Polonia

The story of the children of Pahiatua (Pahiatua Children), where was a temporary camp for Polish orphans after soldiers, including members those form the Anders’ Army, is well known in New Zealand. Polish citizens, mainly from the Eastern Borderlands, not only found their second homeland in New Zealand, but also have significantly contributed to the erection of the newly established state of Aotearoa. Many of them, using their patriotic attitude, have funded to the basis for indeed friendly Polish-New Zealand diplomatic relations. This has been emphasized by politicians from both in Wellington, as well as the local public opinion. The former Honorary Consul of the Republic of Poland in Auckland, John Roy-Wojciechowski, who was born in the Borderlands, made a huge contribution to the establishment of positive image of Poland in the Antipodes, mainly through the Polish Museum and “The Kresy-Siberia Virtual Museum”. In 2014, there was the 70th anniversary of the arrival of Polish orphans to New Zealand, which was a perfect opportunity to popularize the importance of the relations between Poland and New Zealand, still not enough analysed in the Polish literature.

Cu toate acestea, cred că conceptul de Intermarium ar trebui scos din sfera proiectelor de cooperare regională ca fiind prea larg. Ambiguitatea conotațiilor termenului Intermarium și varietatea interpretărilor sale fac ca acest concept să nu fie adecvat pentru conturarea și stimularea relațiilor interstatale moderne din regiunea est-europeană. Cred că, după Războiul Rece, Intermarium a devenit un cuvânt de argou atotcuprinzător, care este inspirator emoțional, dar nu foarte practic pentru dezvoltarea cooperării regionale.

Articulo de opinion publicado en los diarios del Grupo Joly en Andalucía el día  de Noviembre de , sobre los hechos que están teniendo lugar en la frontera entre Polonia y Bielorrusia, y como se utiliza los migrantes como ariete para influir en la opinión publica de determinados paises

El artículo ofrece un análisis pormenorizado de la educación del ciudadano propuesta
en las Consideraciones sobre el gobierno de Polonia de Rousseau. Se destacan las principales
incompatibilidades con la pedagogía defendida en el Emilio, así como sus consecuencias para la
igualdad y la libertad en relación con la filosofía política defendida en el Contrato Social. Se
concluye que el ciudadano que se forja en la educación polaca integrará al otro en sí mismo
precisamente para reconocerlo en su desigualdad, lo que supone la imposibilidad empírica del
modelo teórico del Contrato Social para Polonia

I believe that the best way to approach our topic is to walk the path of history. I don't say it in order to force the present discussion onto a plain that's familiar and comfortable for megiven the fact that my work is as a Church historian -, but rather because I want us to consider the new evangelisation as principally a historical issue. It is a theological category that ripened within a peculiar history and that ushered in, at the same time, a new stage in the Church's history, in which we currently find ourselves.

Muestra del libro El impresionante Torneo de Ajedrez de las Naciones 1939, tomo 2. Dedsarrollo, euforia y drama del certamen. Estallido de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Victoria de Alemania sobre Polonia por sólo medio punto, y situación política.

The article analyses conceptual disputes over Polish communities abroad. It presents understanding of the variety of terms used to describe Poles abroad: ‘Polonia’, ‘Polish emigration’ or ‘Polish diaspora’. Special attention is devoted to the presence of the term ‘diaspora’ in academic literature, official documents and the political discourse in Poland. A few years ago, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MSZ) applied the term ‘Polish diaspora’ as a substitution of ‘Polonia and Poles abroad’ in the draft of a governmental programme. It provoked objections from some Polish organizations from abroad and triggered a debate in the parliament. The text is based on the study of primary sources, such as proceedings of parliamentary debates, MSZ archive materials, statements of representatives of Polish organizations abroad as well as academic literature. The analysis showed that although the term ‘Polonia and Poles abroad’ is still commonly used, ‘Polish diaspora’ becomes more and more popular, especially among younger generation of academics. The most reluctant to use the word ‘diaspora’ in reference to Polish communities abroad are the leaders of Polish organizations abroad and politicians representing the right wing of the political spectrum. They base their opposition primarily on emotional arguments related to the understanding of the diaspora concept in a narrow, traditional sense, referring to scattered religious groups, while such
understanding of the term has long ceased to apply.

