Oenology and Viticulture

I. The Evolution of Vineyards and Wine among Romanians; I.1. Ancient Period; I.2. Medieval Period; I.3. Modern Period; I.4. Contemporary Period; II. Wine Regions and Vineyards; II.1. The Main Wine Regions and Vineyards in Romania; II.2. The Main Wine Regions and Vineyards in the Republic of Moldova; III. The Normative Framework Applicable to Viticulture; III.1. European Union Legislation; III.2. National Legislation; III.2.1. Cultivation areas and production potential; III.2.2. Vineyard exploitation file; III.2.3. Vine plantations; IV. National Regulatory Framework Applicable to Wine Production and Marketing; IV.1. Definition of Wine and Other Wine Products; IV.2. Classifications of Wine; IV.2.1. Sugar content; IV.2.2. Quality and origin; IV.2.3. Other classifications; IV.3. Protection by Controlled Designation of Origin and Geographical Indication; IV.3.1. Attestation and control of grapes and wines; IV.3.2. Transport of wine products and mandatory records; IV.3.3. Packaging, labelling and marketing of wines.

In het land van Campanië verenigen de wijnstokken zich met populieren, omhelzen die als echtgenoten en klimmen met opdringerige armen van tak naar tak in hun knoestige loop omhoog, tot ze de top bereiken en zo hoog zweven dat de druivenplukker wanneer hij het contract tekent meteen over zijn brandstapel en grafheuvel onderhandelt. (…) Rankdrager of met een andere naam 'opulus' noemen ze een boom in Italië boven de Po, waarvan de rondom wijd uitgroeiende rijen takken worden gevuld door de wijnstokken, die met oude kale stammen opklimmen tot aan de vertakking en daarvandaan onder de uitgestrekte armen van de boomtakken hun loten laten uitschieten. Ook kunnen ze, door staken gestut, rechtop staan tot de hoogte van een middelgrote man en zo een wijngaard vormen. Andere kruipen kriskras over de bodem, laten over alle lege ruimten hun uitlopers kronkelen en vullen elke voorhof die ertussen ligt op. Zo veel verschillende groeiwijzen laat alleen Italië al zien." Plinius, Naturalis Historia, 14.2.10-13

Il presente elaborato  vuole essere, per quanto possibile, una raccolta esplicativa delle conseguenze che le attuali anomalie climatiche stanno causando al settore vitivinicolo. Gli obiettivi principali di questo lavoro sono tre: Il primo, quello di creare una visione del Sistema Climatico, come sistema auto regolatore del pianeta. Il  Secondo obiettivo,  molto complicato da realizzare,  è orientato a fare maggiore chiarezza sul concetto di Cambiamenti Climatici. In questa trattazione, vengono analizzati i tre fattori che sono alla base delle riscontrate anomalie metereologiche:
Il Riscaldamento  Europeo;
Il Riscaldamento Urbano; 
Il Global Warming.
All’interno di questo tema, la più comune Teoria Antropogenica di Svante August Arrhenius, spesso ricondotta a spiegazione pressoché unica,  viene in parte ridiscussa.  Per il terzo ed ultimo obbiettivo, che costituisce il focus principale di questo lavoro, vengono affrontati ed analizzati gli effetti di questi regimi climatici anomali sulla produzione vitivinicola. Risultanze e conseguenze delle modificazioni climatiche osservate e realmente in atto vengono  esaminate attraverso la concretizzazione che assumono in cantina:
- Innalzamento del grado zuccherino dei mosti  con aumento del tenore alcolico finale dei vini e modificazioni a carico della struttura dei vini finiti.
-Diminuzione della componente acida, con innalzamento del pH; cambiamenti nella serbevolezza, longevità ed equilibrio.
– Anomalie a carico della componete Aromatica e Polifenolica; disformità e perdita di identificabilità delle caratteristiche qualitativo sensoriali e strutturali dei prodotti enologici.
Quelli osservati, risultano apparire, di primo impatto, degli scenari scomodi per il comparto vitivinicolo che ne subisce le conseguenze. nella misura in cui Enologi, Viticoltori  e, in generale, produttori non reagiscono prontamente ai cambiamenti. Tramite lo studio delle modificazioni climatiche, con l’ausilio delle più innovative e odierne tecnologie, possiamo rapidamente trasformare ciò che consideriamo causa di problemi, in fonte di nuovi stimoli e prodotti caratterizzati ed irriproducibili all’interno del mercato enologico.




