European Union Tourism Policy

The European Cultural Capital Event has become a much sought after distinction for cities seeking to attract cultural visitors. The event has developed beyond its mainly cultural origins to form an important part of urban economic and cultural reconstruction strategies for deindustrialising cities in Europe.This article reviews the history and development of the event, and analyses the extent to which cultural events have been successful in stimulating economic development. Although there is abundant evidence of short-term increases in visitor numbers and spending, there is inconclusive evidence for longer-term benefits.

Purpose
This research uses the institutional theory perspective to better understand the social dynamics of the European Union (EU) tourism policy and its directions.

Design/methodology/approach
A thorough literature review involving a critical discourse analysis on the regulative, normative and cultural elements of institutionalisation improves our understanding of the EU policy, in terms of its processes, content and outcomes. Therefore, this paper explores how the European institutions have incrementally legitimised tourism policy among Member States. 

Findings
Over the years, the EU’s policies were intended to enhance the European single market whilst supporting the growth of the industrial competitiveness, sustainable innovation and entrepreneurship. This has inevitably led to the development of new policies in the realms of tourism.

Originality value
This contribution has identified a gap in academic research as it reports about the evolution of EU tourism policy and on the conditions of how it has been planned, organised and implemented. It also exposes the challenges of institutionalising tourism policy in intergovernmental institutions.

U radu je na detaljan način obrađena turistička delatnost kao jedna od izrazito razvijenih i profitabilnijih privrednih grana na području Evropske unije (EU). Kao naddržavna integraciona celina od dvadeset sedam država članica, Evropska unija (EU) samostalno formuliše ekonomske, pravne i političke obrasce na osnovu kojih utvrđuje svoju razvojnu turističku strategiju. Turističkoj privredi Evropske unije (EU), posvećena je posebna pažnja sa pravničkog aspekta zbog složenog pristupa kod donošenja relevatnih dokumenata i načina funkcionisanja njenih organa i institucija. U radu je posebno istaknut značaj donešenog Programa održivog i konkurentnog Evropskog turizma i najnovijeg političkog okvira za turizam. Evropski parlament (EP) i Evropski savet (ES) su pomenutim dokumentima istakli osnovni cilj, da Evropa mora postati svetski lider u turističkoj privredi. Takođe, Evropska komisija (EK) konstantno ulaže velike napore kako bi u koordinaciji sa državama članicama celokupnu turističku privredu podigla na još viši nivo. Rad se između ostalog bavi i promocijama evropskih turističkih sadržaja u kojima se klijenteli nude novi i kvalitetniji proizvodi i usluge. Promotivna delatnost u radu podržana je statističkim podacima o najpopularnijim evropskim turističkim destinacijama, o mogućnostima upošljavanja svih oblika kapitala u turističku privredu i o njenom uticaju na ukupnu ekonomiju Evropske unije (EU).

1. Evolution of the Romanian legislation on tourism in last decades; 2. Actual legal provisions on accommodation units’ activity; 2.1. Accommodation units’ categories; 2.2. Issuance of the classification certificate; 2.3. Modification of the classification certificate; 2.4. Withdrawal of the classification certificate; 2.5. Validity of the classification certificate; 2.6. Obligations of the classified hotel unit; 2.7 Criteria for establishing the classification of accommodation units; 3. A new law on tourism.

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı Türkiye'nin turizm alanında AB ile uyumlu politika üretip üretmediğinin anlaşılmasıdır. Bu amaca ulaşılabilmesi için birbirini destekler Avrupalılaşma ve Koşulluluk adlı iki kuramsal ve politik yaklaşımdan faydalanılacaktır. Bu çalışmanın iddiası, Türkiye'nin AB'nin koşulluluk politikalarından çok etkilenmediğidir. Bunun gerekçesi olarak da koşulluluk yaklaşımının ana bileşenlerinden olan öngörülebilir, erişilebilir ve tatmin edici bir ödülün AB tarafından Türkiye'ye vaat edilememesi olduğu ileri sürülecektir. AB'nin Erişilebilir Turizm Politikası bu çerçevede bir vaka olarak incelenecektir. Çalışmanın bağımlı değişkeni Türkiye'deki erişilebilir turizm politikası ve uygulamaları olacaktır. Bağımsız değişken ise AB'nin Erişilebilir Turizm Politikası ve bunların birbirleri ile etkileşimini sağlayan ara değişken Avrupalılaşma ve koşulluluk penceresinden AB-Türkiye ilişkileri olacaktır.

