Cultural Tourism

"""Artykuł odnosi się do etycznych dylematów, które pojawiają się w obrębie turystyki
kulturowej. W tekście krytycznej analizie poddano niewłaściwe zachowania uczestników
turystyki kulturowej (których z tej racji nie należy nazywać turystami kulturowymi), które
wpisują się w nurt turystyki etnicznej, eventowej kultury popularnej, dziedzictwa
kulturowego, religijnej, tanatoturystyki oraz turystyki slumsowej i seksualnej. Przedstawiono
także najczęstsze błędy popełniane przez organizatorów turystyki kulturowej.

Article refers to the ethical dilemmas which appear in cultural tourism. In the text the
inappropriate behaviors of cultural tourism participants (because of such behaviors they can
not be called cultural tourists) have been subjected to the critical analyses. The analyses
concern ethnic tourism, popular culture event tourism, cultural heritage tourism, religious
tourism, thanatotourism, slum tourism and sexual tourism. The authors have also described
the errors made by cultural tourism organizers in the field of cultural tourism ethics."""

To consider small islands as places for sustainable tourism or sustainable anything, for that matter, must surely be cause for critical deliberation. Small islands as sanctuaries, or rare citadels for ecological safekeeping and tight-knit communities, runs counter to islands as sites for extraction and development, yet increasingly the latter prevails. However, the former are the precise reasons that small islands are aligned with the global travel supply chain. Consuming small islands abides with the tropical idyll narrative and, within such invocations, the exposure of small islands to externalities renders its utility to purposes that run counter to benign and constructive outcomes. Herein is the dilemma for small islands and their entanglements with tourism expansion.
See full report here: http://projects.upei.ca/unescochair/files/2020/07/Annual-Report-on-Global-Islands-2019.pdf

"Heididorf" in der Schweiz inszeniert sich als reale Heimat von Spyris Heidi. Es ist vermutlich kein Zufall, dass als Leitthema und Zugpferd für touristische Inszenierungen gerne auf KinderbuchautorInnen oder Narrative und Charaktere aus der Kinderliteratur zurückgegriffen wird. Der literarische Ort ist hier eine fiktional erzeugte Welt, die vom Publikum konkret-räumlich begangen und erfahren werden kann - und inzwischen zu einer eigenständigen Narration ausgebaut ist. Der Beitrag untersucht, durch welche Attraktionen und Aktivitäten die Erlebniswelt "Heididorf" gekennzeichnet ist und welche Rolle die literarischen Ausgangstexte und Adaptionen in der Inszenierung spielen.

An analysis of the European Capitals of Culture in 2012 in Guimarães (Portugal) and Maribor (Slovenia), based on visitor and resident research.

Contents
Chapter 1: Researching the European Capital of Culture
Greg Richards 3
Chapter 2: Guimarães European Capital of Culture 2012
Visitor Research
Greg Richards, Johan Ferla and Carlos Fernandes 6
Chapter 3: Maribor European Capital of Culture 2012 Visitor Research
Greg Richards, Miha Lesjak and Mitja Petelin 49
Chapter 4: Guimarães and Maribor 2012, some comparisons
Greg Richards 78

In light of global trends in human population growth and urbanization, burgeoning cultural heritage tourism industries, and climate change, cultural heritage places in nearly every corner of the world are significantly threatened, and will remain so into the foreseeable future. Rock art sites are some of the most imperiled, with their exposed contexts posing unique challenges to conservation. Consequently, effective management of publically accessible rock art sites necessitates a sustainable approach that weighs visitation in regard to cultural significance and site stability. This essay integrates rock art stability and sustainability assessment methodologies at the Painted Rock Petroglyph Site in southwestern Arizona. The study specifically applies the Rock Art Stability Index (RASI) to evaluate the natural and anthropogenic weathering forces impacting the site, and the Heritage Asset Sensitivity Gauge (HASG) to assess site sustainability under existing management practices in relation to current and forecasted rates of visitation. A spatial analysis of aggregated RASI data shows that visitor foot traffic has had some of the most profound impacts to the petroglyphs. Unrestricted access to the site area is also highly correlated with the presence and location of vandalism and graffiti, and visitor-related trampling has adversely affected the site’s surface artifact assemblage. Application of the HASG projects that, while existing management practices are fairly sustainable, they become less so under forecasted increases in visitation. Further, the HASG appraises the site’s cultural significance as outweighing its market appeal, indicating management efforts should prioritize conservation over tourism-related development.

