Toponyms

Toponym matching, i.e. pairing strings that represent the same real-world location, is a fundamental problemfor several practical applications. The current state-of-the-art relies on string similarity metrics, either specifically developed for matching place names or integrated within methods that combine multiple metrics. However, these methods all rely on common sub-strings in order to establish similarity, and they do not effectively capture the character replacements involved in toponym changes due to transliterations or to changes in language and culture over time. In this article, we present a novel matching approach, leveraging a deep neural network to classify pairs of toponyms as either matching or nonmatching. The proposed network architecture uses recurrent nodes to build representations from the sequences of bytes that correspond to the strings that are to be matched. These representations are then combined and passed to feed-forward nodes, finally leading to a classification decision. We present the results of a wide-ranging evaluation on the performance of the proposed method, using a large dataset collected from the GeoNames gazetteer. These results show that the proposed method can significantly outperform individual similarity metrics from previous studies, as well as previous methods based on supervised machine learning for combining multiple metrics.

The article analyses Finnish village names based
on medieval anthroponyms in the historical Castle Province of
Raseborg (approximately current Western Uusimaa). Thus, it reveals
what kind of anthroponyms were in use in the beginning
of second millennium in the area of Raseborg. It also examines,
what is the origin of these anthroponyms and what can settlement
names based on anthroponyms tell us about the history of Western
Nyland.
The analysis shows that Finnish village names of Castle Province
of Raseborg have most often their parallel cases in Southwestern
Finland and especially in the area of current Salo municipality.
In addition to that, Northern Estonia has a lot of similar
village names. Pre-Christian Finnic names and Christian names
are the largest naming groups. It is also notable, that most of the
studied village names are younger than the ones based on nature
names.

Александр Константинович Матвеев (1926–2010) – выдаю-
щийся российский ученый-языковед, член-корреспондент Россий-
ской академии наук, заслуженный деятель науки Российской
Федерации, доктор филологических наук, основатель Уральской
ономастической школы и Топонимической экспедиции Уральского
университета. Основную часть данной книги составляет словарь
собранных в экспедициях на Северный Урал в 1968–1978 гг. ман-
сийских топонимов – бесценного памятника языка, истории и куль-
туры народа манси. Публикацию завершает обобщающий очерк
«Мансийская топонимия как лингвистический и историко-
этнографический феномен».

This paper aims to discuss the linguistic features of Three Han's toponyms (country names Mainly in Mahan 馬韓 and Byeonjin 弁辰) which are based upon the historical records in San Guo zhi 三國志․Wei zhi 魏志·Dong Yi zhuan 東夷傳 by Chen shou 陳壽 in 280. To decipher the morphological and phonological features of toponyms, firstly the textual research of Dong Yi zhuan is thoroughly carried out by comparing the different versions of different periods in China. Secondly, the phonographs of the toponyms which were written in Chinese characters are selected by analyzing the morphological components which can be divided into Hunpyoso(훈표소, 訓表素, semantographic morpheme) and Eumpyoso (음표소, 音表素, phonographic morpheme). Thirdly, the distributions and percentages of consonants(initials) of the selected phonographs are quantitatively analyzed separately, meanwhile, the reconstructions of Old and Later Han Chinese, Middle Chinese are based upon Schuessler(2009). According to the result of quantitative approach, the diachronic development of Korean phonological system and Middle Sino-Korean system, Chinese historical phonological system, Ko-on, Go-on and Kan-on of Sino-Japanese,  the consonant system of Three Han's toponyms which includes ‘**p-, **t-, **k-, **ts-, **-s-, **h-, **m-, **n-, **-ŋ, **-l-’ are deciphered. Alongside the result, the limitation of this study and the future research outlook on vowel and suprasegmental systems are put forward reasonably.