THE EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE WINE PRODUCTION SYSTEM.



                                                                   
The present  work  is, as much as possible, an explicatory collection of the consequences that the actual climatic anomalies are causing to the wine industry. There are three main objectives here reported: the first one is to create a vision of the climatic system as an auto regulator system of the planet. The second objective, very complicated to finalize, is to clarify the concept of the climate changes. Three causes are analyzed in this treat, which are the basis of these observed meteorological anomalies:
European warming;
Urban warming;
Global warming.
Regarding this topic, the most common Anthropogenic Theory of Svante August Arrhenius, often connected to the unique explanation, is partially reconsidered. For the third and last objective, which represents the main focus of this work, the effects of these anomalous climatic regimes on the wine production are approached and analyzed. Results and consequences of the climatic changes being observed, are evaluated through their effects directly observed at level of the wine production.
The raising of the sugar content in musts implicates the increase of the  final alcohol content in wine and the modification of the final wine structure.
The decrease of the acidity content, with a consequent increase in pH levels, and change in wine longevity and balancing.
Anomalies affecting aromatic and polyphenolic content; diversity and loss of identity  of the wine qualitative attributes, mainly in terms of sensorial and structural enological characteristics.
The observed scenario appears inconvenient, as a first impression, for the wine industry which is suffering its consequences, as much as wine and grapevine growers, grapevine farmers and producers in general do not promptly react to the change. Through the study of the climatic change, using the aid of the most innovative and current technologies, we can quickly transform what we consider the cause of the problems into new incentive and differentiated products to be located into the enological market.

A recently concluded symposium discussing tropical wine has raised the question as to what defines this new entry into the world of wine and whether or not the differences between
tropical and temperate viticulture and oenology are significant enough to warrant separate study.
This paper looks at what is meant by the term tropical, our understanding of this and the implications for wine production. The study is intended to examine considerations in seeking
an ideal vineyard site, in this case in Thailand, and the readily available data that could be applied in this search. These considerations in effect define tropical wine. Meso-climate is
particularly important in the search for the perfect terroir/cultivar matching.
The conclusions are that there are significant differences that in some cases require different techniques. However, in the main our store of knowledge on viticulture and oenology may be
suitably adapted to tropical regions, once the differences are recognized. It is not advocated that tropical regions are deserving of a special science, rather there is a need to enhance our
knowledge and understanding of what we are dealing with.

Как английский винный язык (winespeak), так и русский винояз, хоть и в разных масштабах, но чаще других тематических лексиконов поддаются жесткой критике и вызывают едкие насмешки.  Профессиональный по своей сути винояз должен состоять из четко определяемых понятий, но вместо этого похож скорее на арго. Некоторые, казалось бы, «bullshit-free» категории винояза не имеют единой практики употребления, что приводит к неоднозначности или бессмысленности винного дискурса в целом.

Tras casi una década de investigaciones en la materia, y bajo la colaboración de un equipo multidisciplinario conformado por quince investigadores, el día 15 de mayo - Día Nacional del Pisco- el historiador y académico de la Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Pablo Lacoste, publicará su libro denominado: “El Pisco nació en Chile. Génesis de la primera denominación de origen de América”.

Berry size has always been a quality factor in wine production. In this study, Syrah grapes from a single vineyard were classified into different size groups according to diameter: small (< 13 mm), medium (13 < diameter < 14 mm) and large (> 14 mm). Smaller berries were present in the highest and larger berries in the lowest numbers. Size distributions were similar in both seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012). Berry physical characteristics (mass, volume and skin area) increased with size, showing the same tendency in both years. Positive correlations between berry mass, volume and skin area were found, whereas these variables were negatively related with berry number/kg grapes. Berry volume was negatively correlated with dry skin weight. Skin surface area/berry volume seems to be an indicator of the " dilution " effect associated with increasing size, as larger berries presented the lowest values. In 2012 the grapes were harvested at a higher soluble solid level than in the previous year; large-sized berries presented the lowest levels in both years. The whole-berry analysis of total anthocyanins showed a decrease in concentration and increase in content per berry, from smaller to larger berries. Small berries and the control (naturally occurring berry size mixture) showed a higher extractability of anthocyanins and phenolic compounds than the medium and large berries. Sensorially, wines from medium berries were more consistent over the two years, scoring higher than the rest. Berry sizes were related to wine style differences, and knowing the population of berry sizes in the vineyard close to harvest would offer a possibility to predict wine styles.