Il progetto Cultura e Turismo “DiCet‐INMOTO-ORCHESTRA” ha l’obiettivo di definire e realizzare modelli, processi e strumenti innovativi per lo sviluppo sostenibile di un territorio intelligente, sia attraverso la valorizzazione dei suoi beni culturali e delle sue risorse ambientali, sia mediante la promozione e commercializzazione della loro offerta turistica.
Il progetto è organizzato come un cluster integrato di tre linee d’intervento (stream) concentrate su tre aspetti complementari:
- la capitalizzazione dell’offerta culturale (stream "DiCeT" - LivingLab Di Cultura e Tecnologia);
- l’organizzazione e valorizzazione della domanda turistica (stream "InMOTO" - Information MObility for TOurism);
-  lo sviluppo di un insieme di soluzioni tecnologiche orientate alla valorizzazione intelligente del patrimonio culturale, materiale e immateriale, della Regione Campania ad uso e fruizione di turisti, visitatori e cittadini, nel rispetto dei principi di sostenibilità ed eco‐compatibilità (stream "ORCHESTRA").
I tre stream di progetto hanno come filo comune l'utilizzo delle più innovative tecnologie del cosiddetto Internet del Futuro e il paradigma del Social‐Network per realizzare un ecosistema in cui convivono aziende, pubblica amministrazione, cittadini e turisti.
Lo stream "DiCeT" ha lo scopo di definire e sviluppare una piattaforma abilitante aperta di servizi intelligenti di capitalizzazione dei beni culturali, in grado di migliorare l’esperienza culturale, rafforzare l’inclusione sociale e favorire la formazione di luoghi virtuosi, reali o digitali, in cui si possano creare, condividere ed elaborare informazioni, al fine di migliorare la vita dei cittadini e delle imprese in un quadro di auspicabile crescita sociale ed economica. Lo stream studierà e costruirà soluzioni innovative per l’offerta culturale: la conoscenza sul patrimonio culturale da offrire agli utenti (turisti, cittadini, curatori, ricercatori, studiosi, etc.); la fruizione dello stesso; la sua conservazione e salvaguardia.
Lo stream "InMOTO" ha lo scopo di definire e sviluppare un sistema integrato di servizi e applicazioni innovativi per la creazione, certificazione, organizzazione, monitoraggio e promozione dell’Offerta Turistica e Culturale, e una piattaforma real‐time di supporto alla Mobilità Turistica. Lo stream adotterà un nuovo modello strategico di Destination Management Organization e implementerà una declinazione Turismo 4.0 come una formulazione innovativa di strumenti e servizi per la promo‐commercializzazione dell’Offerta Turistica e Culturale attraverso: standardizzazione e razionalizzazione dello scambio di contenuti turistici, processi efficienti di distribuzione di servizi turistici, sostegno pervasivo al turismo in mobilità e promozione di percorsi e itinerari turistici esperienziali.

There are more types of borders today than ever before in history. Borders of all kinds define every aspect of social life in the twenty-first century. From the biometric data that divides the smallest aspects of our bodies to the aerial drones that patrol the immense expanse of our domestic and international airspace, we are defined by borders. They can no longer simply be understood as the geographical divisions between nation-states. Today, their form and function has become too complex, too hybrid. What we need now is a theory of the border that can make sense of this hybridity across multiple domains of social life.

Rather than viewing borders as the result or outcome of pre-established social entities like states, Thomas Nail reinterprets social history from the perspective of the continual and constitutive movement of the borders that organize and divide society in the first place. Societies and states are the products of bordering, Nail argues, not the other way around. Applying his original movement-oriented theoretical framework "kinopolitics" to several major historical border regimes (fences, walls, cells, and checkpoints), Theory of the Border pioneers a new methodology of "critical limology," that provides fresh tools for the analysis of contemporary border politics.

