Geography of Mobility and Migrations

There are more types of borders today than ever before in history. Borders of all kinds define every aspect of social life in the twenty-first century. From the biometric data that divides the smallest aspects of our bodies to the aerial drones that patrol the immense expanse of our domestic and international airspace, we are defined by borders. They can no longer simply be understood as the geographical divisions between nation-states. Today, their form and function has become too complex, too hybrid. What we need now is a theory of the border that can make sense of this hybridity across multiple domains of social life.

Rather than viewing borders as the result or outcome of pre-established social entities like states, Thomas Nail reinterprets social history from the perspective of the continual and constitutive movement of the borders that organize and divide society in the first place. Societies and states are the products of bordering, Nail argues, not the other way around. Applying his original movement-oriented theoretical framework "kinopolitics" to several major historical border regimes (fences, walls, cells, and checkpoints), Theory of the Border pioneers a new methodology of "critical limology," that provides fresh tools for the analysis of contemporary border politics.

Residential segregation has become a key in describing the composition of urban American cities and has altered the urban landscape over time. This research focuses on the impact of residential segregation in terms of non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanics, African Americans, and Asians on the metropolitan area of Houston, Texas from 1980 through 2010. Maps generated by the American Community Survey are used to represent the spatial distribution of these ethnicities throughout the city in relation to overall population trends in Houston over the time frame. The spatial distribution notes two common trends: first, that the white population has migrated westward and out into the suburbs, leaving old inner city neighborhoods to the other ethnic groups; and secondly, that there are clearly defined ethnically-specific areas within the Houston metro. I also call upon related literature to explain the trends found within this 30-year time span, including the "white flight" phenomenon, and connecting these trends with the national perspective.

In an overview of migrations within Europe from early modern times to present the author present a summary of the devolpments in Spain and Portugal, exceptuating migrations between Portugal and Spain and their former colonies overseas.. The entire volume published in English by Cambridge University Press is a translation of the German Edition of the encyclopedia, published in 2007 by Ferdinand Schöningh (Paderborn, München, Wien, Zürich) and Wilhelm Fink (München).

Cycling as a transport mode has gradually become more attractive in cities during the last 10 years. However, not all cities give due consideration to cycling issues in the planning process. In many transport systems, cycling and issues of vélomobility are still neglected. Recent research considers several aspects of cycling, however, few studies have shown why differences in for example modal split and bicycle infrastructure exist between cities. This article deals with the differences in cycling issues between Copenhagen and Stockholm and furthermore why such differences occur in these two Scandinavian capitals. The focus here is on transport planning and the dissimilarities in the structures and aspects that have affected the thinking of planners and politicians and the planning outcomes in these two cities. Questions of marginalisation of cyclists in the public space and different planning politics or politics of vélomobility are touched upon. The results are set in a theoretical frame of power relations, mobility theory and political economies. The results show that these two cities have very different planning approaches and economic, structural and cultural presumptions leading to the fact that Copenhagen prioritises cycling, whereas Stockholm focuses more on facilitating public transport and motorised modes of person transport.

EUrope has created a space of human suffering within which military-humanitarian measures seem urgently required if the mass drowning is to be halted. The framing of migration governance as humanitarian has become commonplace in spectacular border practices in the Mediterranean Sea. Nonetheless, maritime disasters continue to unfold. This article discusses three non-governmental actors, part of an emerging " humanitarian fleet " that seeks to turn the sea into a less deadly space: the Migrant Offshore Aid Station, Médecins Sans Frontières, and Sea-Watch. While the rescue of precarious lives and the alleviation of suffering are central concerns, they imagine their humanitarian practices, the subjects of their compassion, and EUrope's role in shaping borderzones in different ways, pointing to a wide humanitarian spectrum. Engaging with the different discursive frames created by the three " border humanitarians " , the article explores what possibilities exist for political dissent to emanate from within humanitarian reason.