This paper studies the various strategies applied by Lyubomir Nikolov, the translator of J.R.R. Tolkien's trilogy The Lord of the Rings into Bulgarian. The research focuses on personal names, toponyms and some nicknames as they, according to the author, are " deeply meaningful ". But it is difficult to the reader to decipher them because of the tight blend of English and " Elfish ". The Bulgarian translator of the book has made considerable efforts to follow Tolkien steps and draw the picture of the Middle Earth – a magical world that looks very real with its geography, peoples, their history and languages. His strategies in translating names turn very successful in showing the inner sense of their referents in the epic to the reader. The study uses a parallel English-Bulgarian corpus of more than 130 proper names (Richards 1985). They are excerpted manually from the first two books of the trilogy, which comprise The Fellowship of the Ring. The diversity of the corpus data requires a numbers of strategies and procedures for rendering the exact meaning. We treat them as culture specific concepts as they belong to a fairy-tale book full of stories and legends. Different scholars put forth different classifications of translation techniques. Harvey (2000: 2-6) emphasizes four very important ones: 1. Functional equivalence: using a referent in the TL culture whose function is similar to that of the source language (SL) referent (e.g. Grimbeorn the Old/ Гримбеорн Стари). 2. Formal/ linguistic equivalence (a 'word-for-word' translation) (e.g. Lonely Mountain/ Самотната планина). 3. Transcription or 'borrowing' (i.e. transliterating the original term) (e.g. Esgaroth/ Есгарот) 4. Descriptive/ self-explanatory translation: using generic terms to convey the meaning (e.g. Midgewater Marshes/ блатата на Комарова вода). Newmark (1988: 83-86) proposes a more detailed list of procedures. Apart from those mentioned by Harvey (2000) he adds: Cultural equivalence: replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one (e.g. Shire/ Графството); Componential analysis: comparing an SL word with a TL word which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent (e.g. Sandheaver/ Ровопясък); Synonymy: a "near TL equivalent" (Butterbur/ Мажирепей); Shifts or transpositions: it involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL (Loudwater/ Шумноструйка), etc. The analysis shows that two or even more strategies can work together and sometimes it is very difficult to classify an excerpt. Such cases Newmark (1988: 91) terms couplets. Furthermore, we find metaphorical and metonymical mappings in the correspondences of the source language (SL) and target language (TL). They make the translated text even more forceful and incisive. INTRODUCTION The world famous trilogy The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien is translated into more than 40 languages. In Bulgarian it is translated by Lyubomir Nikolov, whom the Association of Bulgarian translators rewarded for his translation of the book. As the translator himself points out in the prologue " translating the trilogy is an enormous pleasure but also dead weight beyond human abilities, which can only be carried by a scholar of Tolkien's rank ". Furthermore, the translation of the book is a challenge because the author presents it as a " translation from Elfish ". Thus, he involves the reader into a complicated and astounding game. Part of that game are the characters' names, the toponyms and the nicknames. They are a tight blend of English and " Elfish " , loaded with a particular sense which may remain precluded if the translator leaves them undecoded. The Bulgarian translator, however, is very successful in rendering the exact meaning. His Bulgarian equivalents of Tolkien's names provoked this study which aims at classifying them according to a number of different strategies and procedures.

The author pursues an improved diachronic phonological understanding of reconstructed pre-documentary Scandinavian language, with more in-depth consideration given to its vowel history, its eastern vernaculars and the lexical traces of contact with Finnic. Some of the main findings, notably those concerning the umlauts and the history of contrast in the vowel system, have implications for earlier Germanic vowel history beyond the study of Scandinavian. 
These are the English language portions of the summarising chapter of a compilation thesis.

Identifying and protecting national toponymic heritage, synchronically and diachronically, should be one of the definitory objectives of a functional, non-bureaucratic civil service, founded on accurate data regarding an area’s real estate – buildings and land – as well as the population residing within. The common identifier when compiling a database of buildings and residents is the cadastral address, the address of a person’s residence in the population register. The main element of an address is the street name attributed to it by the local public administration, taking into account the history of the settlement and figures who left a mark on public life in the respective community. A person designated to analyze and change street names must be a person of culture and good intentions: names of streets are part of daily life, a form of culturalization and collective imagination; a means of reorienting affection towards the destiny of a community. A street sign bearing the name of a person, place or historic event may contain only sparse data regarding the reason for its attribution, but it is an aspect of public culture, a bridge between an unitary judiciary framework and a pluralistic cultural identity, a connection between ethnic and civic components.