The purpose of this paper licence was to compare difrente Chardonnay wines from Romania: Adamclisi, Murfatlar, Sarica Niculițel, Segarcea, Oprișor - Plaiul Drâncei, Corcova - Mehedinți, Dealu Mare - Săhăteni, Cotești, Iași - Bivolari, Recaș, Petrovaselo, Târnave - Jidvei, Turda, Crișana - Carastelec, Sătmar - Beltiug.

Resumen Durante el presente ensayo, se expone la tesis en torno a que el actual cuerpo legal, denominado Ley 18.455 Decreto 464 de " Zonificación vitícola y denominaciones de origen " para los vinos chilenos, dista de ser efectivamente un sistema de reconocimiento y protección a las DO, siendo más bien un conjunto de indicaciones geográficas (IG) sin abordar otros aspectos fundamentales de toda DO, tales como el Patrimonio Cultural que subyace detrás de dicho producto, como así también la identificación del rol activo y clave de un Consejo Regulador. Asimismo, se expone que mientras el país no cuente con un verdadero sistema de DO para los vinos, seguiremos observando etiquetas que contienen una confusión entre una IG y una DO, como ocurre en la actualidad con expresiones de uso común como " Valle de Colchagua " o " Valle de Casablanca " , donde más allá de la procedencia de las uvas, nada se señala acerca de la pureza del producto o su regulación, ni mucho menos acerca del patrimonio vitivinícola que allí existe. Palabras clave: Denominación de Origen, Indicación Geográfica, historia del vino, patrimonio vitivinícola, vinos patrimoniales. Abstract The present essay discusses the current legal body of Decree 464 in Law 18.455 " Viticultural Zoning and Appellations of Origin " for Chilean wine. A legislation that is lacking in DO protection and recognition, being rather a set of IG without addressing other fundamental aspects to all type of DO such as cultural heritage and the identification of an active and key role of a regulatory board. While the country does not have a real DO system for wines, the confusion will continue between a IG and DO, as currently happens in cases where commonly expressions are used on labels like " Colchagua Valley " or " Casablanca Valley " , in which beyond the origin of the grapes, says nothing about the purity of the product or its regulation, much less about the wine's cultural heritage.

. Following the proposal of Gautier (2018), an important part of the “terminology” of wine tasting notes is made up by hedonic markers that cannot always be treated as terms – in the traditional meaning of technical/specialised terms – as they lack a consensual definition acknowledged by field experts. The main challenges of such markers concern at least the following three dimensions: (i) they are directly linked to the gustative experience of the taster/speaker and his/her experiential memory; (ii) they are also linked to the field knowledge and the degree of expertise of the taster/speaker – be it a “true” knowledge or his/her ability to imitate expert discourse and (iii) they are mostly situated at the interface between sensory descriptors and “pure” hedonic expressions.

More specifically, this study will discuss the semantic processes at work along this dividing line between terms and non-terms by analysing both the terminologisation and the determinologisation paths. It relies on a corpus of tasting notes in German, collected from online websites. The case study will be dedicated to the very interesting marker mineralisch (mineral), widely used to describe some types of white wines since about 15 years, and which exactly illustrates our research questions (cf. also Temmerman 2017). According to the degree of expertise, it functions at both levels (sensory and/or hedonic marker) and thus presents a different load of expressivity.

