Social contract

Protected areas located in areas of violent conflict are often conceived as spaces where the state has lost its control and parks are 'dissolved', to the point where poaching and violent extraction of resources run free. Our analysis of conservation in Garamba National Park, in eastern DRC, shows that forms of regulation of (anti-)poaching activities continue to exist within such spaces through the persistence of social contracts that bind different actors in and around the park around conservation. We show that these contracts have long histories and change substantially over time, and yet continue to function as reference points for populations and authorities with regards to (anti-) poaching activities, and the organization of social life in and around the park more broadly. Faced with insecurity, poverty and uncertainty, the population living close to Garamba National Park continues to refer to these social contracts, or seeks to devise new ones in search for predictability, livelihoods, security and the provision of basic social services. By focusing on the 'contractual layer' of conservation in a violent frontier, we aim to contribute to the understanding of the re-configuration of public authority in these spaces, and demonstrate the conceptual and empirical relevance of analysing social contracts for geographers. We do so by drawing a conceptual and empirical bridge between the literature that has conceived conservation as enclosures, and the literature that has focused more on the contractual dimension of conservation.

Treatment of love and marriage in Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights (1847) and Rabindranath Tagore’s Shesher Kobita (1929) share certain universal appeal regarding love and marriage. This universality can be found in the love relationship between Catharine and Heathcliff in the Wuthering Heights and Amit and Labannya in Shesher Kobita. Standing at the same position regarding true love, Catherine and Amit neither deny their true love nor marry their beloved. They do not want to confine their love within the marriage bond which is more like a social contract than the eternal union of souls. The study observes the contrast as well as the similarities in the treatment of their relationship with their partners. The study also attempts to analyze the complexity of relationship of Catherine and Heathcliff illustrated by Emily Bronte and Amit and Labannya relationship by Rabindranath Tagore. This is a qualitative study which is explorative in nature. Content analysis method has been used in collecting the information. All data collected are from primary and secondary sources.

Introduction
I am pleased to welcome you to the third edition of the CITN Annual International Academic Conference on Taxation in a serene academic environment of Igbinedion University with the Theme: TAXATION, SOCIAL CONTRACT AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT with a lined up sub-themes. We received over 100 Abstracts and those that scaled through the review process were accepted for presentation in this conference. This conference is sure an improvement on the 2nd edition and on behalf of the Institute, I wish to appreciate all the members of the Committee and staff of our great Institute and Igbinedion University that have worked tirelessly in ensuring that this edition is yet another success story.

About CITN 
The Chartered Institute of Taxation of Nigeria (CITN), established in 1982 and chartered by Act No. 76 of 1992, now CITN Act CAP C10 Volume 2 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 2004, is the only regulatory body for Taxation profession in Nigeria. Its membership spreads across the country with over 23,000 membership base.  Since its inception, CITN has contributed immensely to various fiscal policies reforms aimed at achieving sustainable economic development in the country. CITN also promotes ways of ensuring an increase in national revenue from taxable income.

Significance of the Conference
The conference provides a wide range of opportunities for participants, host community, the nation and world at large, to extend the frontiers of knowledge in taxation and related fields and create a nexus for policymakers in evolving better policies.
Distinguished participants, I will like to let you know that by attending this conference:
i. you will benefit from various presentations on contemporary issues in Taxation, Fiscal Policy and related research findings;
ii. your papers could be published in prominent Academic Journals including the prestigious Journal of Taxation and Economic Development;
iii. your Abstract(s) will be published in the Book of Abstracts and read by scholars;
iv. you will be able to share your experience with the entire Nigerian populace,
v. there are prizes/awards for selected and outstanding papers at the Conference;
vi. Participants who are members of CITN would be allocated 15 credit hours for attending this conference.
One more thing and on a lither mood, if by any chance you do not like or enjoy any aspect of this conference (at our instance), kindly write to me in my capacity for the refund of your conference. Meanwhile, terms and condition apply!!!
4th Academic Conference
Dear participants, I am using this opportunity to inform you that the preparation for the 4th CITN International Academic Conference will hold in August 2021. The details on the date and venue would be announced later. The collection of abstracts for the 4th International Academic Conference will commence immediately after this conference. We will be looking forward to receiving your papers and your presence at the 4th Annual Conference.
Conclusion
It is worth the effort to appreciate the Vice-Chancellor, Professor Lawrence Ezemonye and the Principal Staff of this revered University of Choice (our host and collaborator).
I thank Dame Olajumeke Simplice, the 14th President of CITN and the entire CITN Council for approving my committee's recommendations for this Academic Conference. My appreciation goes to the members of the Conference Organizing Committee ably led by Professor Kabiru Isa Dandago, the Local Organizing Committee as led by Associate Professor Atu O.O. Kingsley (FCTI), and indeed the CITN Staff as led by Mr Mary-Fidelis Abiahu, Director, Research and Professional Standards of CITN as delegated by the Registrar/ Chief Executive, Mr Adefisayo Awogbade, for their unfaltering contributions towards making this conference a reality.
It is, therefore, my singular honour and privilege to invite the Registrar and Chief Executive of the Chartered Institute of Nigeria, Mr Adefisayo Awogbade to please read the citation and invite the 14th President of our dear Institute to declare this 3rd CITN International Academic Conference on Taxation open.

I thank you all once again for coming and wish us all a fruitful deliberation.

Prof. Godwin Emmanuel Oyedokun, FCTI
CITN Council Member
Chairman, Education/Academic Conference

The article, based on fieldwork conducted among an extremist Hasidic group, demonstrates how religious fundamentalism may be linked to modernism through the way in which modern ideas infiltrate fundamentalist culture. The authors examine the contract that is signed annually by members of the group, which reaffirms their acceptance of stringent regulations. The contract is signed by every individual by means of a performative act that consolidates the separatist Hasidic social fabric on the basis of contractual legal rationality and creates categories and values that bind the individual to the community, an act that circumscribes that cultural enclave.