This toponymic study deals with the polder region of north-western part of the Dutch province of Noord- Brabant. Thereby attention is mainly paid to the names of water and the land that has been washed up or even flooded. The names are grouped in the three main periods of the landscape development of the region discussed: the peat period (up to 1250-1421), then the inundation period (until 1421-1665), followed by the polder period. In each period typical names were formed where it is interesting that some continued to exist in later periods.

The paper gives an overview of the literary and numismatic attestations of the toponym ‘Telese’ – i.e. Tedis, Telesia (vetus), Τελεσία, Telesis (nova), Thelesia – by citing the fontes. The paper also offers space to the works of local history, which are concerned to the toponym of Telese (with particular attention to Petrucci’s History of Telese).The end of the paper proposes an etymological hypothesis, according to which exists a bond between the three linguistic and toponymic forms – i.e. the Oscan facies, the Latin facies and the Greek facies – through the common derivation from the Indo-European root *tel-2, *telǝ-, *telu-.
Key words: Telese, toponymic study, local history, Libero Petrucci, etymological hypothesis

This paper examines the function of the Omride enclosure at Jezreel in the Israelite kingdom's administration. The excavated remains, the similarity between the plan of the enclosure and that of the Assyrian "Fort Shalmaneser", and Biblical passages all argue in favour of a military function for this enclosure. Based on this military function, the symbolic meaning of the toponmym "Jezreel" in Hosea 1-3 is explored. The role of Jezreel in Jehu's revolt is also discussed.
In Hosea 2, the destruction of Israel's military emplacements, which is called “the day of Jezreel,” is seen as a positive development. As a result of this destruction, Israel resumes its reliance on God and the chapter concludes with a dialogue of mutual commitment. Jezreel's symbolism then reverts to its literal meaning “God will sow,”reinterpreted to refer to God’s acceptance of Israel’s renewed reliance on Him. An addendum to the paper argues for attributing the authorship of the Tel Dan stele to Hazael.

This article delves into the historical evolution of the Singapore Strait or Straits from the medieval period to the early modern era, spanning approximately four centuries. Preceding the establishment of the British trading post in 1819, the understanding of the toponym "Singapura" was primarily captured in Johann Heinrich Zedler's German Universal-Lexicon from the mid-18th century. Zedler extended the toponym to various geographic features, including the straits, positing that they derived their name from the nearby settlement.

Building on Zedler's claim, the author examines early European cartographical materials, proposing the Temasek-Singapura paradigm, later expanding it into a broader paradigm by the 20th century. Victor Obdeijn's assertion that the Straits of Singapore were relatively "new" features challenges the traditional association of these toponyms. Obdeijn suggested that Singapura could not have functioned as a trading center before the Portuguese arrival in the early 16th century.

Examining Arabic, Turkish, and predominantly Portuguese sources, the article draws crucial conclusions. It highlights historical interpretations of the toponym Singapura beyond the "Lion City" mentioned in the Sejarah Melayu. Early Portuguese chronicles emphasize the ruler's authority derived from controlling waterways, earning him the title "Lord of the Strait(s)." However, by the late 16th and early 17th centuries, Singapura was no longer linked to the settlement or island but exclusively to the straits. The paper underscores the fallacy in Zedler's assumption that the maritime arteries were named after the town; instead, the straits bestowed their name upon the nearby settlement of Singapura.

