Management and Social Sciences

A very Poor attention is given to reproductive health issues of pregnant women in rural regions of African countries. Ethiopia is one of the countries in horn of Africa representing highest maternal mortality rate in the continent. The Government of Ethiopia has reformed health policy and program to promote community involvement in maternal health, promotion of emergency obstetric health care, health seeking behavior for optimal utilization of maternal health services by women during pregnancies. The women living in pastoralist and small land holders' communities are exposed to high risks of reproductive health hazards. Material delays comprising of delay in making the decision for referral, delay in arriving at hospital and delay in receiving appropriate maternal health services are major contributing factors for growing maternal deaths in Ethiopia. The illiteracy of woman, exposure to frequent pregnancies at adolescent age, poor decision making power of women in patriarchal society, poor employment status of women are main predicators of low utilization of maternal services and high ,maternal death in rural regions of the country. This article is based on synthesis of research projects completed by different authors on multiple dimensions of maternal mortality in Ethiopia. The promotion of referral support service and bridging up the referral gaps would address issues of maternal mortality and growing unsafe abortions among young mothers in rural regions of the country. This paper examines critically different socio-cultural barriers that prevent women living in rural area for accessing appropriate utilization of maternal and health services and infrastructure available.

Literature review is an essential part for research. Before starting research on a meticulous topic, one needs to map the types of available writings on the topic of research. Literature review helps in choosing a topic for research which has not been studied yet or less studied. It also tells the importance of research topic. This study assembles all the major categories of research on rural women and their work in agriculture.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v1i2.10284 Int. J. Soc. Sci. Manage. Vol-1, issue-2: 69-73

The study entitled the role of microfinance service in alleviating poverty. It considered these objectives: to identify the accessibility of microfinance services, to assess the contribution of microfinance services in reducing poverty and to find out alternative solutions for challenges about microfinance services in alleviating poverty. Literature reveals that Microfinance provides savings accounts, loans, insurance and money transfers among others to customers that lack access to traditional financial services. The researcher used qualitative and quantitative approaches as the study was descriptive. The total population was 9263 in a period of 2015-2018 with a sample size of 98. Findings related to the objective one revealed that the number of clients who were committed to asking microcredit was increasing by 48.98%; 60.2%,68.37% and 88.76% from 2015 to 2018. The second objective revealed that achievements were starting a small business with 89 respondents which were the main act...

The purpose of this research article is to investigate the key issues, problems and the new challenges in Pakistan. Education plays the role of leadership in the society. The functions of the educational institutions are to develop the people physically, mentally, psychologically, socially, and ...

BACKGROUND: Leadership style of nurse managers plays a significant role in nurses' job satisfaction. However, there is limited literature in areas related to nurses' manager leadership style. The objective of this research was thus to investigate the relationship between leadership style of nurse managers and nurses' job satisfaction in Jimma University Specialized Hospital. METHODS: The study was conducted at Jimma University Specialized Hospital from January to June 2012 and used a non-experimental correlation design. All full time, non-supervisory nurses with an experience of more than one year in nursing profession were participated in the study. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire and Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire were used to collect data. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version16.0 statistical software. The results were analyzed through descriptive statistics followed by the application of inferential statistics on the variables. Significance level was considered when p<0.05. RESULTS: A total of 175 copies of the questionnaires were returned out of 186 copies distributed to respondents. The result indicated that nurses can prefer transformational leadership style over transactional leadership style and had moderate-level intrinsic (M=2.72, SD=0.71) but low level of extrinsic job satisfaction (M=1.83, SD=0.68). Furthermore, from transactional leadership, only contingent reward was found to be statically significant and correlated with extrinsic (B=0.45, p<0.01) and intrinsic job satisfaction (B=0.32, p<0.05) while all five dimension of transformational leadership style were statistically significant and correlated with both intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction. CONCLUSION: Nurses tended to be more satisfied with the transformational leadership than transactional leadership style. Therefore, nurses' managers should use transformational leadership style in order to increase nurses' job satisfaction.