The entry begins with a definition of geography and with a description of what the discipline shares with the other social sciences and what makes it distinctive among them. Terminological clarifications are provided with regard to the relationship between human geography and physical geography, and between human geography and urban geography. After a brief history and overview of human geography’s engagement with social theory, the entry offers a discussion of the politicization of contemporary human geography and of how this phenomenon is reflected in theory building and concept development.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118430873.est0464

The debate on the Italian internal areas is often oriented to analyse these particular territories as marginal in the economic geography of the regions in which they are located, because of their rythm of development and their demographic scenario, mainly described as depopulation by emigration.
This paper offers the case study of the province of Avellino, in Campania (Southern Italy), an internal area where depopulation isn’t due only to emigration but especially to the birthrate decrease and where the cohesion policy 2014-2020 is addressed to a province sub-region which keeps out some of the most depopulated communities, since the National Strategy for Internal Areas defines as “internal” just the districts far more then twenty minutes from the urban centre of services.

Scholars of religion and theology on the one hand, and academics in the broad field of migration studies on the other, have been examining the intersections between religion and migration from disparate theoretical, methodological, and religious perspectives during the past decade. This groundbreaking multi-authored volume seeks to bring these multiple points of view together both by elucidating each approach and then bringing them into conversation with each other. As the anchor volume in the Palgrave Religion and Global Migrations series, Intersections of Religion and Migration will provide state-of-the-art reviews of academic debates in the field and also suggest productive ways in which scholars may enhance their study of religion and migration by engaging with and employing a variety of approaches to the topic, which will set out a research agenda for the coming decade and beyond.

Edited by Jennifer Saunders, Elena Fiddian-Qasmiyeh and Susanna Snyder.

Contributions include:
Jennifer Saunders, Susie Snyder and Elena Fiddian-Qasmiyeh: Introduction
Holly Straut Eppsteiner and Jacqueline Hagan: Religion as Psychological, Spiritual and Cultural Support in the Migration Undertaking
Kim Knott: Living Religious Practices
Zayn Kassam: Muslims in America: The Challenges of Migration and the Construction of Religious Identities
Khayti Y. Joshi: The Racialization of Religions in Migration
Hugo Cordova-Quero: Embodied (Dis)Placements - The Intersections of Gender, Sexuality, and Religion in Migration Studies
Ellen Posman: Home and Away: Exile and Diaspora as Religious Concepts
Stephen M. Cherry: Exploring the Contours of Transnational Religious Spaces and Networks
Daniel Groody: Migration - A Theological Vision
Benjamin Schewel: Ethics, Transcendence and Borders
Alastair Ager and Joey Ager: Religion, Forced Migration and Humanitarian Response
Erin K. Wilson and Luca Mavelli: Taking Responsibility: Sociodicy, Solidarity, and Religious-Sensitive Policy-Making in the Global Politics of Migration
Elena Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, Susie Snyder and Jennifer Saunders: Tracing The Ways Ahead

Lucretius was the first philosopher of immanence. It is he and not Democritus or Epicurus who holds this title. If we want to understand the historical emergence of the concept of immanence, we should start by distinguishing its precursors in Greek atomism from its first complete incarnation in Lucretius. This way, we can see exactly what first defined and distinguished immanence from its past. Therefore in what follows I would like to make three, perhaps controversial, claims about the emergence of philosophical immanence. 1) Lucretius was not an atomist, 2) Greek atomism reintroduced transcendence, and 3) It is the primacy of motion in Lucretius that defines his philosophical immanence. Lucretius was not an atomist This thesis is as counterintuitive as it is straightforward. The first major difference between Lucretius and the earlier Greek atomists is precisely that—the atom. For Leucippus, Democritus, and Epicurus atoms are always in motion, but the atom itself remained fundamentally unchanged, indivisible, and thus internally static—even as it moved. Thus instead of positing discrete atoms as ontologically primary as both ancient Greek and later modern theories do, one of Lucretius's greatest novelties was to posit the movement or flow of matter as primary. Lucretius did not simply " translate Epicurus, " as the Greco-centric story goes; rather, he introduced the first immanent kinetic materialism in the West. For example, although the Latin word atomus (smallest particle) was available to Lucretius to use in his poem, he intentionally did not use it, nor did he use the Latin word particula or particle to describe matter. The English translations of " atom, " " particle, " and others have all been added to the text in translation based on a certain historical interpretation of it. The idea that Lucretius subscribed to a world of discrete particles called atoms is therefore both a projection of Epicureanism, who used the Greek word atomos, and a retroaction of modern scientific mechanism of the fifteenth century onto De Rerum Natura. Lucretius rejected entirely the notion that things emerged from discrete particles. To believe otherwise is to distort the original meanings of the Latin text as well as the absolutely enormous poetic apparatus he summoned to describe the flowing, swirling, folding, and weaving of the flux of matter. Although Lucretius rejected the term atomus, he remained absolutely true to one aspect of the original Greek meaning of the word, τομος (átomos, " indivisible "), from-(a-, " not ") + τέμνω (témnō, " I cut "). Being is not cut up into discrete particles, but is composed of continuous flows, folds, and weaves. Discrete " things " (rerum) are composed of corporeal flows (corpora) that move together (conflux) and fold over themselves (nexus) in a woven knot work (contextum). For Lucretius, things only emerge and have their being within and immanent to the flow and flux of matter in motion. Discreteness is an apparent product of continuous folded matter, uncut, undivided, and in motion and not the other way around.