While many agree that Scyld in Beowulf was back-formed from Scyldingas, the context in which this occurred is rarely discussed. It seems frequently assumed that Scyld was created in Denmark and exported to England along with the name Scyldingas. However, the way that names and terms corresponding to Scyld and Scyldingas are used in medieval Scandinavian texts suggests that neither the figure nor an associated dynasty may have been very familiar to Scandinavians. Moreover, a consideration of Scandinavian place-name evidence shows that pre-medieval Scandinavian group-names in -ing-/-ung- were not formed on anthroponymic bases, though this practice was frequent in West Germanic contexts. Thus, though it is unlikely that Scandinavians in Scandinavia back-formed a figure named Scyld from a Scandinavian group-name antecedent to Scyldingas, such an interpretation would have been familiar and logical in West Germanic contexts. Accordingly, the figure of Scyld was likely back-formed by persons familiar with West Germanic naming practices and a Scandinavian form of Scyldingas, perhaps in an Anglo-Scandinavian context in Britain. Subsequently, the figure of Scyld was exported to Scandinavia and, though perhaps absent from autochthonous traditions, incorporated as accepted wisdom into written history and legend.

This study analyses how toponyms discursively construct identity in
connection with a variety of historical and cultural specificities in Bindura, Zimbabwe. The analysis unfolds from a position of noting the functional and symbolic significance of place names and naming practices in society’s everyday life. We advance the idea that toponymic practices in Bindura (re)present various types of identities, have power relations embedded in them and can communicate various messages in addition to being manifestations of linguistic, cultural and social heritage.
They also have an economic value attached to them. This study uses a combination of archival research, participant observation, interviews and ethnographic methods in its exploration of the people’s views pertaining to the nature of the relationship between naming practices, identity, power and communication in a multi-lingual, multicultural society. Preliminary findings indicate that history, memory and culture are
important components of identity formation and these constituents are carried in a place’s toponymic practices. Official names of features in the study area serve as indicators of the official views and ideological perceptions of the political, social and historical events of the place.

The purpose of the article is to review the question of the use of the Proto-Polish ethnonym Polanie. According to the opinion traditionally adopted in historiography, this name referred to one of the tribes inhabiting Greater Poland (the territories of Kuyavia) whose territorial conquests led to the establishment of the Polish State. On the basis of a semantic analysis of the earliest written occurrences of this name, the author develops the thesis that it originally designated a tribe residing in the western part of Lesser Poland, and only at the beginning of the 11th century, again, it came to denote the ‘inhabitants of Poland’ (understood as the state of Bolesław I the Brave).

Since the conquest of Goa in 1510 and Malacca the following year, the Portuguese began to establish a trade Empire in Asia. The high demand for Asian goods, such as spices, tea, silks, cottons, porcelains and other luxury items, combined with high profit rates associated with the trade, spark the interest of other European nations.
By the end of the 16th century Europeans began to acquire information on the routes to Asia and were willing to pay for any information on how to navigate safely to and through the East Indies. On route to China, the shoals on the coast of Vietnam were the most feared by pilots. And thus began a quest of placing, portrayal, naming and finally surveying of what became known as the Paracel Islands.

Something about the toponymy and the Arpadian castro-toponymy in the Transylvanian basin in the 11th-13th centuries.
Views on Uioara de Sus (Alba County) and beyond.
(Summary)
The aim of this study was to disscuss the idea launched in 2004 by Gyula Kristó: the possibility of a huge county, Doboka, in the XIth and XIIth
century from which others counties emerged in Transylvanian basin during the Arpadian Age. My study was centered on the possible placement of
the Ujvár wood-fortress at Uioara de Sus, Alba county and not to Ocna Mureșwhere the archaeological excavations proved the lack of any fortification.
Also was an exercise of lexical interpretation for a number of toponyms, contemporary to the Early Medieval period, which, in our opinion, could
demonstrate our assertions linked to Ujvár fortress. The huge number of Hungarian, Turkich, German and Slavic origin toponyms are a strong prove
for the existence in the area of some nomadic, clans or parts of tribes (petchenegues?, cumans? others?) lead by chieftains (certainlly a Suqman,
maybe a Berke?, a Gzak?, an anonymous kende?) settled by the kings of Hungary on the personal domains of the queens during the XIIth century
with the spcific pourpose of guarding the salt resources of the region through an várispánságok, namely Ujvár (Uioara de Sus) county separatedfrom
the huge Doboka county during that century, sometime before 1177. The fortress county was disbanded and split by the emergent nobility of the
XIIIth century. This study tried to underline the importance of the castle toponymy of the period in the clarifying process of the Transylvanian counties
formation and of the military colonisation of an advanced frontier zone full of resources (Mureș/Maros River), especially salt of very good quality, but
very exposed to different kind of perils.