The purpose of this research article is to investigate the key issues, problems and the new challenges in Pakistan. Education plays the role of leadership in the society. The functions of the educational institutions are to develop the people physically, mentally, psychologically, socially, and spiritually. It improves and promotes the economic, social, political and cultural life of the nation. Until now the role of secondary and college education in Pakistan has been simply preparation for tertiary education, which in the minds of most people means strictly a university education. All over the world universities are guiding and co-operating with the industrial and agricultural development organizations and they are developing their economics rapidly and meaningfully. There is a close link between education and development. In Pakistan, after more than five decades, the developmental indicators are not showing positive results. The participation rate at higher education is low comparatively to other countries of the region. There are problems of quality of staff, students, library and laboratory. Relevance with society needs, research facilities, financial crisis, arts students more than science students, weaknesses of examination, ineffective governance and academic results are not at par with international standards. Considering the gigantic problems of education in Pakistan, the researcher selected this topic for research.

Purpose - With the changing trends business studies have become very popular amongst the students as a means of future career. Accordingly, an issue has always been at hand the students and parents both that which higher education institution be selected for the business management education. This research paper examines different factors that influence business student’s behavior in selecting a business school. Methodology/Sample - The research has been carried out in the vicinity of Karachi city. The researchers used both primary and secondary methods of data collection. Primary data was collected through questionnaire. The sample of 100 students was selected. Probability sampling technique was used whereby 10 students were selected form each well known business schools of Karachi. Findings - The researcher classified different influencing factors into two main categories -- internal and internal ones and found that both internal and external factors influence business students in...

The ethnographic study was undertaken to assess the situation early childhood education development center (ECED) based on community and school as per ECED minimum standard and also to explore teaching pedagogy, infrastructure and environment of teaching at ECEDs. Similarly this study also tries to identify the challenges and issues to implement the ECED minimum standards. Method: A qualitative research design was applied for this evaluation research. The primary data were gathered through interview and observation. Conclusion: From the effectiveness perspective, learning environment of early childhood development center for children is satisfactory at home as well early childhood development (ECD) center due to parental care. From the sustainability, ECD management committee are starting to collect fund for ECD center (Admission and monthly fee), ECD management committee has clarity of organizational vision. ECD centers have been found to have trained and experienced ECD facilitator and are able to get Government quota for sustainability of center running cost and similarly from the equity, most of ECD parents belong to marginal families whose children benefit from ECD center and since they cannot afford costly Montessori, children of marginal family can also afford quality education in ECD centers.

Carrot (Daucus carota L.) is an important agricultural commodity in the world. A study was conducted for comparative analysis of demographic, economics assessment, and determinants of carrot production between ward no. 11 and ward no. 15 of the Bharatpur metropolitan of Chitwan district. Altogether 80 carrot growers, 40 from ward no. 11 and 40 from ward no. 15 of Bharatpur metropolitan were randomly selected. Pretested semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect primary information from randomly selected farmers. Carrot growers were interviewed using face to face method in November 2019. Moreover, Two Focus Group Discussion (FGDs) and two Key Informant Interviews (KII) were performed. All the data were entered in Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS Statistics 20) and Microsoft Excel (Ms-2013) and analysis was done by using Microsoft Excel, SPSS, and Stata. In the majority of respondents, Poultry manure cost (37.16%) occupied the major portion of the cost of production...

This paper assessed the role played by churches in the moral development of students in Church-sponsored schools in Kenya. A qualitative phenomenological design was adopted to achieve this objective. Participants were selected through purposive stratified sampling along denominational lines with six mainline churches that have sponsored schools for over five decades being considered. Each denomination purposely chose two of its sponsored secondary schools to participate in the study. Some churches opted to have a boy and a girl school, others an urban and a rural, or a school with the strong presence of the church, against another where the church was not strongly involved. Interviews, electronically recorded, manually transcribed, and finally analysed using the Nvivo qualitative data analysis software, were conducted with the school principals, denominational education secretaries, County education officers and in separate focus groups for teachers and for students, with each focus group session having between four to six participants. Five open-ended interview protocols were used in collecting data. Teachers and students with more than two years of stay in the schools were randomly selected. The study found that churches influenced students' morals in schools. Pseudonyms have been used in place of actual participants' names.