In the past forty years the relationship between culture, economy and society has changed beyond recognition. Culture has grown beyond its original socialisation role to become the oil of the new economy and a vital reservoir of symbolic resources that feeds tourism production and consumption. Heritage has emerged as a force for urban and rural renewal and preservation, become a global industry in its own right.
More recently the growth of the creative economy has been marked by the increasing intangibilisation of culture and heritage, as they have become vital markers of symbolic value. In the field of tourism, this change has been marked by the continued growth of cultural tourism, and the recent fragmentation of cultural tourism into a number of sub-fields, including film tourism, gastronomic tourism, festival tourism, etc. (Richards, 2001; Hjalager and Richards, 2002).
The growing importance of creativity and intangible heritage in tourism has also been marked by the development of a specific sub-field of ‘creative tourism’ (Richards and Raymond, 2000). Creative tourism arguably represents a departure from traditional models of cultural and heritage tourism, moving away from tangible heritage as the key asset towards creative and symbolic capital.
This paper examines the development of creative tourism in recent years, tracing its trajectory from a sub-field of cultural tourism towards an emerging field and philosophy of tourism.

Tourism is one of the largest industries in the world.  Yet leisure travel is not just economically important.  This pastime plays a vital role in defining who we are by helping to place us in space and time.  In so doing, it has aesthetic, medical, political, cultural, and social implications.  It was not always so.  Tourism as we know it is a surprisingly modern thing, both a product of modernity and a force helping to shape it.  A History of Modern Tourism is the first book to track the origins and evolution of this pursuit from earliest times to the present.  From a new understanding of aesthetics to scientific change, from the invention of steam power to the creation of aircraft, from an elite form of education to family car trips to see national “shrines,” this book offers a sweeping and engaging overview of a fascinating story not yet widely known.

". . . a very readable account of how tourism has developed since The Grand Tour of the 18th century. It looks at movers and shakers in the tourism sector - from Thomas Cook and George Pullman to Billy Butlin, Freddie Laker and even Adolf Hitler - and at how the industry has shaped globalisation and the modern world." (Adam Nebbs, South China Morning Post, 1 Nov. 2015)

This book is now available in hardcover, paperback, and electronic formats.  http://www.amazon.com/History-Modern-Tourism-Eric-Zuelow/dp/0230369642/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&qid=1433518027&sr=8-4&keywords=Zuelow.

Readers may also be interested in the supplementary website which contains bibliographies, lists of websites, teaching materials, and more: http://ericzuelow.com/ModernTourism/About.html

Publisher website: http://www.palgrave.com/page/detail/a-history-of-modern-tourism-eric-zuelow/?isb=9780230369641

This article analyzes how mass-market cruise lines mobilize food, laborers, and built environments to offer passengers cosmopolitanism with the purpose of maintaining a unique business model. It is argued that while companies target a growing demand for culturally immersive dining experiences, they do not seek to offer complete immersion in any one culture but cosmopolitanism through a combination of multiple themed establishments on a mobile platform. Culinary themes are installed using labor and built environments, for instance through the placement of visual and material culture in eateries. While some onboard dining experiences are themed around the cultures of nations on the ship’s itinerary, many evoke international cultures. In studying how mass-market cruise lines as mobile spaces of containment combine both international and localized dining experiences to offer the “world on a ship,” scholars of tourism can better understand how touristic companies produce cosmopolitanism at destinations.

Il turismo culturale è considerato ovunque come un fenomeno in crescita -nonostante le difficoltà attuali legate alla crisi economica mondiale -per una serie di fattori soggettivi (livelli più elevati d'istruzione, conoscenza delle lingue e delle culture del mondo) e oggettivi (diffusione dell'informazione, ricchezza dell'offerta di iniziative ed eventi, facilità ed economicità degli spostamenti).