Öz Turfan toplumunun modern çağlar öncesindeki tarihsel analizinin yapılabilmesi için, Turfan metinlerinde geçip herkesin üzerinde mutabık kaldığı çeşitli dillerdeki yer adlarının tanımlanması vazgeçilmezdir. Tarihî Çin kaynaklarına göre, MS 640 yılında, Tang Hanedanı tarafından işgal edildiğinde, Qu (麴) Ailesinin Goachang (高昌) Krallığı hâkimiyetindeki Turfan Havzası'nda "yirmi iki şehir" bulunmaktadır. Söz konusu "yirmi iki şehir"in adlarından sadece birkaç tanesi kronolojik olarak yazılmış olan Çin tarihleri ile Çince Turfan el yazmalarında olduğu gibidir. Turfan araştırmacıları, bu şehirleri tanımlamak için, Çin kaynaklarındaki Ming ve Qing hanedanlarına ait kayıtlarda geçen yer adlarıyla bugünkü Uygur kayıtlarında geçenleri karşılaştırarak bir dizi tarihî -coğrafik araştırma yürütmektedir. 9. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren Turfan havzasında Batı Uygur Krallığı'nın hâkimiyeti söz konusu idi. Eski Maniheist Uygur metinlerinden birine göre, bu krallığın hâkimiyet alanında "Koço ulusunun yirmi iki şehri" bulunmaktaydı. (koço ulus ikii otuz balık). Bölge 13. yüzyılın ilk yarısında Cengiz'in Moğol İmparatorluğu'nun hâkimiyeti altına girdikten sonra, iduq-qut unvanlı Uygur kralı tarafından yönetilen şehirlerin sayısı bir zamanlar yirmi dört olarak anılmaktaydı. 9. -14.

This paper discusses the place-renaming policies in the recent two decades in Armenia. By elaborating on the legal and administrative framework for place-renaming in the country and through the analysis of more than 27,000 geographical names and their renaming practices, the paper focuses on the politics of space/place in Armenia in the context of a nation-state-building. By considering discourses, actors and institutions involved in place-renaming, the paper puts its results into the wider context of nationalism and nation-state-building. With a focus on the notion of raison d'état as a practice of governmentality, the abstract space of the nation-state conceived by experts and nationalist discourse on autochthony, the paper elaborates on the production of nation-state-space in Armenia. The contradictory aspects of place-renaming policies and the relations of exclusion and domination (re)produced in the process of conceiving of the nation-state-space in this country are discussed as well.

This article examines the links between the toponyms Hout-Ihet and Hout-Our in the Western Delta, as well as their reading and the evolution of their spelling. It also seeks to understand their meaning and the evolution of it. Finally, it considers their relationship with the city of Imau and offers a new outline of the religious history of the third province’s metropolis of Lower Egypt.

This publication is the result of a one-year research project funded by Tandem Western Balkans as an initiative of European Cultural Foundation and MitOst e.V. The Tandem consists of a collaboration between Aleksandar Obradović from Philopolitcs, based in Belgrade, and Lejla Odobašić Novo from International Burch University, based in Sarajevo.
The project maps the names of streets in the central areas of Belgrade and Sarajevo during and after the fall of Yugoslavia. The exercise aims to examine the impact of war on the post-conflict context and the continued fragmentation of the common Yugoslav narrative through the act of renaming of the toponyms in both cities. It also brings into question the role of the capital cities in the transition from Socialist state to present-day Democracies, examining whether any points of overlap and common past remain.