La extensión universitaria como función sustantiva ha venido construyendo
discursos y formas de gestión contribuyendo a la formación y la
construcción de conocimiento en las universidades brindando condiciones
y posibilidades para que la universidad asuma un papel activo y transformador
de las dinámicas sociales propias de un territorio, para este caso
Colombia y América Latina. Este libro consolida la experiencia de gestión
social como forma de extensión en la educación superior, tomando como
referencia la Universidad Simón Bolívar, sede Cúcuta quien por su filosofía
institucional ha definido una apuesta clara de gestión social explicita en su
proyecto educativo institucional y el horizonte pedagógico socio crítico. Se
presentan resultados de la gestión realizada en el marco del plan de desarrollo
comunitario 2013-2015 construido con comunidades en situación de
vulnerabilidad mediante un trabajo interdisciplinario de los distintos programas
académicos, abordando los siguientes ejes: convivencia, construcción
de paz, familia y salud, derechos humanos, desarrollo productivo y las
Tic como mecanismo de inclusión social.

This study deals with the nexus amongst employee wellbeing and organizational effectiveness of oil and gas firms in Rivers State, Nigeria. The cross-sectional survey was adopted. A total population of six hundred and sixty-five (665) employees from 10 oil and gas firms in Rivers State, Nigeria, was covered in this work. A sample size of 250 was drawn from the population. The simple random sampling technique was employed. The questionnaire was used to obtain the necessary data from respondents. The spearman rankorder correlation was used for analysing the data. The result revealed that the dimensions of employee wellbeing (job satisfaction, and work-life balance satisfaction) had a significant positive relationship with cohesion and productivity. It was thus concluded that enhancing the total wellbeing of the employees by ensuring job satisfaction and work-life balance satisfaction of the employees, will help enhance the total effectiveness of the organization. Hence, the study recommended that organizations should ensure that staffs are well rewarded so as to boost their job satisfaction in the workplace and thus improve the firm's effectiveness.

There are various types of opinion on disparities between private and public school in Nepal lead a debate on whether school education should privatize or not. There are opinions in for and against the privatization in school education. Some people argue that the privatization in school education should not be promoted. It creates two classes citizens. Similarly some people argue that the school education is entirely responsible of the government .On the other hand, some gives logic that the government is failure to offer quality education to all children due shortage of funds so, this paper tries to explore the existing debate on public and private schools in Nepal.

Keywords Abstract Business excellence MBNQA EFQM Business Impact Business Excellence Process Business excellence practice This literature review based study presents the divergent views on the impact of Business excellence models on the performances of the Business excellence award winning firms and highlighted there exists a need to better understand the differences in the key management practices and processes followed by the Award winning firms to that of the high performing non-participating firms and also to better understand the influence that these practices and processes have on improved business performance outcomes. It also presents, based on literature survey, different management practices and approaches followed by the Award winning Firms and highlighted that there exists no comparative study of management practices followed by Award winners and high performing non-participating firms. To fill this gap it presents a research problem and five supporting research question...

The paper reports on both methodological and substantive findings. It presents a method for generating simplified representations for regional urban populations, their geographical sub-populations and communities. the method generates greatly simplified high-resolution socio-economic profiles of populated geographical areas from complex large census data sets.

The purpose of this research article is to investigate the key issues, problems and the new challenges in Pakistan. Education plays the role of leadership in the society. The functions of the educational institutions are to develop the people physically, mentally, psychologically, socially, and ...

