KOOHI, Kamal & Alina AMANZHOLOVA (eds.) V. INTERNATIONAL KAORU ISHIKAWA BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION ANDECONOMY CONGRESS May 20, 2021 Ankara , Turkey PROCEEDINGS BOOK., 2021
Although cryptocurrencies and the artificial language Esperanto, designed by L. L. Zamenhof, are ... more Although cryptocurrencies and the artificial language Esperanto, designed by L. L. Zamenhof, are quite different types of things, it has been argued that there are resemblances between them. Both slightly positive and negative comparisons have been made. For example, in the the website for Luno, a cryptocurrency exchange company, there is the following statement: "'Luno' is the Esperanto word for 'moon'. Esperanto is a language devised in 1887 with the main aim of being an international medium of communication, effectively a way to connect everyone in the world through language. Bitcoin is a perfect financial equivalent of this, and in some ways an even better way to connect us all". On the other hand, a 2013 webpage in the website of another company, CoinDesk, was entitled "What can bitcoin learn from the failure of [the] 'global' language Esperanto?" In this paper the validity of some such analogies will be examined. Other connections between Esperanto and cryptocurrencies will also be brought up, e.g. the fact that René de Saussure, a significant figure in the early Esperanto movement, "proposed the first 'virtual' worldwide currency-the father of Bitcoin, so to speak" (Gobbo 2020:110).
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although Elam (1932:5) states, “This book is not offered as a solution of the Auxiliary International Language problem, but is intended merely to present the case for the a priori method of language construction”. Oz has a relatively large number of tense prefixes, including those for the present, past, future, and future perfect. Its most unusual tense is the “indefinite”, which is “used when no particular time is referred to, i.e. when an attribute is predicated of a subject without calling attention to the time
at all” (Elam 1932:21), marked by the prefix in-. It is to be distinguished from the habitual action/general truth tense, although Elam appears to use it several times in this sense. An example of a sentence containing this tense marker is ep inQks ap ‘I see him’, which is “simply stating the fact of
my seeing him, which may be in past, present or future time” (Elam 1932:21). To some extent, verbs with in- can be equivalent to infinitives in e.g. English. In this paper I will look at all the occurrences of this tense in Elam (1932), the only known work on Oz, in an effort to get a clearer picture of when it is used. Of particular interest and complexity are verbs marked for both this tense and one of the dependent tenses, e.g. ep iptOv ed ek tinfoid ‘he said (that) he loved her’ (Elam 1932:23). Like the
other non-dependent tense prefixes, in- can occur on its own as a copula. There is also a prefix for the indefinite dependent tense, n-.
not be useful today. In this paper I will look at the game Healthy Pursuits from 1986, which was made for doctors, as it was promotional material from Hoechts-Roussel Pharmaceuticals. As its name indicates, it was apparently inspired by the game Trivial Pursuit, which dates from the same era, and which was very popular. Healthy Pursuits consists of a deck of cards with questions (but no board) in six categories: Fitness & Health, Nutrition & Diet, Human Body, First Aid, History, and Diseases & Medicines. I will look at some of these questions and discuss whether they are still relevant today (and how useful they are for physicians). Some questions were clearly advertising for Hoecht-Roussel, as they referred to one of their
products, e.g. “For what indication is Lasix most commmonly prescribed?” Other questions would seem more appropriate for the general public, e.g. “Name five of the ten essential things to take with you when backpacking”.