ISBN 978-9958-834-67-7

En co-autoría con Gerardo López Roque.
El objetivo principal de este trabajo es mostrar la relación que tienen los topónimos y la narrativa oral en la conformación etnoterritorial entre los nahuas de la Huasteca potosina. Luego de la presentación del contexto local, el marco teórico y la metodología, presentamos cuatro topónimos acompañados de su narrativa oral, que nos muestran la vitalidad e importancia del rescate
toponímico y narrativo de los etnoterritorios locales. En la última sección ofrecemos una discusión de los resultados para acercarnos a las formas simbólicas en que los nahuas de la comunidad de estudio construyen etnoterritorialidad.

Very few people know that a possibility of reconstructing protolanguages or protoforms was probably first suggested as early as in the 16th century by Miechowita while discussing the origin of the name of Hungarians and that of Yugra. Miechowita’s “Treatise on the Two Sarmatias” was once an extremely important source of knowledge of the geography and history of East Europe. Although much was written on its significance in correcting more or less unlikely information concerning these subjects his linguistic material was actually ignored. The aim of this study is to examine what was known about East European languages in the early sixteenth century.

Throughout Portugal’s urban landscape many ‘sites of memory’ (statues, monuments, museums, place names, and more) continue to perpetuate a celebratory discourse of Portugal’s imperial and colonial past. Post-1974, with the end of the Portuguese Colonial Empire these sites connected to Portuguese imperialism and colonialism have remained relatively undisturbed within Portugal until the last decade where they have been increasingly contested by anti-racist organisations and growing Black Lives Matter activism. This talk will partially illuminate in the Portuguese case, Portugal’s experience in a concurrent international debate over sites connected to European colonialism and how these mnemonic structures act as antagonistic reminders of difficult colonial pasts. In total, the talk will present a brief overview of a current imperial-colonial landscape in Portugal, going onto examine one venerating site of this theme in the country and a recent but short-lived counter-narrative produced at this site through an intervention of graffitiing. The talk will conclude by bringing attention to one site due to be completed, that will work in its immediate locale in establishing a long living counter celebratory narrative of Portugal’s imperial and colonial past.

The aim of our study is to show how the spatial references present in Total khéops by Jean-Claude Izzo are translated into Polish. The city of Marseille is presented in the text not only as a background, it becomes the main character of the novel. The role played by the city being utterly important, it was interesting to study what is the image of Marseille in the translated text and how it got created. We analyzed three types of spatial references, by which we understand all elements of the text helping to create the portrait of the city: toponyms, cultural elements and dialect of Marseille.

After nearly two millennia of Christianity on the British Isles, its influence on place-names is deep and varied. Apart from ecclesiastical landmarks proper, there are other landscape features that have names with Christian associations. Such place-names may be grouped in three broad categories with regard to the spheres of association, namely, 'holiness', 'the Church' and 'the Bible'. In considering the motivation behind these names, it is also convenient to apply a grid of spatially relevant factors (location, dweller, ownership, dedication, event, quality) to bring out their typology. This paper examines English Christian place-names with the help of this approach, drawing typological parallels from other languages.

Since most European students of Turkic linguistics start their university training with a course of Turkish they first learn that the Turkish word balyk ‹balık› means 'fish.' It therefore stands to reason that they feel most surprised when they are told in an Old Turkic course that balyk means both 'wall' and 'town, city' in Old Turkic. One can hardly understand how three meanings as different as 'fish' and 'wall' or 'town' are expressed by one and the same word, and thus the idea immediately suggests itself that at least one of these words is probably (or certainly) borrowed into Old Turkic from a foreign language that is apparently unknown to the student. Besides, there is only one possible phonetic association, that with Turkish bal 'honey' but this does not seem to make much sense.