Съдържание Предговор / 13 Част първа. Външна миграция в България / 23 1. Външномиграционни политики на централната власт в България и тяхното въздействие върху механичното движение и териториалното (пре)разпределение на населението по време на войните и през 20-те години на ХХ в. / 23 1.1. Задачи и извори на изследването / 24 1.2. Миграционна ситуация / 35 1.3. Външномиграционни политики / 43 Имиграционни политики по решаването на проблемите с българите бежанци / 44 Имиграционни политики, засягащи руските и арменските бежанци / 56 Емиграционни политики по изселване на гръцкото и турското население / 62 Външномиграционни политики, засягащи трудовата миграция / 65 1.4. Количествени измерения на въздействието на българските външномиграционни политики върху механичното движение и териториалното (пре)разпределение на населението / 73 Етническа структура на имиграционния поток и нейното въздействие 73 Динамика на имиграционните потоци / 89 Пространствена насоченост на бежанските потоци от българско етническо население / 93 Концентрация на бежанците и имигрантите / 114 Въздействие на политиките, засягащи трудовата имиграция / 119 Въздействие на споразуменията за размяна на население с Гърция и Турция / 120 Въздействие на Закона за емиграцията върху обема на трудовата емиграция / 126 1.5. Заключение / 133

Complex dynamics emerge around im/mobility that are related to social relations, identifications and power in many parts of the contemporary world. The manifold ways in which Muslims engage the possibilities of mobile lives show the tremendous creative potential of these practices. Coming from different disciplines and regional contexts, the contributors to this book investigate the myriad connections between Islamic concepts, Muslim practices, and gender and mobility theories. Their findings contribute to the mobility debate by revealing that im/mobile lives of people are deeply rooted in religious and/or gendered backgrounds and social structures and furthermore invite a critical rethinking of the concept of mobility itself.

The overarching question of this article is how can we develop a critical understanding of the social place of highways and automobility in the case of a non-capitalist European context such as socialist Albania? Socialism was a period of modernisation for Albania. Part of this modernisation project was the production of a modern built environment, especially infrastructures and urban spaces. Within this context during socialism thousands of miles of new roads were constructed in the country. The remarkably limited use of roads, combined with their systematic building and maintenance, kept this infrastructure’s materiality in a relatively good condition for many decades. Since the early 1990s, though, the end of the regime has signified a period of booming mobility and automobility. Postsocialism and the wider context of neoliberalism have been marked by state withdrawal from many of its previous roles, and the maintenance of basic infrastructures has become increasingly dependent on international aid. Nevertheless, the roads are currently being socially reappropriated and reconfigured, as people embrace automobility, which was a very limited practice during socialism. This article explores the kind of socio-material relationships that road construction and the roads themselves generated in socialist Albania and how these
are linked to postsocialist spatial practices.