Domenica 15 gennaio 2017
CAPIRE ED AGIRE NELLA GRANDE TRASFORMAZIONE
Scuola di cultura politica 2016-2017 - CAPIRE ED AGIRE NELLA GRANDE TRASFORMAZIONE
Parte prima: IL NUOVO MONDO GLOBALIZZATO
quarto modulo: Dove va l'Europa?
Cristina Carpinelli - "Polonia e Ucraina: nella morsa dei populismi rurali"
http://www.casadellacultura.it/audio/2017/20170115-SCP-Cristina-Carpinelli.mp3

“Consular Service of the Second Republic of Poland. Cadre Organization and Activity”


Summary

The contents of the presented book are the main aspects of the activity of Polish Consular Service in the years 1918 – 1939. Some of those aspects were presented against a background of other countries’ consular services in order to show the character or similarity to Polish solutions. The range of activities performed was very broad because the consulates were in an almost literal way “miniatures of state administration”. The book was prepared on the basis of documents from Polish archives and sets of Polish institutes in London and New York.
The organisation of the consular service was presented in Chapter One. The division into Warsaw head office of the service and a network of foreign establishments were taken into account first of all. There were also discussed preparations of the consular service for World War II. Mechanism of creating the network of permanent consulates and correctness of this process were described in the second subsection. The third subsection is devoted to the financial analysis of the aspects of the consular service activity. Material base of consular establishments it means a question of hiring and buying buildings and equipment was described in the fourth part. The genesis and the meaning of consular conventions that is to say a kind of forum of exchanging information and coordination of the activity of the establishments in individual countries were described in the next subsection. The system of monitoring over the consulates was characterised in the sixth subsection as well as typical cases of pathology among officials were presented. The specification of organizations and honourable consular activities were described in the next subsection. The legal basis and methods of consular matters ran by the Republic of Poland of the Free City Gdańsk were presented in the last part.
Nine aspects of personal politics in an analysed professional group were presented in Chapter Two. It was also tried to show a great inner diversification of this service. It was pointed out that it was a numerically predominant group in MSZ /Ministry of Foreign Affairs/, although this phenomenon occurred with different intensity. Then the differences of the consular and diplomatic workers status were focused on. Ranks and consular posts were characterised in the third subsection. In the next part the evolution of recruitment criteria were investigated. The evolution of educational system and additional training for the cadre were also described. A complicated mechanism of promotion and assigning officials to consular establishments were presented in the fifth subsection. The sixth subsection was devoted to the material situation of consular officials. In the next two subsections groups distinctly distinguishing from the whole consular workers were described. However, they differentiated due to the fact that women despite being often a part of the majority of consular staff were holding invariably the highest posts. Whereas the officers of the army in spite of the small number generally occupied executive posts. The last subsection is a part of a sociological research of consular service. It includes the analysis of the age, education, social background, nationality and religion of consular service officials.
Chapter Three is devoted to consular service activity towards two groups: Polish citizens staying abroad and people of Polish nationality regardless their nationality. The distinction is necessary since the consular offices treated Polish emigrants and Polish minority differently from the Jews and Ukrainian with Polish passports. In the first subsection the evolution of the consular service structures appointed to take care of the Polish abroad and rules controlling the scope of their work were presented. In the second part the system of financing consular care over the Polish was analysed. The form of looking after the Polish in aspect of organisational life, cultural and educational was discussed. The activity in the scope of protection and employment exchange of earning emigration was presented. The sixth subsection is devoted to realization of nationalistic politics of Polish government abroad.
Supporting economical exchange and supplying the state authorities with information was the original cause of appointing consulates by western powers. It was the most important part of work for the establishment of the Second Republic of Poland. The activities of this scope were discussed in Chapter Four. First of all the mechanisms of collecting and passing economic information were characterised. There were also discussed works of consulates of the Republic of Poland, concerning marine issues. Consulates’ tasks in the scope of press and propaganda were analysed. Ways and the range of administrative work it means traditional tasks of all consular services were discussed. The realization of consulates’ tasks referring matters of passports and visas were described in the last subsection.
Chapter Five is filled with the description of consular service connection with secret service of the Second Republic of Poland. In the first part half-dependent sabotage activities of consular officials were presented. The remaining subsections are devoted to forms of tight cooperation of consular service with Polish Secret Service. The range of co-operation of consular officials recruited by the secret service was described in the second one. The process of leading secret service officers into the consulates was presented in the third subsection. The next subsection is filled with the analysis of three consequences of this phenomenon for consulates work. The last subsection is devoted to specific variation of secret service – the acts of sabotage. In this field close cooperation of consular service administration with the centres coordinating sabotage in Czech Republic and Germany was undertaken.