although Elam (1932:5) states, “This book is not offered as a solution of the Auxiliary International Language problem, but is intended merely to present the case for the a priori method of language construction”. Oz has a relatively large number of tense prefixes, including those for the present, past, future, and future perfect. Its most unusual tense is the “indefinite”, which is “used when no particular time is referred to, i.e. when an attribute is predicated of a subject without calling attention to the time
at all” (Elam 1932:21), marked by the prefix in-. It is to be distinguished from the habitual action/general truth tense, although Elam appears to use it several times in this sense. An example of a sentence containing this tense marker is ep inQks ap ‘I see him’, which is “simply stating the fact of
my seeing him, which may be in past, present or future time” (Elam 1932:21). To some extent, verbs with in- can be equivalent to infinitives in e.g. English. In this paper I will look at all the occurrences of this tense in Elam (1932), the only known work on Oz, in an effort to get a clearer picture of when it is used. Of particular interest and complexity are verbs marked for both this tense and one of the dependent tenses, e.g. ep iptOv ed ek tinfoid ‘he said (that) he loved her’ (Elam 1932:23). Like the
other non-dependent tense prefixes, in- can occur on its own as a copula. There is also a prefix for the indefinite dependent tense, n-.
not be useful today. In this paper I will look at the game Healthy Pursuits from 1986, which was made for doctors, as it was promotional material from Hoechts-Roussel Pharmaceuticals. As its name indicates, it was apparently inspired by the game Trivial Pursuit, which dates from the same era, and which was very popular. Healthy Pursuits consists of a deck of cards with questions (but no board) in six categories: Fitness & Health, Nutrition & Diet, Human Body, First Aid, History, and Diseases & Medicines. I will look at some of these questions and discuss whether they are still relevant today (and how useful they are for physicians). Some questions were clearly advertising for Hoecht-Roussel, as they referred to one of their
products, e.g. “For what indication is Lasix most commmonly prescribed?” Other questions would seem more appropriate for the general public, e.g. “Name five of the ten essential things to take with you when backpacking”.
langauges are artificial languages meant to be used as means of communication among people who do not speak the same natural languages. Most major artificial auxiliary languages, e.g. Esperanto, aim have simple morphology so as to make them easier to learn; they will thus have very few different forms of verbs. However, Eurasto has 13 moods, more than many or most natural languages, the simple, negative, endeavor, intensive, feeble, commence, continue, end, perhaps, potential, bias, volative, and imperative. This paper will look at these moods in an
effort to determine whether they are all in fact moods (or whether some of them should rather be labelled as aspects), and when they occur. To answer the second question the very limited amount of textual material in Eurasto can be examined to see to what extent verb forms with
these moods occur (it might not be surprising if some of them do not occur at all outside of sentences used to exemplify them), and in what contexts they occur. This will be done to a limited extent in the present paper. Comparisons will be made with other artificial languages
which also have complex verbal morphology.
Language teachers should be aware of such facts and need to think creatively to anticipate possible differences between learners’native and target languages, and to explain these facts in a way which learners will remember. For example, how does oneexplain that in English one does not generally speak of the handle of a sword, but rather of its hilt? In this presentation I will present a range of meronymic differences between English and other languages, and ways of teaching them to students, some ofwhich will involve pictures as well as words.
Adpositions are commonly classified by their position with relation to their complement. Thus we have prepositions, which precede it, postpositions, which follow it, as well as the more exotic inpositions (within the complement), ambipositions (can precede or follow the complement), and circumpositions (partly before and partly after the complement). Aside from linear ordering, there is another way in which adpositional placement can vary: an adposition can either be adjacent or non-adjacent to its complement. Leaving aside preposition stranding (as a result of wh-movement, etc.), I shall look at the extent to which adpositions can appear non-adjacent to their complements. This may vary depending on the language, or on the particular adposition, or perhaps on other factors.
semantic case, part of a broader distinction between lexical and
functional elements. Several tests, involving predication,
nominalization, and iteration are proposed for determining the
semantic status of particular case functions. The results of these tests
show that only subject and direct object markers are syntactic, all
other cases being semantic. Further, semantic cases behave like
adpositions, and should therefore be placed in the same syntactic
category as them. This enables one to defend a structural account of
restrictions on predication. The tests also indicate that English has
underlying semantic cases, which are related, but not identical, to
theta roles.
The small number of syntactic cases is consistent with my claim that their content consists of one binary feature value, while the content of semantic cases is not necessarily so limited.