In Nigeria, politicians seek refuge in religion as security measure to ward off the evil eye and machination of sorcery and witchcraft that stand on their way to success. Since Churchmen and women arrogate to themselves the ability to protect political office seekers by covering them with the blood of Christ, there is a guaranteed security for political aspirants. It is this religious posturing that turns political campaigns into a rite of passage aimed at consolidating politics of the belly and the occult and giving lee way to corruption and impoverishment of the nation through wasteful spending. This paper holds that the posture of Nigeria as a secular state should be streamlined and politicians who use religion to foster their political fortunes should be sanctioned with appropriate laws put in place. If religious leaders play their prophetic roles in society, then they will serve as conscience of the nation.

a wonderful principal and friend, who demonstrated the real meaning of servant leadership. I would like to acknowledge and thank the principals and teachers who participated in this study, and the access provided by the New South Wales Department of Education and Training to conduct this research in state secondary high schools. I would also like to thank my supervisors, Professor Herbert W. Marsh and Associate Professor Rhonda Craven for their careful and thought-provoking supervision of this project through its many stages. I would also like to acknowledge and thank Dr Alan Williamson for his guidance and assistance in the area of qualitative methodology. I would also like to acknowledge and thank my wife Kerry, and sons Stephen, Andrew and Jeremy for their continued support, practical assistance and encouragement, even when the going got tough. In the same way I thank my extended family for their affirming support.

Consultation is an important feature of research and, increasingly, researchers are required to work in partnership with stakeholders to increase the impact of their work. Our aim is to demonstrate what can be learned from the scholarship on, and practice of, member checking to facilitate productive knowledge exchange. Using dialogical analysis we explore three member check interactions from three different qualitative psychology projects focusing our analysis on difficult moments between researchers and participants conceptualised here as ‘sore spots’. We identify two major genres in these sequences: participant ambivalence and participant challenge. We then consider passages that allow us to explore a more theoretical understanding of these two genres in terms of the metaphor of portraits and mirrors. Overall, we outline how implicit epistemologies and theories of subjectivity (uncomplicated, blank, and complex) may be linked to the way in which stakeholders approach research. We also provide a map with regard to the theories within which member checks can be undertaken, associated research practices in terms of a range of researcher responses to stakeholder ambivalence and challenge, and implications of these moments for knowledge exchange for qualitative research but also for psychological science as a whole. We conclude that sore spots in knowledge exchange process can be productive opportunities of transformational validity.

Keywords: member check; knowledge exchange; research impact; dialogical analysis; participant validation

Sweet orange is one of the major fruit grown in mid-hills of Nepal. It ranks 2nd among the citrus fruits in terms of area and production after mandarin. The study depicts the socio economic aspect of sweet orange production in Sindhuli district.Data were collected from 60 randomly selected sweet orange growers from Tinkanya and Baseswor of Golanjor rural municipality using semi-structured interview schedule. Two FGD&#39;s was done in those places for the triangulation of household survey.Analysis was done using SPSS and excel. Socio demographic studies revealed that majorly (93.3%), of growers were engaged in sweet orange farming. Most of the growers (98.3%) had agriculture as their major occupation. The average land holdings of the farmers was 0.53 ha in which 0.37 ha of land was occupied for sweet orange cultivation. The average sweet orange production of total sixty households was calculated to be 1981.83 kg/ha. The total cost of Rs. 25797.36/ha was estimated and the gross return...

Waste is always an important problem in this era, where people are not aware of the waste they produce in their household or institutions. Waste is directly linked to human development, both technological and social. The compositions of different wastes have varied over time and location, with industrial development and innovation being directly linked to waste materials. Examples of this include plastics and nuclear technology. Some waste components have economic value and can be recycled once correctly recovered. Waste is sometimes a subjective concept, because items that some people discard may have value to others. With increase in the global population and the rising demand for food and other essentials, there has been a rise in the amount of waste being generated daily by each household. Alappad is a coastal village in the Kollam District of the Indian state Kerala. It is situated on a narrow strip of land sandwiched between the Arabian Sea a few species of ham and the TS Cana...