[PL] Repatriacja jako znaczący element polskiej polityki migracyjnej zaczyna odgrywać coraz większą rolę w życiu politycznym i społecznym Polski. Niniejsza praca prezentuje najważniejsze zagadnienia związane z tym zjawiskiem, a także uwzględnia przyczyny historyczne i regulacje prawne bezpośrednio związane z tym procesem. Przedmiotem pracy badawczej jest społeczność polonijna, która przeprowadziła się do Polski w ramach repatriacji albo ma zamiar to zrobić w najbliższej przyszłości. Celem pracy jest pokazanie najważniejszych aspektów i problemów repatriacji jako elementu polskiej polityki migracyjnej oraz jako zjawiska społecznego.
[EN] Repatriation as a significant element of Polish migration policy begins to play an increasingly important role in the political and social life of Poland. This work presents the most important issues related to this phenomenon, and also takes into account historical reasons and legal regulations directly related to this process. The subject of the research work is the Polish community that has moved to Poland as repatriants or intends to do so in the near future. The aim of the work is to show the most important aspects and problems of repatriation as an element of Polish migration policy and as a social phenomenon.

Kashubians and the trial of Jan Bauer in Słupsk in 1932.
A Contribution to the History of Polish national movement in Western Pomerania (Part 1)

The Bytów and Lębork districts in the interwar period were part of Germany and laid near the Polish border (in Western Pomerania). The Kashubians, who lived there, were ethnically and linguistically closely related to the Polish people. There were about 4000 Kashubians in the Bytów district and about 2000 in the Lębork district. From 1929-1930, thanks to the efforts of a teacher sent from Poland, Jan Bauer, four Polish schools were opened in the Bytów district. At the beginning of 1932 there were 66 Kashubian pupils. This fact alarmed the German authorities. Bauer was arrested and charged with perjury. He was sentenced to one year in prison and had to leave Western Pomerania.
The trial of Jan Bauer in Słupsk (9-11 February 1932) was one of the most important events in the struggles of Polish-German relations in the field of minority education. In fact, it was a show trial. The development of education was halted. In the Bytów district only one school survived.
The book consists of two main parts. The first one, descriptive, consists of four chapters. The first chapter contains reflections on the size, location and property status of Kashubians in the Bytów district. In the second chapter the same considerations apply to the Lębork district. The third section describes the activities of the Polish administration on the Kashubians. The last, fourth, chapter deals with the trial in Słupsk. The second part of the book contains source materials. The most important of these is the trial report, consisting of 76 pages of typescript.

Die Kaschuben und der Prozess gegen Jan Bauer in Stolp (Słupsk) im Jahr 1932
Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der polnischen Nationalbewegung in Hinterpommern

In der Zwischenkriegszeit waren die Kreise Bütow und Lauenburg ein Teil des Deutschen Reiches und befanden sich im Grenzgebiet zu Polen. Die dort lebenden Kaschuben waren mit der polnischen Bevölkerung ethnisch und sprachlich verwandt.
Im Kreis Bütow lebten etwa 4000 Kaschuben und im Kreis Lauenburg etwa 2000. Von 1929 bis 1930 wurden im Kreis Bütow, dank der Bemühungen eines aus Polen geschickten Lehrers namens Jan Bauer, vier polnische Schulen geöffnet. Zu Anfang des Jahres 1932 gab es 66 kaschubische Schüler. Diese Tatsache alarmierte die deutschen Behörden. Jan Bauer wurde wegen Meineids verhaftet und angeklagt. Er wurde zu einem Jahr Gefängnis verurteilt und musste Hinterpommern verlassen.
Der Prozess von Jan Bauer (9.-11. Februar 1932) war eins der wichtigsten Ereignisse in der deutsch-polnischen Beziehungen im Bereich der Schulbildung für Minderheiten. In der Tat ist es ein Schauprozess gewesen. Die Entwicklung des kaschubischen Schulwesens wurde gestoppt und die meisten Bildungseinrichtungen wurden aufgelöst. Im Kreis Bütow gab es anschließend nur noch eine Schule.
Das Buch besteht aus zwei Hauptteilen. Der erste Teil besteht aus vier Kapiteln. Das erste Kapitel enthält Überlegungen über die Anzahl, die soziale Lage und den Eigentumsstatus (Finanzstatus) der Kaschuben im Kreis Bütow. Im zweiten Kapitel werden die Kaschuben aus dem Lauenburger Kreis beschrieben. Das dritte Kapitel behandelt die Aktivitäten der Polnischen Verwaltung gegenüber den Kaschuben. Das vierte und letzte Kapitel befasst sich mit dem Prozess in Stolp (Słupsk). Der zweite Teil des Buches enthält das  Quellenmaterial.
(Übersetzung von Dagmara Grajczak und Jürgen W. Schmidt)