Räumliche Mobilität in ihren vielfältigen Formen und Dimensionen ist ein zentraler Aspekt des modernen Lebens und eine Grundvoraussetzung für arbeitsteilig organisierte Gesellschaften. Tagtäglich wechseln Menschen und Güter ihre Position und verursachen damit Verkehr. Gleichzeitig führen wachsende Mobilität und Entwicklungen neuer Mobilitätsformen zu gesellschaftlichen und raumstrukturellen Veränderungen. Zur räumlichen Mobilität gehören Wanderungen ebenso wie alltägliche Bewegungen zwischen Wohn- und Arbeitsorten sowie Freizeit- und Einkaufsverkehr. Darüber hinaus spielen neue Formen der Waren- und Gütermobilität in Folge globaler ökonomischer Veränderungen oder technologischer Innovationen eine wichtige Rolle. Sie führen zu gesellschaftlichen Veränderungen und zur Entstehung neuer Raummuster.

Auf welche Weise wirken sich gesellschaftliche Entwicklungen wie Individualisierung, demografischer Wandel oder Globalisierung auf Mobilitätsformen und  bedürfnisse aus? Wie beeinflussen Mobilitätsaspekte die Dynamik gesellschaftlicher Prozesse? Welche räumlichen Auswirkungen erwachsen hieraus und welche Konsequenzen für die Raumplanung und Planungspolitik ergeben sich aus der zukünftigen Mobilitätsentwicklung? Wie lässt sich Mobilität steuern? Diese Fragen standen im Mittelpunkt der Tagung „schneller, öfter, weiter? Perspektiven der Raumentwicklung in der Mobilitätsgesellschaft“ des Jungen Forums der ARL, welche vom 13. bis 15. Oktober 2010 in Mannheim stattfand. Die in diesem Tagungsband versammelten Texte decken ein breites Spektrum raumwissenschaftlicher Forschung und planungspraktischer Erfahrungen ab.

Purpose of this special issue on migration of the Romanian Journal of European Studies (RJES) is to look at the ongoing transformations of the European migration system in relation to the European integration processes involving South-Eastern Europe.

This paper critically reviews the current status of the concept of distance in human geography in order to argue that recent experimentally-driven work in construal-level theory offers ample opportunities for recasting distance as a key geographical trope. After analysing the four entangled dimensions of distance revealed by construal-level theory (spatial distance; temporal distance; social distance; and hypothetical distance), the paper articulates this research program from experimental psychology with geographical work on non-representational theory, geographical imaginations/imaginative geographies, learning as a geographical process, TimeSpace theorizing, and ontogenetic understandings of space. It is argued that the subjective understanding of distance afforded by construal-level theory can rescue distance from its entrenched association with positivistic geography and spatial analysis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.07.018

Soldiers were instrumental in the French colonization of Louisiana as warriors, settlers and laborers, but many refused to serve imperial ambitions: ten percent of all recruits absconded while serving in the Mississippi Valley and the Gulf Coast. A labor problem as much as a military one, desertion had a profound impact on French colonial rule in the region. Despite their formal status as free workers who enlisted voluntarily, the soldiers’ experiences were that of coerced labor, and their defections a means of collective protest and resistance against their exploitation. While local authorities sought to stop and punish deserters, such assertions of French sovereignty paradoxically depended on the cooperation of European and Indigenous neighbors. The impact of military desertion therefore highlights how power was negotiated on the ground when soldiers—designated agents of imperialism—frustrated imperial designs by reclaiming their mobility.

Диссертация посвящена изучению особенностей и закономерностей формирования населения регионов России за период с конца XIX в. по начало XXI в., обусловленные миграцией. Эмпирической базой послужили материалы отечественных переписей населения с 1897 по 2010 гг., микропереписи 1994 г., данные текущего учета населения за 1951-2010 гг. При помощи методов дескриптивной статистики, картографии и ГИС, демографического анализа выявлено влияние демографических изменений на миграционные процессы; проведен анализ эволюции основных направлений миграций и оценен вклад миграции в формирование населения регионов России; проанализированы основные социально-демографические характеристики мигрантов и немигрантов, а также выявлен вклад мигрантов из бывших союзных республик в формировании населения регионов России в постсоветское время. Выявлено, что на территории России в конце XIX – начале XX вв. произошло усиление значения ядра отдающих население регионов в центральной части страны вследствие роста масштабов переселений. По произведенным оценкам, в 1959-1989 гг. миграционный прирост сыграл более важную роль в формировании городского населения прежде всего в центральных, южных и северо-западных регионах. Для городов Сибири более существенным был естественный прирост, чем миграционный. Было показано, что направления миграций весьма различны у разных поколений. Для поколений, рожденных до 1940 г. более характерны межрегиональные миграционные потоки от центра к окраинам, у последующих – в обратном направлении. На основании результатов Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 г. произведена оценка численности иноэтничных международных мигрантов в населении России. Из 11 млн. россиян-уроженцев других стран лишь 1/3 являются иноэтничными международными мигрантами, а остальные – внутрисоюзные мигранты (переселившиеся до 1991 г.) или русские и представители других этнических групп, традиционно проживающих в России.