The paper presents new evidence contained in the first Ottoman detailed cadastre of the Peloponnese (TT10-1/14662) compiled immediately after the conquest of the province ca. 1460-1463, focusing on its viticulture and wine production. The TT10-1/14662 recorded the non-Muslim households or hearths (hāne) headed by an adult male, the bachelors (mücerred) and the widows (bīve), encumbered with the per capita tax (ispence) and their revenues. An examination of the data shows that the register divided the settlements into Greek and Albanian on the basis of different taxation rate in favour of the latter communities.
Viticulture – from both hāssa and re‘āyā vineyards – with a total of 243,486 akçes (20.78%) was the third highest imposition after the tithe on wheat (362,530 akçes or 30.49%) and the ispence (282,991 akçes or 23.78%), whereas the tax on wine production yielded 16,283 akçes (1.37%). The cultivation of wheat obviously dominates the agricultural sector (49.57% of the taxes on agriculture), followed by an impressive 33.29% of the viticulture. Most probably a part of the wine and the dry raisins produced was exported to the West as was the case in the late Byzantine period.
The percentage of the Albanian population engaged in both of these taxable activities is much lower than the Greek one, possibly because of the Albanians’ loose connection with the earth due to their semi-nomadic nature. The commercialisation of the most profitable cultivations’ surplus, in our case the cereals and the vines, was obligatory for the sustainability of the household that was encumbered with the ispence and the capitation. This constitutes a key characteristic of pre-industrial economies, namely the complementarity of agrarian production.

Since Maria Teresa Cipriano's and Marie‐Brigitte Carre's seminal 1989 paper ‘Production et typologie des amphores sur la côte adriatique de l'Italie’ in the volume ‘Amphores romaines et histoire économique’, our knowledge of Adriatic Italian wine amphorae has much improved. Most of these ‘new data’, however, remain poorly known among the wider scholarly community and no real update regarding their production loci and distribution patterns has as yet been attempted. This paper fills the void for the central part of the eastern coastline between Rimini and Pescara and reviews the latest evidence regarding the manufacture and circulation of these amphorae. In the process, the central Adriatic area of Italy emerges as a key player in the Late Republican and Early Imperial wine trade. This reassessment provides a new starting point for the diachronic exploration of the Adriatic wine commerce between c.250 BC and AD 150.

Nylon-6 nanofibrous membranes (NFM) prepared by electrospinning have been used as solid state support for the immobilization of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and then applied for the fermentation of grape juice. The membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The resulting metabolic activity was characterized by microcalorimetry. Sugar and ethanol changes during fermentation were monitored by HPLC. The results showed that the fermentation performance of immobilized yeasts on NFM is equal or even superior to the traditional fermentation process with yeasts freely dispersed in the medium. From calorimetry, free and immobilized yeasts showed the same enthalpy value in model solution, regardless to the amount of yeast loaded (52.2 ± 5.9 kJ mol −1 of glucose). Instead, immobilization of yeasts resulted in shorter lag time. Moreover, the maximum growth rate of immobilized yeasts was the same as with free yeasts in model solutions. However, the growth rate of immobilized yeasts was even higher, when performed in grape juice. In addition, the im-mobilization of yeasts on NFM exhibits the evident possibility of multiple reuse. Three consecutive fermentations were performed without significant loss of the overall performance. These findings support the development of nanostructured solid support for biocatalytic processes like fermentation of alcoholic beverages.

The impact of postharvest withering rates on the phenolic composition of ‘reinforced’ wines produced with partially dehydrated grapes was evaluated. The study was performed on winegrape varieties with anthocyanin profiles differently constituted of di- and tri-substituted forms. Dehydration induced limited changes in the anthocyanin profile of berry skins. Nevertheless, the greatest abundance of total anthocyanins and their more stable forms (malvidin-3-glucoside and acylated glucosides) corresponded to the wines made from slow withered Chatus grapes, which were in turn those darkest. In contrast, the wines made from withered Avanà grapes did not meet good chromatic characteristics due to low contents of total anthocyanins and high ratios between di- and tri-substituted forms. Nebbiolo wines showed intermediate values of this ratio, and therefore of clarity and color intensity. The fast process is recommended because higher percentages of galloylated flavanols in the seeds of slow withered Nebbiolo grapes may have a negative influence on wine astringency.

En el presente texto se sostiene la idea de una marcada influencia de la vitivinicultura en el desarrollo histórico del patrimonio e identidad cultural, importancia que no sólo le cabe estrictamente en el campo agrícola o bien en torno a las características del mundo rural, sino que habría trascendido hacia otras esferas que componen el sistema social. Asimismo, las apreciaciones generales que se tienen del vino lo vinculan con actividades como la gastronomía, la hotelería y el enoturismo, toda vez que vemos cómo la evolución de la vitivinicultura chilena ha ido diversificando sus campos de significación e incorporado nuevos elementos simbólicos a la cultura del vino.