In  antiquity,  wool  was  traded  between  the  Levant  countries  and  the
rest of the known world. Clean, soft wool was especially desirable because it absorbed dyes perfectly, including the purple for which the Phoenician Tyre was famous. In his “Lamentation over Tyre” (Ez 27:1-36) the Hebrew author, followed by a Greek translator, lists a number of cities and regions with which Tyre traded. Ezekiel’s material is there-fore an excellent basis for research into translation techniques used in the translation of toponyms. Their analysis and comparison indicates the existence of several types of translation, among them the technique based on association, which will explain the introduction of Miletus to LXX Ez 27:18 in place of the Hebrew Sahar/Zahar. Evidence will be provided by Greek literary texts and papyrus documents from Ptolemaic Egypt.K ey wor ds:  Septuagint,  Book  of  Ezekiel,  toponyms,  wool,
Sahar/Zahar,  Miletus,  Lamentation over Tyre

Глава 1 посвящена теоретической базе исследования. В ней
рассматриваются работы, которые дают определение понятия и
классифицируют топонимы в русском и японских языках, а также
описывают устройство имени в японском языке.
Глава 2 представляет собой описание семантико-синтаксического
устройства названий остановок и принципы для их  классификации.
В главе 3 рассматривается статистика вхождений иероглифов в состав топонимов, а также результаты сравнительного анализа с аналогичными топонимами в Осаке.
В Заключении представлены выводы по проведенной работе, а также намечены перспективы для будущих исследований.
В Приложениях приводится полный список микротопонимов Киото
(Таблица 1), а также частотный список иероглифов для топонимов Киото(545 ед.) и топонимов Осаки – (462 ед.) (Таблица 2).

Due to the presence of the Serbian ethnic community in Hungary, starting from the 15 th century a rich Serbian cultural and architectural heritage emerged. The majority of Serbs have been living along the Danube River as this waterway was the main means of transport for the Serbian migration between the 15 th-17 th centuries. The Serbs left their mark on the architectural character of many Hungarian cities, in particular on the multi-ethnic and multicultural town of Szentendre, located just outside of Budapest. Religious architecture in Hungary also bears the mark of the Serbian community: there are twenty Serbian Eastern Orthodox churches on the Danube riverfront and ten on adjacent lands, in close proximity to the stream. This paper presents the changes of the Serbian ethnic territory within Hungary and-through exploring and mapping geographical names of Serbian origin-the toponymic marks of the presence of Serbs in Hungary.

Τhe testimony of linguistic evidence for the historical continuity and the wider implications of medieval Slavic settlements in the southern part of the Balkan peninsula is of extreme importance, considering also the scarcity of written sources for the so-called “Dark centuries of Byzantium” (7th - 9th c. AD). The linguistic residues of the Slavic presence in this area can be identified separately into (a) proper names (toponyms of settlements and places, hydronyms, ethnonyms, anthroponyms etc.) and (b) common noun loans (or common names) in Medieval and Modern Greek language. The paper includes an introductory part on toponymy and linguistic research regarding mainly the Greek areas (definition, origin and sources of medieval place names and anthroponyms of Slavic or “mixed” etymology). It also analyzes the factors and the necessary scientific methods and criteria for the analysis and use of the above material. Moreover, it contains an overview of the contribution of older and contemporary scholars regarding this subject. It highlights some new data from the research of toponyms. Finally, taking into account the testimony of the rather limited common noun loans of Slavic origin in Greek language, it summarizes the main historical conclusions resulting from the study of linguistic evidence of medieval Slavic installations in Greece.

Place names are a valuable part of cultural heritage with their socio-cultural and symbolic meanings, the function of reminding the past, and carrying oral culture. Names not only maintain their social roles for people in daily life with their rich associative features but also play an important role in the maintenance of cultural identity.
Place names have a significant place in Kurdish oral narratives, especially in kilams (a kind of Kurdish folkloric song). Kurdish kilams involve ‘oral maps’ and narrative forms created by place names. This study aims to reveal the roles and functions of the placenames in the Kurdish oral culture. ‘Topogeny’, the term coined by James Fox to refer an ordered succession of place names in regard to the spatial flow of the story, is seen in some Kurdish kilams. Topogenic narrative forms emerged in Kurdish oral narrations function as transmitting the knowledge that has cultural and historical importance and encoding that knowledge on the space. This study, which emphasizes on the importance of historical and topogenic narrations treated through the names, examines the long kilam «Eli Xarza» (Eli the Nephew, include 160 place names) whose topic is on the breaking out of prisoner Eli in the later 19th century. The travel from Maku city of Iran to Erzurum through which the names of the villages, towns, rivers and highlands are sung and narrated in an ordered sequence is an example of what Fox has named a ‘topogeny’.

