature scalability. RF verification was done by the use of multi-finger MOSFETs with many variations of gate length, width of unit fingers and number of fingers. A scalable RF model was successfully created. Extraction of RF parasitics and their scaling with RF layout is investigated. The EKV3 model successfully predicted high-frequency behaviour of 90nm CMOS up to 20GHz over a wide range of bias conditions. 74

Ximenes, the team at the Amazonas State Secretariat of Education, the Media Center teachers, and Filipe from Tres Unidos, along with his classmates and community members. Lastly, we would like to extend a special thank you to the following: our copy-editors, Alfred Imhoff and Merrell Tuck-Primdahl, our designer, blossoming.it, and our colleagues, Kathryn Norris and Jennifer Tyre. The Brookings Institution is a nonprofit organization devoted to independent research and policy solutions. Its mission is to conduct high-quality, independent research and, based on that research, to provide innovative, practical recommendations for policymakers and the public. The conclusions and recommendations of any Brookings publication are solely those of its author(s) and do not reflect the views of the Institution, its management, or its other scholars. Support for this publication and research effort was generously provided by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and The MasterCard Foundation. The authors also wish to acknowledge the broader programmatic support of the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the LEGO Foundation, and the Government of Norway. Brookings recognizes that the value it provides is in its absolute commitment to quality, independence, and impact. Activities supported by its donors reflect this commitment, and the analysis and recommendations are not determined or influenced by any donation.

Th is study examined 259 master's theses in the fi eld of educational technology completed in Turkey during 2000-2007. Th e results suggested that quantity and quality of educational technology research varied according to years and universities. A great majority of the theses employed quantitative paradigm, and qualitative studies made about one fourth of the total studies. Approximately 80 % of the theses were based on descriptive models using questionnaires, tests, and scales as data gathering instruments. Th e samples included university students in three out of every four theses. A signifi cant majority of the theses employed descriptive statistical techniques and only a limited number of experimental theses conducted inferential statistical analyses. Th e most frequently investigated topics were computer-assisted instruction, alternative teaching and learning approaches, web-based learning, diffi culties in integrating information technologies into educational practice, Internet-based learning, and distance education.

A regionalization of flood data in British Columbia reveals a common scaling with drainage area over the range 0Ð5 ð 10 2 < A d < 10 4 km 2 . This scaling is not a function of flood return period, which implies that simple scaling-consistent with a snowmelt-dominated flow regime-applies to the province. The observed scale relation takes the form Q / A 0Ð75 d , similar to values reported in previous studies. The scaling relation identified was used to define the regional pattern of hydroclimatic variability for flood flows in British Columbia after discounting the effect of drainage area. The pattern was determined by kriging a scale-independent runoff factor k for the mean annual flood, 5 year flood and 20 year flood. The analysis permits quantification of uncertainty of the estimates, which can be used in conjunction with the mapped k-fields to calculate a mean and range for floods with the identified return period for ungauged basins. Owing to the sparsity of data, the precision is relatively poor. The standard error is generally less than 75% of the estimate in the southern half of the province, whereas in the northern half it is often between 75 and 100%. Examination of the relative increase in flood magnitude with increasing return period reveals spatially consistent but statistically insignificant differences. Flood magnitude tends to increase more rapidly in the western regions, where rain events may contribute to flood generation. The relative increase in flood magnitude with return period is consistently lower in the eastern mountain ranges, where snowmelt dominates the flood flow regime.

?Interested in helping build layer 2 to scale ethereum? L4 is actively hiring. For ethereum 2018 is the year of infrastructure. This is the year when early adoption will test the limits of the network, renewing focus on technologies built to scale ethereum. Ethereum is still in its infancy. Today, it isn't safe or scalable. This is well understood by anyone who works closely with the technology. But over the last year, the ICO-driven hype has begun to far exaggerate the current capabilities of the network. The promise of ethereum and web3 — a safe, easy to use decentralized internet, bound by a common set of economic protocols, and used by billions of people — is still on the horizon, and will not be realized until critical infrastructure is built. The projects working to build this infrastructure and expand the capabilities of ethereum are commonly referred to as scaling solutions. These take many different forms, and are often compatible or complimentary with each other. In this long post I want to dive deep into one category of scaling solution: " off-chain " or " layer 2 " solutions. • First, we'll discuss the scaling challenges of ethereum (and all public blockchains) in general. • Second, we'll cover the different approaches to solving the scaling challenge, distinguishing between " layer 1 " and " layer 2 " solutions. • Third, we'll delve into layer 2 solutions and explain how they work — specifically, we'll talk about state channels, Plasma, and Truebit This article focuses on giving the reader a thorough and detailed conceptual understanding of how layer 2 solutions work. But we won't dig into code or specific implementations. Rather, we focus on understanding the economic mechanisms used to build these systems, and the common insights that are shared between all layer 2 technologies.