Abstract
The aim of this study is to provide a critical review of the literature in the following areas: concepts related to the intersection of tourism and religion, religion and spirituality are still among the most common motivations for travel, religious tourism and pilgrimage, sacred motivations for pilgrimage, development of tourism destination for pilgrimage route, and challenges for pilgrimage route in cultural tourism.
Religious Tourism, so-called “Faith Tourism”, is a form of tourism, whereby people of faith travel individually or in groups for reasons related to religion or spirituality in their quest for meaning. It could be under pilgrimage, missionary, or leisure purposes. Many of today's most popular tourist destinations are related to ancient places of worship or to the site of apparent miracles.  In addition, Pilgrimage, as a part of religious tourism, is the act of moving from one place to another, often traveling through foreign lands; an ordered march of a group of people, usually with religious connotation. It is a ritual journey with a hallowed purpose; every step along the way has meaning; the pilgrim knows that the journey will be difficult and that life-giving challenges will emerge. Basically, sacred destinations and places of pilgrimage associate with the mainstream faiths: Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, and Sikhism. Nowadays, at least three hundred million pilgrims visit the world's key religious sites every year. The study also presents an implication to distinct pilgrimage from religious tourism. In term of pilgrimage, its incorporation conveys religious involvement into the journey. Motivations for pilgrimage will differ from those of religious tourism. The pilgrimage has a mediation function between the natural and the cultural world & between the natural and the supernatural world. It is not a vacation, but a transformational journey during which significant change takes place; new insights are given, deeper understanding is attained, new and old places in the heart are visited, blessings are received, healing takes place, and on return from the pilgrimage, life is seen with different eyes and nothing will ever be quite the same again. While pilgrimage has ultimate spiritual goal, the search for eternal truth and becoming one with God, it is a journey resulting from religious causes, externally to a holy site, and internationally for spiritual purposes and internal understanding. Sacred site that houses holy artifacts promotes ritual practice and attracts religious travelers or pilgrims, who often mark the time and extend the space of the journey by returning home with mementos. The review includes the development of tourism destination for pilgrimage route. Pilgrimage is as the ancient forerunner and analogue of modern tourism. At the same time, tourism is as a kind of pilgrimage of modern civilization. Tourist is half a pilgrim, if a pilgrim is half a tourist. Indeed, tourism and pilgrimage can be identified as opposite end points on a continuum of travel. While changing motivations of the traveler, whose interests and activities may switch from tourism to pilgrimage and vice versa, even without the individual being aware of the change. The study also found valid connections between sacred people, places, and events.
Challenge for pilgrimage route in cultural tourism has been finally discussed. Tourist attractions are symbols of modern consciousness, the modern cathedrals of consumption, and venerated through sight sacralization. Sightseeing becomes a modern ritual. New means of consumption can be seen as cathedrals of consumption. Must-see attractions replace the must-see religious sites. There is an emergence of experience industry from the pilgrimage route, as cultural heritage attraction, in view of cultural tourism, aimed at consuming experiences and engaging in enchantment. The study found that religious-based experiences could provide experienced-based economies. Religion, as a tourist experience, becomes part of the symbolic economy. In conclusion, the experience industry with tourist attractions derived from the pilgrimage routes has been broadly developed in form of cultural tourism in our time. These tourist attractions are also known as cultural heritage attractions, functioning as the travel motivations of tourist.

Quality of life (QOL) has become a central issue of concern in peoples’ lives and the research on this topic has largely increased in the past decades. However, some studies on QOL only adopted objective indicators and QOL research is still very scarce in some fields of study such as tourism. Additionally, in tourism, the majority of the studies on QOL focus on assessing the QOL of residents of destinations and neglect segmentation based on QOL as a tool for market segmentation.
The aim of this study is to overcome some previously referred to limitations and, specifically: (i) to measure visitors’ perceptions of tourism impact on their QOL by adopting subjective indicators; and (ii) to segment visitors based on perceptions of tourism impact on their QOL.
Study results reveal that tourism is likely to have a more positive impact on the psychological and social domains of QOL and that QOL is a good basis for segmenting the tourism market. Visitors perceiving more positive tourism impacts in their QOL differ from others on several features such as motivations to travel, travel group, interaction with local residents and satisfaction with the trip.

