Geography of Mobility and Migrations

This paper critically reviews the current status of the concept of distance in human geography in order to argue that recent experimentally-driven work in construal-level theory offers ample opportunities for recasting distance as a key geographical trope. After analysing the four entangled dimensions of distance revealed by construal-level theory (spatial distance; temporal distance; social distance; and hypothetical distance), the paper articulates this research program from experimental psychology with geographical work on non-representational theory, geographical imaginations/imaginative geographies, learning as a geographical process, TimeSpace theorizing, and ontogenetic understandings of space. It is argued that the subjective understanding of distance afforded by construal-level theory can rescue distance from its entrenched association with positivistic geography and spatial analysis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.07.018

The paper aims to reveal one integrated global map which points out the major geographical inequalities in providing basic utilities across the countries using multivariate analysis and thematic cartography. Sixteen indicators with global coverage were selected taking into account the waste collection services, sanitation facilities, drinking water sources, energy, electricity, habitat and demographic conditions. Several data are broken down for the total, urban and rural population in order to outline the rural-urban disparities between and within countries. A special focus is given to waste collection coverage, in order to compute a comprehensive global assessment of this key indicator of public health, which is one of the poorest monitored basic utility. The world countries were divided into 10 classes according to the hierarchical cluster analysis. Each class has particular features outlining the gaps between high, middle and low-income countries with direct impact on quality of life, public health, and environment.

Wisdom is at once one of the most elusive and most valued kinds of knowledge. Empirical research shows that, indeed, across cultures, people hope that life experience will eventually make them wiser. The problem is that, to date, the academic study of wisdom and of the processes by which it can be learned has been dominated by psychologists. The first part of the article reviews the state-of-the-art psychological scholarship on wisdom to show how that conceptualization lacks geographical sensitivity and therefore misses some of the crucial geographical mechanisms by which people become wiser. The second part of the article singles out and focuses on one such mechanism, namely, the learning of wisdom through geographical dislocations. By drawing on insights from the study of international migration, exile, and transculturation in postcolonial contexts, the final part of the article suggests specific learning processes that might strengthen the hypothesis that geographical dislocations and the attendant cross-cultural experiences they generate are often conducive to wisdom. La sabiduría es a la vez uno de los tipos de conocimiento más esquivos y más valorados. La investigací on empírica en verdad muestra que en todas las culturas la gente espera que la experiencia de la vida eventualmente los haga más sabios. El problema es que hasta ahora el estudio académico sobre la sabiduría y sobre los procesos por medio de los cualesésta puede alcanzarse ha estado dominado por los psicólogos. La primera parte del artículo revisa el estado del arte de la erudicí on psicoí ogica sobre este particular, para mostrar c ´ omo esa conceptualizací on carece de sensibilidad geográfica y en consecuencia deja de considerar algunos de los mecanismos geográficos cruciales mediante los cuales la gente se hace más sabia. La segunda parte del artículo escoge y se concentra en uno de tales mecanismos, o sea, el aprendizaje de la sabiduría por medio de las dislocaciones geográficas. A partir de la perspicacia del estudio de la migrací on internacional, el exilio y la transculturací on en contextos poscoloniales, la parte final del artículo sugiere procesos de aprendizaje específicos, que podrían fortalecer la hipótesis de que las dislocaciones geográficas y las experiencias culturales de vasto espectro generadas por aquellas a menudo llevan a la sabiduría. Palabras clave: distancia, dislocaciones geográficas, migrací on internacional, aprendizaje visceral, sabiduría.

The entry begins with a definition of geography and with a description of what the discipline shares with the other social sciences and what makes it distinctive among them. Terminological clarifications are provided with regard to the relationship between human geography and physical geography, and between human geography and urban geography. After a brief history and overview of human geography’s engagement with social theory, the entry offers a discussion of the politicization of contemporary human geography and of how this phenomenon is reflected in theory building and concept development.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118430873.est0464

As a concept, mobility captures the common impression that one's lifeworld is in fl ux, with not only people, but also cultures, objects, capital, businesses, services, diseases, media, images, information, and ideas circulating across (and even beyond) the planet. While history tells the story of human mobility, the scholarly literature is replete with metaphors attempting to describe (perceived) altered spatial and temporal movements: deterritorialization, reterritorialization, and scapes; time-space compression, distantiation, or punctuation; the network society and its space of fl ows; the death of distance and the acceleration of modern life; and nomadology. The academic interest in mobility goes hand in hand with theoretical approaches that reject a "sedentarist metaphysics" (Malkki 1992) in favor of a "nomadic metaphysics" (Cresswell 2006) and empirical studies on the most diverse kinds of mobilities (Adey et al. 2013), questioning earlier taken-for-granted correspondences between peoples, places, and cultures. The way the term is being used, mobility entails, in its coinage, much more than mere physical motion (Marzloff 2005). Rather, it is seen as movement infused with both self-ascribed and attributed meanings (Frello 2008). Put differently, "mobility can do little on its own until it is materialized through people, objects, words, and other embodied forms" (Chu 2010, 15). Importantly, mobility means different things to different people in differing social circumstances (Adey 2010).