Abstract There are differing opinions as to the extent to which root cementum has to be removed during root surface instrumentation over and above that of the debridement of plaque and calculus. Similarly, the amount of tooth material removed by individual instruments is also unclear, but a trend towards less damaging methods of root surface debridement has evolved in recent years. The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine the amounts of root substance removed by 4 different methods of instrumentation, hand curette, ultrasonic sealer, airscaler and fine grit diamond bur. Measurement of tooth substance loss was carried out with a specially constructed measuring device at 360 sites on 90 mandibular incisors following 12 working strokes with a clinically appropriate force of application. Only a thin layer of root substance (11.6 μm) was removed by the ultrasonic sealer, compared to the much greater losses sustained with the airscaler (93.5 μm), the curette (108.9 μm) and the diamond bur (118.7 μm).

We present a simple theoretical and experimental model to explain the flaking off of paints, from a pre-existing defect, due to the influence of internal stresses provoked by the variation of ambient temperature and a long or strong illumination. The experimental model is made of two superimposed rubber strips, one of them being submitted to an instantaneous elongation or to a constant speed of strain. The detachment of the other strip, that represents the peeling and the flaking off of the paint layer, is measured and analyzed using concepts of the fracture mechanics, such as the strain energy release rate, in order to determine the conditions of stability and propagation of a crack at the interface, and to draw a master curve representing the dissipation function as a function of the crack propagation speed. r

The rapid increase in the use of Ethereum over the years has proven to have a lot of problems, as users on the Ethereum network experience high gas fees, high transaction costs, and high network congestions. It has been noted that the use of layer 2 scaling solutions could help solve the problems experienced on Ethereum. Due to Ethereum having many different layer 2 scaling solutions, this study compares the different layer 2 scaling solutions to find the optimum layer 2 scaling solution that can help solve the problems experienced on Ethereum. The literature review method used towards the development of this research was a scoping review. This method allowed each paper to be analysed based on depth and comprehensiveness to align with the qualitative nature of the research. The research presents the results using diagrams. The research findings were divided into different aspects of layer 2 scaling solutions. The aspects focused on security mechanisms, transaction costs and scalability of layer 2 solutions. The results reveal that the use of an optimum layer 2 scaling solution on Ethereum can help reduce high gas fees, high transaction costs and high network congestion experienced on the Ethereum network.

Satiety ratings are often made using VAS or simple category scales. In order to establish a simple, more quantitative technique to index perceived hunger and/or fullness, research was undertaken to develop and test a labeled magnitude scale of satiety.

Combining education and entertainment to bring early childhood education to children around the world 4 5 Sesame Street at a glance LOCATION: International coproductions in 39 countries, plus television broadcasts in more than 150 countries EDUCATION LEVEL: Early childhood education (children 2-8 years old) FOCUS OF INTERVENTION: Early childhood development, reading, language, mathematics, social and emotional development, and health knowledge and practice delivered through television, radio, videos, print materials, and interactive media INTERVENTION OVERVIEW: Sesame Street (1969-present), which is produced by the nonprofit organization Sesame Workshop, began as an educational television program in the United States with the goal of preparing children for school by combining entertainment with education. Today, Sesame Workshop has grown into the single largest informal educator of young children around the world, with Sesame Street reaching millions of children in more than 150 countries, including through 39 international coproductions that have been produced and broadcast at various times during the past 46 years. Sesame Workshop uses television, radio, videos, websites, and print content to offer learning opportunities both in and out of school to preschool-age children, particularly in contexts where formal preschool systems are not well established or are beyond the reach of most of the population. In addition to mathematics and literacy skills, Sesame Workshop's programs address children's development holistically and teach lessons about health and wellness, emotional well-being, and positive social interactions like encouraging respect and understanding. Although the international Sesame Street coproductions share a universal style, and an approach that mixes education and entertainment, each country's series is developed by in-country production teams and is based on the needs of the country's children and its specific education goals.