The purport of this paper is to provide an overview of five factors affecting second language acquisition (SLA). The factors include vocabulary, grammar, and interference of mother tongue (L1), self-efficacy and motivation. These factors are vital to research for the process of acquiring second language. Language is composed of vocabulary words which are synchronized by grammar affected by first language .Self efficacy is a consequential component of social cognitive and this entire process of second language acquisition is possible by the factor of motivation. Motivation is additionally a consequential contributor to language achievement in terms of linguistic outcomes.Study of these factors synthesize in the process of acquiring second language resulting with possible suggestions.

The present study focused on the usage pattern, factors and brand possession of cosmetics among women. Total 150 women were visited and their responses were taken from three cities Hisar, Bhiwani and Fatehabad. The look of face is play most important role in overall personality of a person and cosmetics helps the peoples to improve their skin and made face attractive, vibrant and pretty. Hence, this study taking into consideration facial skin care products of women such as moisturizers, tonners, cleansers and anti aging creams. As cosmetics industry grows, it was 166.1 billion in 1998 which was reached by 382.3 billion in 2010. Thus it is important to understand usage pattern and factors which influencing women intention to purchase facial skin care products. This study explores the factors affecting women's purchase decision for cosmetics product. Brand came out as a major factor considered by all women while purchasing. Quality, naturalness and suitability to skin type are other factors which affect purchase of skin care products. The study reveals that moisturizer was found to be most prevalently used by all age group. Anti aging and toners was found to be preferred by the aged women. Fair & lovely, Ponds and Vaseline found to be most popular and favourite among all cosmetic products. Lakme, Olay and Amway products are mostly purchased and used by higher income group. Vaseline is the most possessed brand among the women which is followed by Ponds, Faire & Lovely, Lakme, and Clean &clear respectively.

In the book explored the processes of formation, development and smoothing system contradictions in social systems. Using the methodology of general systems theory and the theory of self-organization, the author analyzes based on actual and theoretical generalization of the material manifestations of systemic patterns of interests, needs and contradictions in the Russian Federation.
Монография посвящена изучению процессов формирования, развития и сглаживания системных противоречий в социальных системах. Используя методологию общей теории систем и теории самоорганизации, автор анализирует на основе обобщения  фактического и теоретического материала закономерности проявления системных интересов, потребностей и противоречий на современном этапе развития Российской Федерации. Издание рассчитано на работников органов государственного и муниципального управления, преподавателей высшей школы, аспирантов и студентов вузов.

India is one of the major exporters of crude drugs including Medicated and Aromatic Plants globally. As per the latest and most recent data available, in 2012-2013 India’s total export of Ayush, Medicinal herbs and their value added products was USD 395.58 million. State of Uttarakhand in India is a natural habitat of the prosperous varieties of herbs, medicinal and aromatic plant species. The Government of Uttarakhand state has also realised this big potential and is continuously trying to tap this wealth. In 2012-2013 the state exported culinary herbs, Aromatic products and medicated products worth ` 29.0 crore. The aim of this study of MAP products in Uttarakhand state is to evaluate the impact of cultivation of MAP products, in relation to the new employment generation and also to study the supply chain management in context to the activities of various agencies engaged in collection, distribution and auction. This paper focuses on the cultivation program running in Uttrakhand b...

This paper assessed the role played by churches in the moral development of students in Church-sponsored schools in Kenya. A qualitative phenomenological design was adopted to achieve this objective. Participants were selected through purposive stratified sampling along denominational lines with six mainline churches that have sponsored schools for over five decades being considered. Each denomination purposely chose two of its sponsored secondary schools to participate in the study. Some churches opted to have a boy and a girl school, others an urban and a rural, or a school with the strong presence of the church, against another where the church was not strongly involved. Interviews, electronically recorded, manually transcribed, and finally analysed using the Nvivo qualitative data analysis software, were conducted with the school principals, denominational education secretaries, County education officers and in separate focus groups for teachers and for students, with each focus group session having between four to six participants. Five open-ended interview protocols were used in collecting data. Teachers and students with more than two years of stay in the schools were randomly selected. The study found that churches influenced students' morals in schools. Pseudonyms have been used in place of actual participants' names.