Resumen Este artículo aborda la crisis del Estado de derecho en Hungría y Polonia, situándola en el marco de la historia de la integración europea. Desde mediados de los años noventa, la Unión se fue dotando progresivamente de procedimientos específicos con el fin de que sus instituciones pudiesen responder a una eventual vulneración de sus valores por parte de un Estado miembro. Este proceso respondía particularmente a la inminencia de una quinta ampliación cuya dimensión no tenía precedentes y que habría de incorporar a Estados de corta trayectoria democrática. Años después, en un contexto marcado por el auge de los populismos, la deriva iliberal de los Gobiernos húngaro y polaco ha provocado el primer uso de los nuevos procedimientos, poniendo de manifiesto su insuficiencia ante una crisis de esta naturaleza y mostrando los límites de la capacidad de influencia de la Unión Europea después de la adhesión.

Muestra del libro El Impresionante Torneo de Ajedrez de las Naciones 1939, tomo 3. Los inmigrantes enriquecen al ajedrez argentino, 1940-1943. Editado por Amazon, 2020. 545 páginas. Formato 21x28cm. Una vez finalizado el torneo se produjo una conflictiva situación porque, a causa del comienzo de las Segunda Guerra Mundial, muchos ajedrecistas no podían volver a sus países. Casi una treintena de ellos se quedaron en Argentina y tuvieron oportunidades de sobrevivir dignamente,

https://gloria.tv/post/YC1xPEFMZ4sA4vUbsyNMFmgG3
Stefan Kosiewski 20220324 an die Kultur und Wissenschaftdezernentin Dr. Ina Hartwig
https://boosty.to/mysowa/posts/1dea9d14-1ecf-458e-b78d-77a3b6bca8b0
Akt oskarżenia przeciwko nadburmistrzowi Frankfurtu 105.00 105 ntv text Do 24.3. 11:43:13
ntv
https://vk.com/wall467751157_1637
PS.:
Sehr geehrte Frau Kulturdezernentin Dr. Hartwig,
https://twitter.com/sowa/status/1507115540745228291
W roku 1991 pracowałem (geb. 1953) in Frankfurt am Main jako
polnischer Exil-Journalist dla amerykańskiego Radio Liberty/ Radio Free Europe
in München,
https://boosty.to/mysowa/posts/9c22c5de-f475-4386-9fb2-1a463274ccd4
Sie (geb. 1963 in Hamburg)
https://lnkd.in/dw4H_EuT

https://boosty.to/mysowa/posts/65cacf8e-fe6b-4568-86b9-126a6fad808c
PDF:
https://de.scribd.com/document/566434774/
PDF:
https://mega.nz/file/GuAxXKjB#47wtNFThEtIn1JczHolsEXzURFNkn_T2H1KK-u4R93Q