Dans 25 ans, l'Afrique se sera vidée de ses cerveaux» 1 . Une sombre perspective pour l'Afrique et notamment son développement social, scientifique et technologique. Le paradoxe est que pendant que les départs se chiffrent à 20 000 par année depuis 1990, l'Afrique fait appel chaque année à des spécialistes étrangers dont le nombre peut atteindre les 150 000, une dépense annuelle de 4 milliards d'USD 2 . Cette fuite perpétuelle de main-d'oeuvre qualifiée accentue l'écart entre l'Afrique et les autres continents en sciences et en technologie. De 0,5% qu'elle était au milieu des années 1980, la part africaine de la production scientifique mondiale est tombée à 0,3% au milieu des années 1990. Il y a plus de scientifiques et d'ingénieurs africains aux États-Unis qu'en Afrique 3 . La question de la diaspora est l'une des plus ambivalentes à l'heure actuelle et celle qui semble la plus controversée dans un certain nombre de pays comme l'Algérie.

È oramai attestato da molte ricerche che la città di Roma costituisca "a Religious Global City" 1 , trasformata profondamente dalla popolazione straniera che trova nei suoi quartieri molte opportunità lavorative, un network di sostegno e la possibilità di esprimere la propria appartenenza religiosa grazie alla molteplicità di luoghi di culto esistenti. Tuttavia, in determinate condizioni questi stessi fattori possono indurre alcune collettività a spostarsi in aree periferiche della regione. Sembra questo il caso della comunità punjabi di religione sikh 2 e dei propri luoghi di culto, i gurdwara 3 , secondo quanto rilevato dall'indagine condotta dall'antropologa Ester Gallo tra il 1996 e il 2006. Nel suo contributo dal titolo "Creating Gurdwaras, Narrating Histories: * Dottore di ricerca in Storia, Territorio e Patrimonio culturale presso il Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Università degli Studi di Roma Tre 1 V. Fabretti, P. Vereni, "When Homogeneity Calls for Superdiversity: Rome as a Religious Global City", in New Diversities, 18(1), 2016, pp. 73-89. 2 Il sikhismo si colloca tra le religioni monoteiste più recenti, originatasi nella seconda metà del XV secolo dall'insegnamento di Guru Nanak Dev Ji e dai successivi nove guru che guidarono la comunità radicatasi nell'attuale Punjab indiano. Il termine sikhismo, sikkhi in lingua punjabi, introdotto dagli inglesi durante il periodo coloniale, deriva dalla parola "sikh", a sua volta legata al sanscrito, traducibile con i termini "discepolo" e "allievo". Sikh è, dunque, colui che crede in un solo Dio e che segue la dottrina dei dieci guru raccolta nel testo sacro, lo Sri Uno dei massimi studiosi del sikhismo, William McLeod, definisce il gurdwara come uno spazio polifunzionale che custodisce il testo sacro. Pertanto, è un luogo di formazione religiosa, uno spazio di incontro e di sostegno per i membri. A partire da questa definizione nell'analisi sono stati considerati solo quei luoghi frequentati da persone di nazionalità indiana che si presentano come spazi accessibili, caratterizzati da: presenza del testo sacro all'interno della sala adibita alla preghiera; un'altra stanza dove il volume viene riposto la notte; un ambiente per il langar; una cucina; la presenza, all'esterno dell'edificio, della bandiera color giallo zafferano su cui è impresso il simbolo del khanda.