This study examined the recreational behaviour and preference of urban residents in Ikot Ekpene Town as well as the recreational constraints in the area. A cross-sectional survey of 375 randomly selected residents was conducted in the five residential zones that make up the town using questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, frequency count and simple percentages were employed for data analysis. Results showed that respondents had an overwhelming positive disposition towards recreation with a high preference for outdoor recreation particularly "sitting out at open spaces, Parks and Plazas with drinks and photography". The further finding revealed the top 5 constraints to recreation including insecurity, poor access to recreational facilities, inadequate recreational facility, poor sanitation at recreational centres and high cost of recreational services. Findings re-echo the need to inaugurate community policing in order to strengthen security at recreational centres as well as enhancing access to recreation through citizens empowerment, infrastructure upgrade and expanding facilities for outdoor recreation.

The purpose of this study was to explore the factors that influence the purchase and consumption of alcohol among university students in Malawi. The study sought to recommend strategies that can promote the marketing of alcohol among university students aged 18 and above. Results show that of the 138 respondents, 109 (72% males and 28% females) agreed that they consume alcohol. The study indicates that quality of alcohol influences most students to consume alcohol. In addition, promotions that emphasise on price cuts and special offers have a positive impact on the marketing of alcohol among students. Notable also are subjective social norms which play a significant role in influencing students to consume alcohol with friends other than alone. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v2i1.11682      Int. J. Soc. Sci. Manage. Vol-2, issue-1: 52-67 

This paper examines the value chain alliance and financing of sikki craft in Nepal. Among other crafts, sikki crafts is the potential handicrafts in rural community in Nepal. Sikki (dhakiya) is the natural fiber made from grass and which is being used among Tharu communities as a gift during marriage ceremony of daughter and high export potential in global market. Sikki is more labor-intensive based production, which involvement of women in whole process as well as 79% costs of raw materials have been used from local resources. Lack of awareness, inadequate design, lack of coordination, networking and structures, inadequate business knowledge and inefficient technology were major constraints hindering the growth of this sikki craft sub-sector in Nepal. It was estimated that a total of 630 enterprises can be developed during the five-year period. The study revealed that, a total of NPR 70.5 million will required to manage their enterprises that can create over 1260 jobs. The loan fun...

This paper analyzes the perceptions of the employer on how job fit is fresh business school graduates in the Indian business scenario. The responses of employers on skills considered in the recruitment of management graduates, matching to their business profile as well as job profiles, were compared with the actual skill set of fresh MBAs inducted from the higher education sector. This study also investigated the level of importance of skills required by a new business graduate from the employer's expectations of different sectors. A 'skill gap' between actual and expected was identified from these findings and its impact will be an eye opener for Business education programs. This is a working paper based on classification of employability skills based on Holland's Job-fit theory. The study reveals that there is substantial dissatisfaction with the quality of business graduates in the practical level. The survey said 86 percent of employers concurred that MBA-hires doesn't create much value for their companies in their first few years of their career stage. This confirms the finding that the skill set of fresh managers is inadequate. There will be drastic changes in the Job market and the need of the skill sets may vary again and again. The results of this study make a valuable contribution to the field of career development/guidance, individual students of business studies, employers, and higher education institutions.

In south Asian countries, the education policy makers and educators have been highly focusing to the development of entrepreneurship through the educational interventions. The courses of entrepreneurship development have been endorsed to the schools and universities. But, the domestic enterprises have been declining gradually. The paper aims to present the issues on modern education system and its role in mainstreaming of domestic enterprises in these countries. For looking the connections between these two phenomena, I collected and reviewed the existing policies and practices regarding education system and entrepreneurship development. The study explored that the modern education system have not been supporting to the domestic enterprises in south Asia and the citizens are on the &#39;middle of the road&#39; of their entrepreneurial practices. The recommendation is that the educational policies and practices should be reviewed and implemented effectively to promote the domestic en...