This study assesses the impacts of observed (1970-2019) and projected (2011-2100) climate change on key indicators and critical thresholds for grape growth (viticulture) and wine production (oenology) in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia (Canada). Observational data was retrieved from the Kelowna weather station located in the centre of the valley. Indicators and thresholds associated with climate risks and climatic suitability were identified from among previous impact assessments on grape and wine within cool climate viticultural areas. Climate change projections from Global Climate Models were retrieved from the Climate Model Intercomparison Project 5, including both medium (RCP4.5) and high (RCP8.5) Representative Concentration Pathways. Two different statistical downscaling techniques were employed, evaluated, and selected, based on their ability to reproduce historical climate conditions. Scenarios from the Statistical Down-Scaling Model were used for temperature projections while scenarios from the Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium were used for precipitation projections. All the temperature variables considered demonstrated statistically significant warming trends during the historical period with continued warming projected over the course of the 21st century. Precipitation trends were less conclusive, with a wetter climate projected despite some evidence of historical drying. The results of this study demonstrate that the Okanagan Valley has already transitioned from cool to intermediate climate viticulture and may shift further into warm climate viticultural classifications. This means greater climate risks associated with heat stress but less risk due to freeze damage and frost potential. Effective climate change adaptation is of critical importance to the grape and wine industry in this region. Such planning and management strategies can ensure climate risks are minimised while capitalising on new opportunities associated with improved climatic suitability for growing more Europeans grape varieties, capable of producing higher quality wines, which often sell for greater market prices.

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the Art of gastronomic tourism in Italy. The uniqueness and quality both locally and nationally in combination with its cultural heritage and natural beauty, are a pole of attraction for visitors from all over the world. It is considered as a successful gastronomic tourism destinations as it has "invested" in this genre through the gastronomic and oenological festivals as well as the wine routes that take place in different cities of Italy. One of the first Ice Cream Museum in the world is evidence as a case study for our research.

The study investigated the extent to which transmission and cognition, the first two stages in the research use process, are accomplished for winemakers. " Transmission-cognition " was operationalized as the frequency of engagement with information sources considered to be carriers of scientific research. The study also investigated the prominence of four types of research use among winemak-ers (conceptual, symbolic, instrumental and persuasive) together with their interrelationship. Conceptual use of scientific information was reported by 90% of winemakers and is a precursor to the other types of research use. Findings are discussed with reference to knowledge creep and the dissemination of scientific research through central winemakers acting as nodes in social networks.

Around the summer of 1726 the father superior of the Jesuits in Parras, Nueva Vizcaya wrote an impassioned letter to the Audiencia of Guadalajara asking it to rescind an agreement a previous father provincial (the head of a Jesuit province) had made with their neighbors the Marquises of San Miguel de Aguayo, the most powerful family of the northeastern frontier. The Parras superior claimed the Marquis had visited the father provincial in Mexico City with the intention of going over the superior’s own head in seeking approval to a legally-binding agreement, knowing full well the father provincial did not have the intimate details of the situation on the ground. The Parras superior vehemently rejected the agreement as harmful to the interests of his order, and said the Marquis had given a “sinister account of the events that was inconsistent with the truth” in order to convince the Jesuit provincial to approve it. As with the vast majority of conflicts dealing with lands in the northern frontier, this dispute had at its core control over water.
This dispute was not the first clash the Society had with the Marquises over water. For over a century the order had made an alliance of convenience with the Indians of Parras to thwart the powerful frontier dynasty from monopolizing the water supply in the Parras vallley. But it was the first time the Marquises had turned this alliance on its head in the pursuit of their old goal by questioning the very nature of the Jesuit-Indian alliance. This alliance between Jesuits and “naturales de Parras” allowed for the preservation of the Indians’ ethnic space and the Jesuits’ properties in the region even after the secularization of the erstwhile Lagunero mission and the establishment of a parish church in the 1640s.