Με το δημοσίευμα αυτό αναφερόμαστε στον Άγιο Νικόλαο τον Νέο (ἐν Βουνένῃ) και καταθέτουμε ετυμολογικές προτάσεις για τα τοπωνύμια Βούνενα και Τίρναβος (Τύρναβος).

(Through this paper we refer to Saint Nicholas the New (at Vounena) and we submit etymological suggestions for the toponyms (placenames / nomina loci) Vounena and Tirnavos/Tyrnavos.)

En el presente trabajo y tras una somera introducción, pretendemos ofrecer un catálogo en el que se analicen los nombres de las diferentes poblaciones de la antigua Hispania en las que se pudo plasmar la propaganda augustea, seguido de dos breves apartados donde se comenten ciertos aspectos asociados al fenómeno y el problema de su fallida perduración en el tiempo.

Cette étude propose d'abandonner les hypothèses liées à l'anthroponymie celtique (l'hypothétique Ornatius proposé par Albert Dauzat) au profit d'une explication proprement latine, beaucoup plus en phase avec les données phonétiques, textuelles et archéologiques. Etablie en 1963 par l'archéologue Jean-Louis Bonnet, la localisation sur la commune d'Ornaisons du site de la villa octaviana décrite par Sidoine Apollinaire pourrait expliquer l'émergence du toponyme.

An especially challenging aspect of transliteration is adopting an adequate system that can be used by an average person who may be unable to interpret diacritics or all the character and character combinations used in traditional and contemporary systems. Also, significant phonological differences between two languages such as those between Arabic and English, and the absence of a consistently used universal system, may result in numerous variations in the spelling of a name. This paper, part of a larger study that the authors are conducting, proposes a simplified system for the English transliteration of Oman‟s place names written in the Arabic script. The system is meant to be used on tourist maps, at tourist sites, on signposts, and in marketing and public relations material.
Considering the importance of toponyms in conveying the historical and cultural heritage of a people, the extended project will examine the linguistic aspects of all Oman‟s toponyms, such as their morpho-syntactic and semantic properties and also their lexical-source domains. The research will further illustrate how cross-cultural influences on place name phonology may serve as narratives of identity and symbolic resistance to the dominant majority.

The doctoral dissertation, accepted to be defended on 11 September 2018, contains five papers published on different forums. Some of the main findings, notably those concerning umlaut and the history of preserved contrast in the vowel system, have implications for Germanic historical phonology beyond the study of Scandinavian. In this respect the scrutiny has, during the research process, grown beyond the original scope of the research plan. The topics of the five papers are diverse, but they all relate to preliterary eastern Scandinavian sound systems during the millennium between the third and the thirteenth century CE. They all critically examine methodological issues involved in using diverse and imperfect evidence to verify etymologies or to pursue improved phonological reconstruction and analysis. The papers also all address, albeit to a quite varying degree and in different ways, sound substitutions in borrowings between Finnic and eastern Scandinavian vernacular.

Names can act as daily reminders of a colonial presence. To unsettle Settler origin stories, we strive to reveal the legacy of (dis)possession rooted in naming. As case studies, we consider the attribution of the name Salish Sea, the naming of the Straits of Juan de Fuca and Georgia, and the delineation of national boundaries during the San Juan Water Boundary Dispute. We use these examples to demonstrate the unsettling potential of (re)naming practices. To conclude, we suggest further areas for praxis and research that are situated in a broader context of naming practices.