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of physical violence during pregnancy and the factors associated with it. Although the whole world has recognized the violence against women is a serious risk to the health and development of the whole country. Butt still, it exists in almost all parts of the world. It is found more prevalent in developing countries as compared to the developed countries. This aspect signifies the socioeconomic aspect of the country. This study was performed by random sampling in gynae units of Jinnah hospital Lahore. Total 100 women were given the questionnaire and collected through the help of department’s personnel. The results revealed the predominance of factors that cause and aggravate the violence against women during pregnancy. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 7, Issue-4: 218-223

The pursuit of profit and business success has always been the goal of CEOs and many business practitioners. This has further led to the devaluation of the human person in many business practices. This global economic system can best be described as the reinvention of the ―Hobbessian Jungle‖ that is described as the state of ‗war of all against all‘ (bellum omnium contra omnes), and a state of ‗man becoming wolf to man‘ (homo lupus homini). The present economic arrangement bequeaths on us a state where man is involved in constant economic war of self-survival to the detriment of other peoples‘ happiness and wellbeing. That the business world embodies its own morality different from other practices is the final conclusion of some ethicists. Therefore, this paper, with the use of appropriate secondary data, critically examines the fundamental strategy of the corporate world with particular attention placed on the recurrent battle between ―Corporate Machiavellianists‖...

This is an open access article & it is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) Newborn baby should be assessed immediately soon after the birth and the APGAR (Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration) score is the most commonly used, simple and most effective method of immediate newborn assessment. The aim of the study was to compare the newborn APGAR score on first and fifth minute in two different mode of delivery; Normal Vaginal delivery (NVD) and Cesarean Delivery (CD) and its contributing factors. A cross-sectional study design with comparative research approach was adopted to conduct the research. Total 200 singleton babies (100 NVD and 100 CD) were selected and APGAR score was checked in the first and fifth minutes from baby’s birth record. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results showed that 88 and 95 percentage of neonatal APGAR scores in 1 and 5...

The advent of the internet changed the way we communicate forever. It became such a potent force that it was recommended as a nominee for Time Magazine’s “Man of the Year.” The world became euphoric about how this technology was changing the way we think. The changes were being brought about by people and that they were the change agents. It is required to understand the key concepts behind the emergence of social change through social media and their support in creating sustainability. This paper will report a study of five Indian social campaigns, right from their birth to the phase where they were no longer within the control of their parent organization but became a movement in their own rights. It is an exploratory study aimed at understanding the way social media works and how private organizations can also bring about a public change. The study will cover social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter and organizational blogs. The variables will be drawn from the corporate su...

The research explores key factors impacting enterprise operational sustainability and the ability to transcend adversity during different stages of a crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The current study draws from the Theory of Crisis Management Teams, the Stakeholder Theory, and the Distributed Cognition Theory to build an "Enterprise Effectiveness and Sustainability Model during Pandemic." Existing theoretical background joint with contemporary success case studies helped to identify the essential aspects and strategies enterprises should employ to survive and thrive during crisis and post-crisis. We have conceptualized an innovative approach to COVID-19 from the perspective of organizational characteristics, operations, digital transformation, and financial planning. The findings suggest that enterprises having distributed leadership, workforce and adaptive culture sustain business operations during a pandemic. Furthermore, resilient enterprises allow for more informed and decentralized decision-making. Prosperous organizations leverage Internet and Communication Technology (ICT) and integrate Intranet, social media, and online communication platforms into their daily business routines, as this helps to establish trust and build bonds with employees, stakeholders, and customers during and post-crisis. Finally, balancing between the stockpiling of resources and resiliency is crucial in anticipation of a crisis. Therefore, we conclude that enterprises with financial contingency plans sustain their business operations during a pandemic.