Prinsloo, F.C., Lombard, A. (2015). Floating Solar in Sustainable Viticulture and Oenology: Environmental Solutions in Support of Water-Energy-Food-Land Use Nexus Goals. Winery 2015 International Conference, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
The present research deals with floatovoltaics or floating solar in sustainable viticulture and oenology, environmental solutions in support of water-energy-food-land use nexus goals. Sustainable viticulture and sustainable oenology aim to minimize environmental impact of the overall winery processes by way of ensuring sustainability and economic viability through the environmentally sound production practices. In this context, the water, energy, land, food nexus concept is a valuable environmental tool to monitor sustainable viticulture/oenology goals. In this article, we use water, energy, food, land use nexus parameters to evaluate the environmental impact of integrated over-water vineyard irrigation solar energy solutions in agricultural viticulture and winery production systems. In these solutions, vineyard irrigation ponds house floating solar renewable energy supply systems, while precious agricultural land is conserved for growing grapes. It is shown that it takes around 10 litres of water is used to produce one litre of wine, of which 2.4 litres of water is used in the winery, while around 0.71 GJ of electricity is required to make one kilo-litre of wine. In this context, the article show how floating solar renewable energy systems on vineyard irrigation ponds provide positive environmental impact and water preservation benefits, such as irrigation pond water/wastewater evaporation and algal growth control, while being able to supplement the energy needs for vineyard irrigation (10-20%), winery refrigeration (40-60%); drives in pumps/fans (10-35%), bottling/packaging (8-30%), lighting (8-20%), compressed air (3-10%), as well as other energy requirements (3-15%). The article also discusses the latest South Africa carbon tax formulas and associated incentives that may provide the viticulture and oenology industries with the necessary incentives needed to push local agricultural economies onto a low-carbon growth trajectory. It is shown that concentrated solar and photovoltaic floating solar solutions in over-water vineyard irrigation systems may benefit from some of the latest changes expected in the final carbon tax, such as the inclusion of a formula to adjust the basic percentage tax-free threshold to reward over-performance (energy sold back into the national/Eskom-grid). Specific mention will be made on the implementation of the South African Carbon Tax for the Agricultural Sector.
Presented at Winery 2015 7th IWA Specialized Conference on Sustainable Viticulture, Winery Wastes, and Agri-Industrial Wastewater Management

Keywords: environmental impact, sustainable wine farming, sustainable viticulture/oenology, vineyard floatovoltaics, floating solar systems, irrigation pond solar, pontoon solar, solar power energy, renewable energy, carbon footprint analysis, carbon tax, environmental impact assessment, environmental scorecard

Comment s’exprime-t-on sur le vin en chinois ? A quoi faut-il s’attendre lorsque les chefs étoilés découvrent leur verve poétique ? Comment peut-on vanter les qualités d’un vin pétillant français non fabriqué en Champagne ? Où trouve-t-on un grand corpus historique des menus de restaurants ? Quelle est le rôle des céréales dans la mythologie grecque ? Comment traduit-on en français des descripteurs oenologiques allemands comme fruchtig, milchig, cremig, schokoladig, traubig, rosenduftig ? Est-il nécessaire que le client comprenne tout ce qui est écrit dans le menu ? Autour de la thématique des terminologies et des discours gastronomiques et oenologiques, ces dernières années ont vu s’établir une communauté scientifique francophone, mais d’origines et de disciplines très diverses. À côté de l’intérêt traditionnel porté au vin, le présent volume met l’accent sur la gamme des « autres produits » (café, thé, pâtisseries, lait, poisson…), émules du vin qui serait leur produit phare pour la sophistication terminologique et discursive – cela depuis des disciplines aussi diverses que la sémiologie, la linguistique, la traductologie, les études littéraires et culturelles, le marketing, le tourisme, la biochimie alimentaire, la gastronomie, la boulangerie, etc.

You may download, copy and otherwise use the AAM for non-commercial purposes provided that your license is limited by the following restrictions: (1) You may use this AAM for non-commercial purposes only under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-ND license. (2) The integrity of the work and identification of the author, copyright owner, and publisher must be preserved in any copy.

La gastronomie est un fait social investigué par la sociologie, l’anthropologie, l’histoire, la géographie et très récemment par les sciences de l’information et de la communication (SIC). Depuis 2005, cette discipline questionne sa médiatisation, ses scénographies, son artification, les identités culturelles qu’elles façonnent... Dans ce numéro, il s’agit de l’interroger par le prisme du discours communicationnel élaboré par et autour de ses terminologies professionnelles utilisées et partagées dans des dispositifs très divers (genre télévisuel, blog, concours, architecture...) aussi bien par les professionnels (chefs, vignerons, œnologues...) que par les profanes (consommateurs, cuisiniers amateurs, blogueurs, etc.).