""This article is an ethnographic study of a 29-kilometer stretch of cross-border highway located in South Albania and linking the city of Gjirokaster with the main checkpoint on the Albanian–Greek border. The road, its politics, and its poetics
constitute an ideal point of entry for an anthropological analysis of contemporary South Albania. The physical and social construction, uses, and perceptions of this road uniquely encapsulate three phenomena that dominate social life in postsocialist South Albania: the transition to a market economy, new nationalisms, and massive emigration (mainly to Greece). Taking this cross-border road section as my main ethnographic
point of reference, I suggest the fruitfulness of further discussion of the relationship between roads, narratives, and anthropology.

[roads, globalization, transnationalism, development, postsocialism, materiality, Albania]""

In this paper I give an overview of how contemporary international labour migration can affect the country of origin. I do not intend to reach a grand conclusion concerning the ultimate effect of labour emigration on development. International labour migration is a complex phenomenon with a multitude of actors involved, occurring in a wide variety of contexts. A more satisfying approach, therefore, is to explore what effects are possible and who gains and profits under varying circumstances. Furthermore, international labour migration is likely to evoke changes which are difficult to assess normatively, but are nonetheless influential on society. I end by analyzing the recent shift towards more positive views on the consequences of migration for countries of origin and cautioning against the belief that an ultimate net effect can be estimated.

In the early modern period, Flemish painters from the Habsburg Netherlands often traveled and settled in the Spanish territories of Italy. Their artworks can tell us a lot about intertwining issues related to reception, cultural exchange, and artistic interaction. This paper focuses on Gaspar Hovic in Puglia and Wenzel Cobergher in Naples, between 1560 and 1610, analyzing the meaning of their iconographic and compositional choices as well as their ability to fit both into local contexts and broader artistic networks.
The formulas they developed and then repurposed combined the 'sacred conversation' with the representation of the social position and moral integrity of their patrons. The portraits of the donors appear recurrently in the paintings in the immediate foreground, in order to demonstrate the patron’s status and devotion. The patrons, usually holding a prayer book, are characterized by a counter-reformed attitude of aloofness and decency. The interest in satisfying the local public eventually led to the propagation of pathetic and Marian images, both crucial in representing piety and rooted worship in the Iberian world.

Grounded in scholarly analysis and personal reflection, and drawing on a multi-sited and multi-method research design, Momentous Mobilities disentangles the meanings attached to temporary travels and stays abroad and offers empirical evidence as well as novel theoretical arguments to develop an anthropology of mobility. Both focusing specifically on how various societies and cultures imagine and value boundary-crossing mobilities “elsewhere” and drawing heavily on his own European lifeworld, the author examines momentous travels abroad in the context of education, work, and spiritual quests and the search for a better quality of life.

The last three decades have seen significant changes for higher education institutions throughout the world. The era of globalization has left little untouched and both our society and colleges and universities look, think, and operate differently as a result. Notwithstanding the movement toward global interdependence and intercultural rhetoric in mission statements, there is little in the academic literature on the topic of higher education engagement with displaced academics. This research draws on interviews with a variety of multidisciplinary scholars from around the world who have had to flee their home countries due to the political and/or ideological nature of their intellectual work, and who now hold appointments at U.S. higher education institutions through the Scholars at Risk network. This research, in turn, is framed by the following questions: How do displaced academics view academic freedom in their home countries and in the United States? What factors safeguard and/or threaten the tenets of academic freedom? What observations have displaced academics drawn from their experiences
in U.S. colleges and universities? How have displaced academics interacted with their academic communities through their teaching and research? Thematic analysis is informed by tenets of critical geography that aim to better understand the changing dynamics of a globalization era across space, place, and time, as well as a juxtaposing view of the movement of knowledge on
one hand and people on the other (Bartlett & Vavrus, 2017; Massey, 2005). Findings reveal that restrictions to academic freedom range from explicit to implicit, and that implicit restrictions are a common feature of U.S. academic life. Further, to adequately understand the experiences of exile is to conceptualize a geography of mobility and immobility, where displaced academics
must contend with being removed but still connected. Knowledge production and exchange also is susceptible to mobility and immobility, and the experiences of displaced academics reveal the ways in which these barriers can be circumnavigated. Finally, displaced academics in U.S. institutions offer extraordinarily relevant perspectives on the state of U.S. higher education, and are far more valuable to their hosting communities than their academic output alone.