In this study, caravanserais from Denizli to Dogubayazıt which were taken to the tentative heritage list of UNESCO in 2000, will be extensively reviewed and recommendations will be made for the planning of touristic routes as the part of tourism development strategy in Central and Eastern Anatolia.  The caravanserais were inherited by Anatolia Seljukis from Karakhanids and Ghaznavids and they offered comfort to travellers with the core structures of the society. Today, beside accommodation, event management or gastronomy activities, there will be alternative approaches for them to become the part of cultural tourism and touristic fashion roads.  Nine of forty caravanserais on this route will be examined according to UNESCO list and rest of buildings will be eventually searched after this study and a reasonable planning. These caravanserais can be counted as follows: Akhan, Ertokus Han, Saadettin Han, Obruk Han, Agzikarahan, Sultan Han, Oresin Han, Mamahatun Caravenseria and Hacibekir Han (Unesco, 2000).

This research analysed the relationship between photographing and tourist experience, and evaluated its implications on the visitors’ post-visit behavioural intentions. Using data collected from international first-time Caucasian visitors to The Forbidden City in Beijing, China, the study performed in the first stage CFA of Hosany and Gilbert’s (2010) Destination Emotional Scale to confirm the validity of the 15-dimensional construct. One-way ANOVA and SEM were then used to determine the factors leading to emotional experience and to assess the effects of photographing on various aspects of the visitors’ encounter with the cultural attraction. Drawing on a survey with 804 valid returns, study findings reveal that photographing tends to influence the visitors’ emotional experience and to negatively affect their perception towards a place. SEM results further confirmed that photographing does not only influence the individual model constructs examined in this study, but also to a certain extent their relationship to each other.

This paper focuses on challenges to the protection of industrial heritage in Europe. While technical monuments such as mines are being protected and even achieve high status, there is considerably less interest in engaging with other elements of the industrial past, such as workers’ housing or the history of the labour movement. This leads to the paradoxical effect of preserving industrial landscapes without workers, which prompts the question of what exactly is meant by industrial heritage. I argue that the reasons for that are diverse and include: a) ambiguity regarding protected values, b) city branding, c) isolation of industrial past, d) unclear meaning of de/industrialization. It only addresses those challenges that the industrial monuments and industrial past can become a true heritage.

Cities have become creative spaces of total consumption, which constantly refuel the theoretical and practical bases of our consumer society. It is a further stage of the “fantasy city” (Hannigan): McDonaldization (Ritzer) and Disneyization (Bryman) have been largely metabolized and so-called “non-lieux” (Augé) have often become the most significant spaces and have helped to build new glocal identities. In such a context, theming – and particularly historical theming – has become a powerful and effective tool, since it gives a robust structure to the multiple and dynamic processes of mingling that characterize our liquid society (Bauman, 2000). Theming merges past and present, culture and leisure, originals and copies, as well as tourism and shopping, and gives an effective framework to this mingling, which is, at the same time, material and immaterial, visual and emotional, sensorial and experiential.
The relationship with the past is particularly interesting. The central archaeological area of Rome has become a sort of theme park, owing to the huge flows of tourists that it receives and the process of Disneyization that it has undergone, though – unlike many other Italian heritage towns, such as Venice and Florence – Rome still preserves a significant local identity and an urban life that goes far beyond tourism. The theming is present in its urban context owing partly to tourism and partly to the usual culturalization of consumption (hotels with Roman names, restaurants with Roman menus, resin souvenirs of the Colosseum, T-shirts with gladiators and legionaries etc.). We can single out the theming even in some of its most iconic places. The area of the Colosseum and forums, together with Via dei Fori Imperiali, which crosses and unites them, appears as an invisible and diffused theme park: a specialized district for leisure and cultural consumption where archaeological heritage acts as an attraction. It is not a leisure space themed to archaeology, but an archaeological space used as a theme park. Legionaries and gladiators for pictures and re-enactors act as living attractions.
Other spaces contribute to this process. Cinecittà, the dream machine of a boundless park, has helped to build the image of Rome and to theme the city. Its studios host film sets, which are at the same time a themed environment, an unusual archaeological site and a place where the myth of Rome is continually reshaped. Though distant from the main archaeological area, these studios are tied to it by an invisible thread, since they play an important role in the definition of its image. Outside the city, but inside its territory, there is also a small themed district formed by a Roman-themed outlet, “Castel Romano,” and an amusement park, “Cinecittà World”, themed to the studios that nurtured the golden age of Italian cinema.
Similarly, north of Rome, near Civitavecchia, where giant cruise ships bring huge tourist flows, a group of businessmen is trying to create “Roma Vetus”, a pharaonic theme park with reconstructions of many Roman monuments. In line with the current trends of experiential and sensory tourism, visitors would be allowed to relax in Roman baths, mint coins and grind grain. Groups of re-enactors would give life to the park, but visitors themselves would be enabled to rent costumes of gladiators, centurions and senators. We are clearly in the world of entertainment, far away from the open-air archaeological museums with their reconstructions and living-history activities. Its creators maintain that “Roma Vetus” will be used at the same time as theme park and a set for films and TV series. This park is probably destined to remain the dream of a minor group of daring speculators, but it clearly represents the dynamics at work in our liquid world.