"Autorka w swoich badaniach podjęła się ukazania wieloaspektowej historii tej placówki, która oficjalnie rozpoczęła działalność 30 X 1919 r. Do 1921 r. funkcjonowała
jako konsulat, potem w latach 1921–1923 Konsulat Honorowy RP, w latach 1923–1939 konsulat, a w 1939 r. Konsulat Generalny RP. Tak więc cezury czasowe publikacji
nie są przypadkowe, obejmują okres ponad 20 lat pracy i istnienia konsulatu, aż do zamknięcia 23 IX 1940 r. (...) Publikacja zawiera również aneksy, które obejmują cztery wybrane dokumenty: Kwestionariusz zagadnień do opracowania dla praktykantów MSZ; Organizacje/Stowarzyszenia/ Towarzystwa; Wymiana towarowa Polski z koloniami francuskimi (Algieria, Tunis, Maroko) z uwzględnieniem obrotów portu marsylskiego, natomiast ostatni: Podstawowy księgozbiór placówki konsularnej. Uzupełnieniem całości publikacji są wykaz skrótów, spis ilustracji, indeks osób, streszczenie. Autorka dobrze poradziła sobie z zasadniczym celem swojej pracy – ukazaniem zagadnień politycznych, administracyjnych, socjalnych, gospodarczych Konsulatu RP w Marsylii. Odniosła się do wszystkich spraw, jakimi zajmował się personel tej placówki. Książka Anny Ambrochowicz-Gajownik, która trafiła do czytelnika, zasługuje na wysoką ocenę. Warto ją przeczytać, gdyż niewątpliwie uzupełnia dotychczasową lukę w historiografii i stanowi cenny wkład w badania nad dziejami tej placówki". Z recenzji dr hab. Anny Pachowicz, "Dzieje Najnowsze" 2020, nr 3, s. 340-344.
"Książkę A. Ambrochowicz-Gajownik zdecydowanie warto przeczytać. Tak jak warto podkreślić wielki trud autorki związany z jej przygotowaniem. Monografia ta będzie przydatna zarówno dla specjalistów, jak i dla miłośników historii. Jeśli „czytanie to najlepszy sposób uczenia się” (Aleksander Puszkin),czytelnik po lekturze tej pracy lepiej zrozumie meandry funkcjonowania przedwojennego MSZ, specyfikę relacji polsko-francuskich w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym, ponadto pozna nieco mentalność urzędników ówczesnej epoki. Nie mam wątpliwości, że niniejsza praca to pozycja, bez której nie obejdzie się żaden badacz zainteresowany dziejami dyplomacji". z rec. dr. hab. Marcina Kruszyńskiego, "Komunizm-system-ludzie-dokumentacja" 2020, nr. 9, s. 361-366.

Poland is the first case of transition to democracy in a country from East Europe, and so, it deserves that the processes, which led to the country from a real socialism to a democracy inserted in a free market, would be studied. We analyze the causes and performers who generated the fall of the communist regime, the entry into scene of the main opposition PZPR, Solidarity, also the transition and operation of the country in democracy.

Il presente contributo è dedicato alla sepoltura secentesca dell’architetto Giovan Battista Gisleni, nella chiesa romana di Santa Maria del Popolo. La sepoltura, già nota per le sue lugubri suggestioni da una tradizione critica della prima metà del Novecento, ed ultimamente studiata appena nel 2011, è qui riproposta nelle sue associazioni storico-artistiche e filologiche, e per la prima volta connessa ad un opuscolo inedito, appositamente stampato per la fondazione, che ne denota le origini, le decorazioni, le iscrizioni, il significato globale.

In "Storia dell'Arte", 140, n.s. 40, 2015

El propósito de este trabajo es estudiar las consecuencias que provocaron el exilio del gobierno polaco desde el inicio de la Segunda Guerra Mundial en 1939 junto con su intento de mantener su legitimidad, hasta 1990 con la caída de la URSS y la posterior disolución del gobierno tras celebrarse las primeras elecciones libres de Polonia. Veremos cómo se organiza este gobierno, sus objetivos, el apoyo recibido por parte de sus aliados y su posterior pérdida con el fin de la guerra. Todos estos aspectos serán tratados a través de los varios exilios de este gobierno, es decir, Francia en un primer momento, con París y posteriormente Angers y, por último, Londres.

L’intérêt géopolitique de l’Europe de l’Est a toujours été dense mais il s’est accru de manières spectaculaires ces dernières années, sous l’effet de plusieurs phénomènes : « renaissance » de la puissance russe depuis 2000 et l’annexion de la Crimée en 2014 en est le dernier avatar, intégration européenne et au sein de l’OTAN qui caractérise un ancrage occidental qui inquiète Moscou, renouvellement politique instable qui menace directement l’Union européenne. A tous ces égards, la Pologne peut être considérée comme le pivot géopolitique de ces changements : grande puissance de l’Est de l’Europe, historiquement occidentale mais marquée par les partages, économiquement forte mais dépendante de ses partenaires.