The curatorial essay "The Geography of Belonging: Language, Memory and Otherness" is inspired by leading Southeast Asianist Benedict Anderson’s book A Life Beyond Boundaries in which he reflects on nationalism departing from his own cosmopolitan and comparative outlook of life.  In the book he discusses how he came to theorise the nation as an “imagined community”, incidental to symbols and cultural conceptions such as language, memory and otherness that foreground the very production of national imagining, or nationhood.  Departing from this understanding of nationhood based on cultural specifications, the exhibition examines the way in which the artists question, or negotiate, their own national identity by incorporating, dismantling or rejecting its symbols and connotations.

Increased frequency and severity of natural disasters by climate change over the past recent years are not only displacing people physically but also exposing to enhanced poverty by threatening their livelihoods temporarily and permanently of Bilaspur city. Growing number of people rush to city's slums creates urban crisis in Bilaspur city. Climate change threatens peoples' access to food as they become socioeconomically susceptible. Displaced people living in urban slums are in search of better and secure life. But urban slums located mostly in low lying environmentally hazardous area coupled with inadequate facilities like food, shelter, sanitation, health care make their life even worse. Socio-economic factors characterizing living conditions, physical environment (mode of waste disposal), households' health behavior particularly dietary practice and health outcome (disease occurrence) have been analyzed by applying statistical technique, frequency distribution.

This paper argues that, in order to take place, space and scale more seriously in the study of our discipline, we have to complement the pervasive understanding of geography as a tradition of thought or an extended conversation with an understanding of our discipline as a tradition of practice, in which the main focus is on the becoming of geographers. It is argued that the theme of 'what it takes to be a good geographer' is a fertile way to study this process of becoming. The four main advantages of this approach are illustrated empirically in the body of the argument by the author's reflections on his socializing within two very different geographical traditions.

Figures of mobility, from nomads to flâneurs and tourists, have been used to describe both self and other in the social sciences and humanities for a long time. They act as a conceptual shorthand in contemporary scholarly debates, allowing social theorists to relate broad-scale phenomena to the human condition. This repeated usage highlights how these figures have become 'keywords', in the sense given by Raymond Williams, which typify much of the vocabulary constituting the study of human mobility today. In this general introduction, I lay out the overall conceptual framework behind the various contributions to this special issue.

The purpose of this doctoral study is to bring a spatial dimension into the research on urban mobilities and connect the spatial dimension to the marginalisation of cyclists in urban space. This is been done by exploring the role of urban bicycling and transport planning. The theoretical frame of space, mobilities and power is used for analysing that role through case studies in two Scandinavian cities, Copenhagen and Stockholm. Urban bicycling is a good example of showing the relation between space and mobilities, since cyclists often suffer from marginalised space in cities around the world. The philosophical foundation of the thesis is in critical realism and critical theory. For background data, observations and document studies have been conducted in Stockholm and Copenhagen. The main data collection for this thesis was done both qualitatively, in the form of interviews with planners and politicians, and quantitatively, in the form of survey studies among the citizens of Copenhagen and Stockholm. The data is analysed with the help of the theoretical framework that builds on mobility studies, spatial theory by Lefebvre, and Harvey and power theories deriving mainly from Lukes’ three dimensions of power. The materialisation of power relations is analysed with the example of modern planning in Sweden and Denmark. Overall this thesis manages to show how cycling as a mode of transport is marginalised in urban space, and that urban space wars between cyclists and car drivers and among cyclists are fought in Copenhagen as well as in Stockholm. The conclusion is that different factors, such as the economic situations in Denmark and Sweden, have affected urban and transport planning and thus have created two very different transport systems, where cycling plays a large role (Copenhagen) and a smaller role (Stockholm). Nevertheless, this thesis shows that even in cities that are very good for cycling, like Copenhagen, the motorised modes of transport create many problems and are still dominating urban space.