India is one of the oldest civilizations in the world. Today tourism in India is one the largestpotential and emerging industry. The history of Indian civilisation of nearly 4000 years hasmany links from the rich heritage and past. International tourists are often attracted in search ofthe rich and glorious heritage of the country. In fact, one can say that all other forms of tourismin India have been off shoots of cultural tourism.Cultural tourism deals with the commitment of a traveller to the culture of a nation or region, inparticular the lifestyle and tradition and manner of life of the individuals in those geographicalareas, the history of those people, their art, architecture, religion(s), and other elements thatassisted remodelling their way of life.

Rezumat: Turismul literar este o formă de turism cultural, care valorifică moștenirea materială și imaterială din domeniul literaturii, contribuind, astfel, la promovarea unor locuri ca destinații turistice. Un asemenea loc este și Borgo Pass, situat în România, în Munții Bârgăului, între județele Bistrița-Năsăud și Suceava, între Transilvania și Bucovina, care este menționat în romanul Dracula, al scriitorului irlandez Bram Stoker. Datorită acestui fapt, autoritățile județului Bistrița-Năsăud decid în anul 1976 să construiască aici un hotel-replică a celui imaginat de Brams Stoker în roman, pentru a atrage vizitatori. Hotelul a fost finalizat în anul 1983, iar denumirea lui a fost Hotel Tihuta. După anul 1990, hotelul a fost numit Hotel-Castel Dracula și a devenit o destinație importantă pentru turismul draculist, alături de Castelul Bran, Sighișoara, Brașov, Poenari, etc. Studiul de față își propune să scoată în evidență evoluția locului ocupat de Borgo Pass în turismul draculist și potențialul său pentru turismul literar. Cuvinte cheie: Dracula, Vlad Țepeș, turism draculist, turism cultural, folclor cu vampire, Pasul Tihuța, moștenire culturală intangibilă.

O artigo tem como primeiro objetivo apresentar os conceitos de “políticas públicas”, “políticas culturais”, “economia da cultura”, “indústrias culturais”, “indústrias criativas”, “economia criativa” em sua historicidade e relacionamentos existentes entre eles. O segundo momento busca analisar os números dos investimentos das políticas culturais perpassando os orçamentos do Programa Monumenta e do Prodetur. O estudo de caso do Turismo de Base Comunitária da Ilha Mem de Sá, no município sergipano de Itaporanga da Ajuda, finaliza a aplicação do corpus teórico à experiência prática de um modelo de turismo capaz de dialogar profundamente com o viés econômico da criatividade da cultura. A metodologia caracteriza-se como quali quantitativa no levantamento bibliográfico e estatístico para análise
comparativa, compreendendo ainda um trabalho de campo. A visão romântica da cultura que mantém um povo ligado à sua terra, que está solidificada nos elos de transmissão familiar sem a percepção de um retorno financeiro tem se fragmentado frente aos efeitos da globalização com ofertas sedutoras de ganho econômico. A economia, portanto, torna-se emblemática para repensar esse quadro a partir do turismo.