This article analyzes the relationship between stucco decoration and architecture through the investigation of the languages used by Baldassarre Fontana, cousin of the more famous Carlo. The study of the stucco decoration and some architectures created by Baldassarre in Moravia and Poland will allow to underline the innovative elements in the languages used by the architect and plasterer of Chiasso, compared with roman examples including the altar of Santa Maria in Traspontina designed by Carlo Fontana or the chapel of Santa Cecilia in San Carlo ai Catinari and some works by Bernini. In Fontana's work, the intention is to overturn the relationships between architecture and sculpture, in order to find the greatest possible separation between sculpture and architecture. Instead, in other yards, experimentation is already directed towards the rococò. The paper will consider some cases including the decoration of the church of Saint Anne in Krakow dated 1695-1704 and the low undercut plastic decoration made on the gothic vaults of the Zydowski palace, also in Krakow. The examples of the Wawrzyniec Wodzicki palace or the funerary monuments built in Poland and Moravia are also interesting. The article also presents an analysis of the stucco technique used by Baldassarre Fontana and a comparison with the construction site practices used in the Roman area.

The Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America was established by Polish scientists whofound themselves on emigration in the USA as a result of World War II. At the moment of its origin, it was the continuation of the Polish Academy of Sciences as well as the symbol of free culture and scientific thought. It underwent many transformations in the years 1942–1989, it started its activity as the emigration scientific-cultural society, by 1989 it became an organisation
of all-American scope. The article is an attempt to describe the activity of that most important Polish scientific centre in the United States from the perspective of research output, biographies of its creators and contributors and the role it played in the Polish and American science in the years
1942–1989. Special attention was paid to the publications, including The Polish Review journal, and books published in English, which joined the world science canon about Poland and Middleand Eastern Europe in the field of history, literary and social sciences.

Opposite Poles presents a fascinating and complex portrait of ethnic life in America. The focus is Chicago Polonia, the largest Polish community outside of Warsaw. During the 1980s a new cohort of Polish immigrants from communist Poland, including many refugees from the Solidarity movement, joined the Polish American ethnics already settled in Chicago. The two groups shared an ancestral homeland, social space in Chicago, and the common goal of wanting to see Poland become an independent noncommunist nation. These common factors made the groups believe they ought to work together and help each other; but they were more often at opposite poles. The specious solidarity led to contentious conflicts as the groups competed for political and cultural ownership of the community.

Erdmans's dramatic account of intracommunity conflict demonstrates the importance of distinguishing between immigrants and ethnics in American ethnic studies. Drawing upon interviews, participant observation in the field, surveys and Polish community press accounts, she describes the social differences between the two groups that frustrated unified collective action.

We often think of ethnic and racial communities as monolithic, but the heterogeneity within Polish Chicago is by no means unique. Today in the United States new Chinese, Israeli, Haitian, Caribbean, and Mexican immigrants negotiate their identities within the context of the established identities of Asians, Jews, Blacks, and Chicanos. Opposite Poles shows that while common ancestral heritage creates the potential for ethnic allegiance, it is not a sufficient condition for collective action.

This paper is about the figure of the Polish Queen Maria Casimira Sobieska, widow of King Jan Sobieski, the winner of the battle of Vienna, 1683. After her husband’s death, in 1696, she moved to Rome, where she cleverly integrated into the political and cultural context. The focus is Maria Casimira Sobieska’s cultural and political activity in a gender perspective, as she was one of the first two women admitted to the Academy of Arcadia.
The intellectual activity of the Arcadia is presented trying to evaluate women’s involvement. The political character of Maria Casimira’s travel is closely related to her cultural activity in Rome, and her “pilgrimage-exile” is investigated in order to highlight its significant political implications.
It is essential to examine the figures of female travellers especially if, as in the present case, they have significantly affected the political and cultural life of their time. Their travels, that were often undertaken because of or after their marriage, are fundamental to raise awareness and understanding of the role played by these travellers once they settled down in the places where they were headed.
Travel itself has a pivotal role in historical and political transformations, more specifically in the development of the identity and inclusion-exclusion processes concerning different social groups and gender dynamics. The practice of voyage has radically evolved over time. Travel experience changed in space and in time, from the epic of Gilgamesh or Odysseus to the modern idea of tourism. Ancients valued travel as an explication of human fate and necessity; for modern people it is an expression of freedom and an escape from necessity and duty. The history of travel is the study of a force – mobility  – that has shaped human history and that is clearly still influencing our present. However travel appears to be, with its historical, economic, cultural and political implications, and in its evolution, a male prerogative. This is the reason why the present work examines women’s weight in culture and politics proposing an alternative point of view.