coming a significant contributor to power dissipation of CMOS circuits as threshold voltage, channel length, and gate oxide thickness are reduced. Consequently, the identification and modeling of different leakage components is very important for estimation and reduction of leakage power, especially for low-power applications. This paper reviews various transistor intrinsic leakage mechanisms, including weak inversion, drain-induced barrier lowering, gate-induced drain leakage, and gate oxide tunneling. Channel engineering techniques including retrograde well and halo doping are explained as means to manage short-channel effects for continuous scaling of CMOS devices. Finally, the paper explores different circuit techniques to reduce the leakage power consumption.

Scale developers often provide evidence of content validity by computing a content validity index (CVI), using ratings of item relevance by content experts. We analyzed how nurse researchers have defined and calculated the CVI, and found considerable consistency for item-level CVIs (I-CVIs). However, there are two alternative, but unacknowledged, methods of computing the scale-level index (S-CVI). One method requires universal agreement among experts, but a less conservative method averages the item-level CVIs. Using backward inference with a purposive sample of scale development studies, we found that both methods are being used by nurse researchers, although it was not always possible to infer the calculation method. The two approaches can lead to different values, making it risky to draw conclusions about content validity. Scale developers should indicate which method was used to provide readers with interpretable content validity information. ß

An analytical threshold voltage model for doublegate MOSFETs with localized charges is developed. From the 2-D Poisson's equation with parabolic potential approximation, a compact threshold voltage model is derived. The proposed model is then verified with a 2-D device simulator. The model can be used to investigate hot-carrier-induced device degradation for various device dimensions and various charge distributions. Index Terms-Double-gate (DG) MOSFETs, hot-carrier effects (HCEs), localized charge, surface potential, threshold voltage.

Fatigue in rolling element bearings, resulting in spalling of the races and/or rolling elements, is the most common cause of bearing failure. The useful life of the bearing may extend considerably beyond the appearance of the first spall and a premature removal of the bearing from service can be very expensive, but on the other hand chances cannot be taken with safety of machines or personnel. Previous studies indicated that there might be two parts to the defect vibration signal of a spalled bearing, the first part being originating from the entry of the rolling element into the fault (de-stress) and the second part being due to the departure of the rolling element from the fault (re-stress). This is investigated in this paper using vibration signatures of seeded faults at different speeds. The acceleration signals resulting from the entry of the rolling element into the spall and exit from it were found to be of different natures. The entry into the fault can be described as a step response, with mainly low frequency content, while the impact excites a much broader frequency impulse response. The latter is the most noticeable and prominent event, especially when examining the high pass filtered response or the enveloped signal. In order to enable a clear separation of the two events, and produce an averaged estimate of the size of the fault, two approaches are proposed to enhance the entry event while keeping the impulse response. The first approach (joint treatment) utilizes pre-whitening to balance the low and high frequency energy, then octave band wavelet analysis to allow selection of the best band (or scale) to balance the two pulses with similar frequency content. In the second approach, a separate treatment is applied to the step and the impulse responses, so that they can be equally represented in the signal. Cepstrum analysis can be used to give an average estimate of the spacing between the entry and impact events, but the latter can also be assessed by an arithmetic estimation of the mean and standard deviation of the event separation for a number of realizations, in particular for the second approach. In order to determine the effects of various simulations and signal processing parameters on the estimated delay times, the entry and exit events were simulated as modified step and impulse responses with precisely known starting times. The simulation was also found useful in pointing to artefacts associated with the cepstrum calculation, which affect even the simulated signals, and have thus prompted modifications of the processing of real signals. The results presented for the two approaches give a reasonable approximation of the measured fault widths (double the spacing between the entry and impact events) under different speed conditions, but the method of separate treatment is somewhat better and is thus recommended.

Fractals have found widespread application in a range of scientific fields, including ecology. This rapid growth has produced substantial new insights, but has also spawned confusion and a host of methodological problems. In this paper, we review the value of fractal methods, in particular for applications to spatial ecology, and outline potential pitfalls. Methods for measuring fractals in nature and generating fractal patterns for use in modelling are surveyed. We stress the limitations and the strengths of fractal models. Strictly speaking, no ecological pattern can be truly fractal, but fractal methods may nonetheless provide the most efficient tool available for describing and predicting ecological patterns at multiple scales.