As cidades constituem-se como arranjo socioespacial escolhido para trabalho, educação, saúde, lazer e demais dimensões da vida cotidiana no Brasil. Desta forma, a questão da mobilidade urbana torna-se fundamental no contexto das cidades e os planos de mobilidade urbana constituem-se em ferramentas imprescindíveis para a construção do pleno deslocamento da população — fundamental para o exercício da cidadania, desenvolvimento econômico, social e sustentabilidade dos municípios. Este trabalho final de graduação tem por objetivo estudar como devem ser estabelecidos planos de mobilidade urbana para um município de médio porte considerando suas interfaces com a dimensão regional. Para compreensão do tema, foram levantados: (i) referenciais teóricos relacionados à mobilidade urbana, a partir dos marcos legais e das políticas públicas existentes no Brasil; (ii) caracterização dos diferentes modais existentes, bem como a definição de intermodalidade e (iii) planos de transporte e mobilidade urbana implantados no país, a fim de possibilitar uma breve leitura de planos e informações quanto aos seus aspectos positivos, negativos e especificidades. A revisão da literatura possibilitou (a) um entendimento sucinto do que tem sido discutido e definido, por meio de diretrizes e normas sobre o tema no atual panorama brasileiro; (b) a identificação da percepção de que o Brasil tem mostrado uma preocupação crescente em incluir a mobilidade urbana nos processos de planejamento urbano, fato já consolidado internacionalmente; (c) o delineamento de um plano básico e geral de conexões interligando as cidades que compõem a Região Administrativa de Ribeirão Preto; (d) a apresentação de um plano de mobilidade básico e geral para a cidade Ribeirão Preto, tendo como elemento interlocutor o plano de conexões proposto interligando as cidades que compõe a Região Administrativa; e (e) concentrar os estudos em eixo viário específico da Região Norte da cidade, ampliando a escala de detalhamento em função de sua complexidade e problemas de mobilidade detectados durante as etapas de levantamento. O trabalho espera colaborar no desenvolvimento e incentivo de novas análises relacionadas ao tema e os dados coletados poderão ser analisados de maneira mais específica, permitindo maior compreensão sobre cada um dos aspectos levantados.

This paper studies the interaction between clerical and lay English Catholics on the Continent in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. In contrast with Protestant exiles, who established separate exile churches, Catholic expatriates did not create churches specifically for the exiled laity. Catholics abroad did nonetheless get support from the religious convents, colleges, and monasteries, where they received some pastoral care, and liturgical nourishment. How this interaction gained particular features in the context of expatriate Catholics is discussed in three cases which are attributed great importance in Counter-Reformation Catholicism: sodalities, preaching, and saint veneration.

By presenting a Catholic case of confessional mobility, this essay contributes to scholarship on early modern exiles, which is dominated by work on Protestant migration. It also speaks to the study of the Catholic Reformation, by examining how this was shaped in a situation of mobility. In both cases, and more generally, it nuances the study of institutional and localised confessional lives. The evidence discussed in this article suggests that much of the exiles devotional and liturgical lives, and their sense of belonging, is to be found in informal networks and communal understanding, rather than in focused clear-cut institutions. This has bearing upon the records that have been created and passed on to this day, and their visibility in historical research.

The so-called ‘European refugee crisis’ has drawn attention to hitherto peripheral actors who produce new spaces, socialities, and readings of humanitarianism. Amongst the actors found in this milieu are faith-based initiatives; diaspora networks; volunteer efforts; and refugee-led self-help initiatives. Recently arrived refugees and migrants find themselves at the loci of intersecting social relations that append themselves to an existing infrastructure of hidden forms of welfare outside state-led social support.

To better understand these emergent spaces and socialities, I mobilise the example of autonomous refugee housing collectives, or squats, located largely in and around the Exarcheia district of Athens. This case study reveals the potential and limits of migrant solidarity organising - highlighting the competing, conflicting, and at times contradictory discourses and practices of actors involved.

The chapter concludes by questioning whether the transience of refugee
populations in Athens adds a further layer of complexity to the possibility
of enacting egalitarian modes of solidarity. In so doing, I consider how
normative readings of hospitality imbue solidarity initiatives with migrants
and refugees. The argument presented here is that refugee squats in Athens are embedded in an almost ineliminable hegemonic humanitarian logic and are thus caught between hospitality and abject space.