Les coteaux de Chavignol – dans le Sancerre – comptent parmi les plus anciens vignobles d'Europe. En raison de son importance dans l'économie locale, la vigne n'a cessé d'occuper une place centrale, et cela de manière continue depuis le Xe siècle. Épargné par les remembrements, le paysage viticole a conservé les grandes lignes du maillage parcellaire connu à la fin du Moyen Âge et constitue un cadre privilégié pour une étude sur les zones écologiques réservoirs. Rangs de vigne enherbés, tournières, pierriers, bandes fleuries et haies favorables à la faune auxiliaire, l'écosystème viticole du vignoble de Chavignol offre aux visiteurs qui le découvrent un voyage à travers les siècles.

This chapter is part of the book "Cultures of Wine" (Les cultures du vin) edited by Jean-Claude Taddei and published by L'Harmattan in 2022.

Ce chapitre a été publié dans l'ouvrage collectif organisé par Jean-Claude Taddei, "Les cultures du vin", et publié aux éditions L'Harmattan en 2022.

Ce chapitre aborde le vin, et plus particulièrement la consommation du vin, par le lien social. Il s’appuie sur un travail ethnographique qui n’apparaîtra ici, espace imparti oblige, que de façon limitée pour privilégier les conclusions. Mon approche du vin emprunte tout d’abord à l’anti-utilitarisme du sociologue Alain Caillé, dont l’œuvre propose un éclairage du social qui contraste avec l’instrumentalité, le fonctionnalisme, et la "dark anthropology" qui dominent aujourd’hui les sciences sociales.  L’anti-utilitarisme propose un « tiers paradigme » (Caillé, 1994, 2007): au-delà de l’individualisme et du holisme, et au-delà d’une conception sacrificiel du don et d’une logique de l’intérêt. Le vin dont il est question ici sera outre-calcul, relativisant notamment le concept bourdieusien de distinction. Enfin cette étude s’appuie sur trois concepts anthropologiques: la commensalité, l’intimité culturelle, et la dissémie.

Viticulture is particularly sensitive to climate change, as temperature is critical to the two key concepts of terroir and vintage. Vitis vinifera L. 'Pinot Noir' is known to not grow well in hot climates. A trial was run over two years in a commercial vineyard in the Adelaide Hills, South Australia, to determine the impact of higher temperatures on the 'Pinot Noir' grape and wine colour. A factorial experiment combining two sources of variation in temperature was established: three positions on a steep vineyard slope, and two thermal treatments: unheated control and heated with passive open-top transparent chambers. Elevated temperature decoupled sugars and anthocyanins in grape berries, with the heated treatment grapes producing a lower anthocyanin concentration for the same concentration of total soluble solids. Temperature effects were less defined for small batches of wines prepared from these grapes, with the wines from heated vines having higher total phenolics, and perhaps consequently lower CIELab b* values (i.e., less blue pigmentation/anthocyanins). The study provides a unique insight into temperature gradients on a steeply sloping site and the effects on colour development of 'Pinot Noir' grape berries and wine.

In this study the neglected and endangered local grape varieties were rediscovered in native areas of their cultivation. The genetic, morphological and enological diversity were characterized. These results are giving a good perspective for endangered autochthonous grapevine cultivars preservation and future use.Այս աշխատանքում իրենց բնական աճելավայրերում հայտնաբերվել և նկարագրվել են խաղողի անտեսված և մոռացված մի շարք աուտոխտոն սորտեր: Ուսումնասիրվել է դրանց գենետիկական, ձևաբանական և էնոլոգիական բազմազանությունը: Ստացված արդյուքնները կարևոր են և՛ հեռանկարային խաղողի աուտոխտոն վտանգված սորտերի պահպանության և՛ դրանց հետագա օգտագործման համար:В данном исследовании были описанны забытые и исчезающие местные сорта винограда в местах их естественной культивации. Описанно их генетическое, морфологи-ческое и энологическое разнообразие. Полученные результаты имеют важное значение для сохранения находящихся под угрозой исчезновения местных сортов винограда и их использования в будущем.