We propose WindowScape, a window manager that uses a photograph metaphor for lightweight, post hoc task management. This is the first task management windowing model to provide intuitive accessibility while allowing windows to exist simultaneously in multiple tasks. WindowScape exploits users' spatial and visual memories by providing a stable thumbnail layout in which to search for windows. A function is provided to let users search the window space while maintaining a largely consistent screen image to minimize distractions. A novel keyboard interaction technique is also presented.

The distribution-free Mann-Kendall test is widely used for the assessment of significance of trends in many hydrologic and climatic time series. Previous studies have suggested both exact and approximate formulas for the calculation of the variance of the test statistic when the data are serially correlated. This paper outlines a procedure for the calculation of the exact distribution of the Mann-Kendall trend test statistic for persistent data with an arbitrary correlation structure. The particular cases of the AR(1) (first order autoregressive) model and the Fractional Gaussian Noise (FGN) model are presented for sample sizes between 3 and 9. While it has been previously shown that the Normal distribution gives a reasonable approximation to the exact distribution for large values of sample size n, a more accurate approximation based on the Beta distribution is proposed for moderate values of n. The application of the test to small samples is illustrated by testing the significance of recent trends starting in 1990 in 58 world river flow time series. The results confirm the effect of scaling in small samples and the benefits of using the Beta distribution as an approximation.

A submarine is capable of executing unsteady maneuvers in six degrees of freedom. The analysis of such motion is very complicated. In order to correctly predict the performance of a submarine during such conditions, there is a need to develop mathematical models and computational tools to investigate the effects. For development of reliable numerical tools, model tests are used to replicate full-scale behavior using scaling formulas. In model testing, the primary requirement to match Reynolds, Froude and Strouhal scale simultaneously presents conflicting demands on the relationship between velocity and characteristic length of the model. The objective of this paper is to satisfy dynamic scaling similarity at every instant of time and mathematically develop a procedure by first principle approach such that the hydrodynamic forces and moments acting on the full scale are correctly represented on the model for the entire range of maneuver. Then from the response equations, scaling formulas are derived to accurately predict the full scale motion from model measurements.

A geometric change is any bijection of a set having some geometric structure to itself or another such set. Specifically, a geometric change is a capacity whose space and range are sets of focuses. In this paper to apply diverse geometric change to pictures like interpretation, turn, relative change utilizing opencv-Python is presented. Geometric changes can be grouped by the measurement of their operand sets (along these lines recognizing planar changes and those of space, for instance). They can likewise be ordered by the properties they save. Displacements preserve distances and oriented angles; Iso-metries preserve angles and distances; Similarities preserve angles and ratios between distances; affine transformations preserve parallelism; projective transformations preserve collinearity.

The most relevant phenomenon of this past decade in the field of semiconductor memories has been the explosive growth of the Flash memory market, driven by cellular phones and other types of electronic portable equipment (palm top, mobile PC, mp3 audio player, digital camera, and so on). Moreover, in the coming years, portable systems will demand even more nonvolatile memories, either with high density and very high writing throughput for data storage application or with fast random access for code execution in place. The strong consolidated know-how (more than ten years of experience), the flexibility, and the cost make the Flash memory a largely utilized, well-consolidated, and mature technology for most of the nonvolatile memory applications. Today, Flash sales represent a considerable amount of the overall semiconductor market.

This comprehensive guide presents the Anger Coping Program, an empirically supported group intervention for 8-12 year olds with anger and aggression problems. Controlled clinical research has demonstrated this program to reduce teacher-and parent-directed aggression; improve on-task behavior in the classroom; and enhance participants' verbal assertion and compromise skills, social competence, and academic achievement. The authors provide the latest knowledge base on childhood aggression, the cognitivebehavioral principles underlying their approach, instructions for setting up and running the program, and a session-by-session treatment manual. Included are detailed guidelines for monitoring intervention outcomes and successfully duplicating the program across multiple settings. Many helpful examples

The relationship between maximum displacement (d max ) and fault length (L) has been studied extensively, mainly in attempts to understand how fault geometry varies over different length scales. Individual data sets are sampled over limited length scales, and values of d max and L are generally poorly correlated, thus relationships are usually postulated on the basis of combining different data sets. There are problems in sampling both d max and L in a consistent manner over these different length scales, especially where different data collection methods are used (e.g., field and seismic reflection data).