Esta obra ha sido editada por las coordinadoras de la edición, que no comparten necesariamente los contenidos expresados en ella. Dichos contenidos son responsabilidad exclusiva de sus autores y autoras. Título publicación: EL TURISMO DEL VINO Tipo de publicación: CD Primera edición: septiembre de 2010

Lessons for Australia from Spain, which retains Europe’s oldest public landscaped space (748AD) and oldest surviving garden (c1250AD) and is rich in garden history.  Waves of invasion, conversion to and mediation between cultures have fostered layered landscapes reflecting the adapting of old spaces and agri-/horticultural traditions, a place now unafraid of the new, yet fiercely proud of tradition.  Recent designers and management trends will be discussed in the context of environmental sustainability, population demographics and increasing engagement with the outside world.

On assiste à un véritable regain des religions, accompagné d'une approche nouvelle du sacré. Sur le plan touristique, ces évolutions se traduisent d'une part par le développement des pèlerinages et séjours à caractère spirituel, et d'autre part par le développement d'un tourisme à "curiosité religieuse". Sur le plan institutionnel, ce renouveau se traduit par l'augmentation des aides à la réhabilitation accordées au patrimoine religieux, des projets de valorisation de site religieux (Cluny, Chartres, Dole), des spectacles son et lumière et expositions organisés autour du patrimoine religieux et de l'art sacré (ex : les imaginaires du Mont Saint Michel).

First of all, we must understand that there are various aspects of tourism with respect to its beauty, aesthetics, technical parameters, trade & commerce, training & education, innovation etc. If anyone wants to find the bondage between education and tourism, there can be various topics, concepts, factors, and parameters to portray the entity. Again, if Education is an aspect of tourism, then we can formulate a tourism course subject to beauty, aesthetics, technical parameters, trade & commerce, innovation and, last but not the least, the destinations – The prime capital for tourism; as a tourist has a destination whereas a traveler does not. So, pertaining to education and tourism, I shall focus on destination studies.

It would be better to admit that tourism is the most special segment of human geography. This subject leads us to understand our planet and the culture of the world better than any other subject. So, we must also find a scientific way of studying tourism to understand the human race better. To start with, we must focus on the different destinations of the world, their geography – how to reach there, their culture, their heritage, their history, their socio-economy, interesting places to visit there etc. Once we grab it we have almost grabbed the major portion of the subject named tourism. So, let’s proceed.

Cultural tourism is the subset of tourism concerned with a traveler's engagement with a country or region's
culture, specifically the lifestyle of the people in those geographical areas, the history of those people, their arts,
architectures, religions, and other elements that helped shape their way of life. It includes tourism in urban
areas, particularly historic or large cities and their cultural facilities such as museums and theatres. It can also
include tourism in rural areas showcasing the traditions of indigenous cultural communities (i.e. festivals,
rituals), and their values and lifestyle, as well as niches like industrial tourism and creative tourism. It is widely
accepted that cultural tourists spend substantially more than standard tourists do. This form of tourism is also
becoming generally more popular throughout the world, and a recent OECD report has highlighted the role that
cultural tourism can play in regional development in different regions of the world. Cultural tourism has been
defined as 'the movement of persons to cultural attractions away from their normal place of residence, with the
intention to gather new information and experiences to satisfy their cultural needs'. These cultural needs can
include strengthening of one's own cultural identity, by observing the other cultures. The generalization of
cultural consumption on holiday, however, points to one of the main problems of defining cultural tourism. The
difference between cultural visits on holiday (cultural tourism) and cultural visits undertaken during leisure time
at home is vaguely defined. In spite of these problems, policymakers, tourist boards and cultural attraction
managers around the world continue to view cultural tourism as an important potential source of tourism
growth. The present paper will try to explore how cultural tourism can be a viable business model in India and
the existing challenges impeding its growth in the country.