2 Tourism and the European Union Constantia Anastasiadou Introduction The EU is characterized by a complex web of institutional structures and multi-level relation-ships. Unlike other regional trading areas, eco-nomic and political integration has progressed in the EU far and wide ( ...

This is the prezi presentation of the seminar I held in Palma de Mallorca, University of Balearic Islands. The scope of the seminar was to propose to the students of tourism viable contents of a sustainable toursim package, and to make them familiar with the specific target of sustainable tourism and with elements of it which can be embedded in mainstream tourism.

Due to the local features of tourism in Palma, the big asset of sustainable tourism is that it could be a feasible alternative to the sea&sand overtourism. If systematically implemented it would help to decompress coastal areas, to defuse the flow of tourists to landlocked parts of the island. It would reduce the seasonality of the flow, as Palma is a competitive destination for outdoor sports/activities in winter, whereas many EU destinations are not. It would increase the access to public services for the host community, which is at present badly resenting for high season overtourism.

This paper examines the role of the European Union (EU) in influencing employment in the tourism industry of its member states. Tourism in EU accounts for about 5% of GDP and approximately 7.4 million persons are directly employed in tourism. The figure of persons directly employed in tourism varies from 1.7 to 7.8 depending on the member state. Due to the potential of EU tourism for generating jobs in this paper undertakes a review over the problems related to tourism employment in member states and analyses the formation and development of EU policies and initiatives towards tourism employment. Finally, this paper discusses the implications of the findings for tourism employment in EU and provides the conclusions of the study.

Keywords: tourism; employment; European Union; policies

Tourism mobility has been discussed in certain contexts in the relevant literature but has received limited treatment in the context of regional integration schemes. The purpose of this paper is to establish to what extent such schemes support or
facilitate the deregulation of tourism mobility. Tourism, migration and mobility are interrelated concepts and in order to understand the factors that influence tourism mobility, they need to be considered in unison. Using examples of both micro-regional and regional integration schemes from across the globe, the analysis demonstrates that tourism mobility has been partially positively affected by regional integration schemes but barriers to mobility persist even in the most advanced types of regional integration schemes. In addition, the approach of each regional integration scheme to the free movement of people ultimately conditions the deregulation of tourist mobility for intra- and inter-regional tourists. The paper also highlights the importance of regional consciousness in improving cross-border relations in regional integration schemes and the potential contribution tourism could make in the development of a regional identity. Finally, it is concluded that regional integration schemes simultaneously
remove and increase the barrier effect of borders and are often creating temporary, asymmetrical and uni-directional mobilities.



Resumen
La movilidad turística ha sido estudiada en ciertos contextos en la literatura relevante en este campo pero ha recibido un tratamiento limitado en el contexto de los esquemas de integración regionales. El propósito de este trabajo es establecer en qué medida tales esquemas apoyan o facilitan la desregulación de la movilidad turística. El turismo, la migración y la movilidad son conceptos interrelacionados y necesitan
ser considerados en armonía para comprender los factores que influyen en esa movilidad turística. Utilizando ejemplos tanto de esquemas de integración microregional como regional de todo el globo, el análisis demuestra que la movilidad turística ha sido, parcialmente, positivamente afectada por los esquemas de
integración regional pero que persisten las barreras a la movilidad incluso en los ipos más avanzados de esquemas de integración regional. Además, en último término, la aproximación de cada esquema de integración regional al libre
movimiento de personas condiciona la desregulación de la movilidad turística para los turistas intra e inter regionales. El rabajo también destaca la importancia de la conciencia en mejorar las relaciones entre fronteras en los esquemas de integración