This study "Alternative funding practices of Sailaja Acharya Memorial Polytechnic (SAMP) explores the approach in practice in the institution even exploring its sustainability and replicability. In so doing the evidences clearly indicate the challenges with the existing practices in the institutions even though the institution has made reliable strategic interventions to overcome them. There are no valid grounds for applying such alternative financing model for its replication in Nepalese context. For carrying out qualitative research, researcher employed case study research design.

A Kádár-korszak gyári munkásaival foglalkozó történeti munkák leginkább egyes üzemeken vagy egy-egy településen keresztül mutatták be és elemezték a dolgozók hétköznapjait (Horváth 2004, Bartha 2009, Horváth et al. 2003. Az alábbi írásomban ugyanezt az utat kívánom követni, csak a Csepel Autógyár munkásairól kívánok beszélni. Egyfelől azért, mert a szakirodalom alapján igazolva látom Kemény István nézetét (Kozák, Kemény 1970, Kemény, Kozák 1971, miszerint korántsem egységes, hanem gyárak szerint elkülönült és változó képet adó "munkásságokról" beszélhetünk a korszakban. Másfelől témám, az üzemi munkások fusizása, habár országos szinten megfigyelhető volt, de országrészenként eltérő lehetőségekkel valósult meg.

Substance mishandle in Pakistan is one of the real reasons for worry that influences all sections of society. It has not just destroying consequences for the physical and mental prosperity yet in addition has the unfriendly impacts on labor and financial development of the nation. Roughly 6.7S million peoples in Pakistan have been related with various sorts of prescriptions. For instance, Cannabis is the most frequently used solution, with an inescapability of 3.6% of the people, after that poly-calm use is ordinary. With reference to sedatives, a normal 860,000 masses are general heroin customers and 320,000 are opium. Methods: The quantitative cross sectional study was used. Results: The discoveries of the examination. in 23 tables and 27 figures have been utilized to demonstrate comes about. That just about 80 for every penny of respondents viewed every single illicit medication as similarly hurtful to one&#39;s wellbeing recommend an inability to perceive the distinctive differe...

Low cognitive complexity, characterized by categorical thinking that does not recognize the validity of different viewpoints, is an important psychological predictor of radical views and violence in youth. Research shows that some of the stressors that increase the vulnerability of individuals to low complexity and constrained thinking include family issues, traumatic events, and threats to identity. Given the recent increase in mental health issues in adolescence, this paper examines whether depression has an impact on the Integrative Complexity (IC) of teenagers. Results of the study on a group of students from an SOS Village school in Pakistan show that depression levels have a significant negative correlation to value complexity (r=-.474) in youth. These findings highlight the need to explore interventions in teenagers to reduce the impact of depression on their cognitive ability and limit susceptibility to extremist views and violence.

This study aimed to develop a conceptual framework of factors affecting innovative work behavior of employeers in local administrative organizations. The study was conducted through a review of literature and document analysis. The results were presented in a form of descriptive analysis. The results show that team climate inventory, learning orientation, organizational supoortiveness, and transformational leadership play a direct role in developing innovative work behavior. Meanwhile, organizational supportiveness indirectly affects team climate inventry and transformational leadership indirectly affects learning orientation.

The goal of this paper is to determine the contribution of public health investments to the economic growth of Cameroon. The study used the human capital model of Lucas (1988) within the framework of endogenous growth theories. The Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) was employed in the estimations procedure using the World Development Indicators (WDI, 2013) data from the World Bank over the period spanning from 1988 to 2013.The findings show that government health expenditures contribute to economic growth only in the long run. From our results, we recommend that: first, the government should increase health spending to 10 or 15 percent of its GDP as initially suggested by the African Union and the World Health Organization respectively; second, government should enhance the provision of health care services by the private sector by putting in place incitation measures; third, competitive awards should be granted to those health units that render quality health care services.