In this introduction to the Focus Section “Learning as a Geographical Process,” I provide a context for the four articles that follow, by means of (1) making explicit the threefold rationale for this initiative; (2) relating this initiative with previous geographical scholarship on the problematic of learning; (3) highlighting the significance of the self-referential character of our work; (4) providing a brief outline of the articles that follow; and (5) pointing out the important fact that both “learning” and “geographical process” constitute semantically rich categories and that relating the two involves a many-to-many type of logical mapping.

This paper argues that, in order to take place, space and scale more seriously in the study of our discipline, we have to complement the pervasive understanding of geography as a tradition of thought or an extended conversation with an understanding of our discipline as a tradition of practice, in which the main focus is on the becoming of geographers. It is argued that the theme of 'what it takes to be a good geographer' is a fertile way to study this process of becoming. The four main advantages of this approach are illustrated empirically in the body of the argument by the author's reflections on his socializing within two very different geographical traditions.

Lucretius was the first philosopher of immanence. It is he and not Democritus or Epicurus who holds this title. If we want to understand the historical emergence of the concept of immanence, we should start by distinguishing its precursors in Greek atomism from its first complete incarnation in Lucretius. This way, we can see exactly what first defined and distinguished immanence from its past. Therefore in what follows I would like to make three, perhaps controversial, claims about the emergence of philosophical immanence. 1) Lucretius was not an atomist, 2) Greek atomism reintroduced transcendence, and 3) It is the primacy of motion in Lucretius that defines his philosophical immanence. Lucretius was not an atomist This thesis is as counterintuitive as it is straightforward. The first major difference between Lucretius and the earlier Greek atomists is precisely that—the atom. For Leucippus, Democritus, and Epicurus atoms are always in motion, but the atom itself remained fundamentally unchanged, indivisible, and thus internally static—even as it moved. Thus instead of positing discrete atoms as ontologically primary as both ancient Greek and later modern theories do, one of Lucretius's greatest novelties was to posit the movement or flow of matter as primary. Lucretius did not simply " translate Epicurus, " as the Greco-centric story goes; rather, he introduced the first immanent kinetic materialism in the West. For example, although the Latin word atomus (smallest particle) was available to Lucretius to use in his poem, he intentionally did not use it, nor did he use the Latin word particula or particle to describe matter. The English translations of " atom, " " particle, " and others have all been added to the text in translation based on a certain historical interpretation of it. The idea that Lucretius subscribed to a world of discrete particles called atoms is therefore both a projection of Epicureanism, who used the Greek word atomos, and a retroaction of modern scientific mechanism of the fifteenth century onto De Rerum Natura. Lucretius rejected entirely the notion that things emerged from discrete particles. To believe otherwise is to distort the original meanings of the Latin text as well as the absolutely enormous poetic apparatus he summoned to describe the flowing, swirling, folding, and weaving of the flux of matter. Although Lucretius rejected the term atomus, he remained absolutely true to one aspect of the original Greek meaning of the word, τομος (átomos, " indivisible "), from-(a-, " not ") + τέμνω (témnō, " I cut "). Being is not cut up into discrete particles, but is composed of continuous flows, folds, and weaves. Discrete " things " (rerum) are composed of corporeal flows (corpora) that move together (conflux) and fold over themselves (nexus) in a woven knot work (contextum). For Lucretius, things only emerge and have their being within and immanent to the flow and flux of matter in motion. Discreteness is an apparent product of continuous folded matter, uncut, undivided, and in motion and not the other way around.

Demonic geography is an approach to practicing human geography that operates from the premise that there are no such immaterial entities as 'souls', 'spirits', 'minds', integrated, stable 'selves', or conscious 'free will'. This paper elaborates the theoretical framework of demonic geography by spelling out how it is different from non-representational theory and by articulating it with recent developments in experimental psychology, neuroscience, and the philosophy of mind. Counterintuitively, the paper shows that the deflationary, materialistic ontology of human nature espoused by demonic geography need not lead to meaninglessness, unhappiness, or the collapse of moral behaviour. Instead, subscribing to demonic geography opens up new ways to find meaning, to pursue happiness, and to live the good life.

Figures of mobility, from nomads to flâneurs and tourists, have been used to describe both self and other in the social sciences and humanities for a long time. They act as a conceptual shorthand in contemporary scholarly debates, allowing social theorists to relate broad-scale phenomena to the human condition. This repeated usage highlights how these figures have become 'keywords', in the sense given by Raymond Williams, which typify much of the vocabulary constituting the study of human mobility today. In this general introduction, I lay out the overall conceptual framework behind the various contributions to this special issue.

""This article is an ethnographic study of a 29-kilometer stretch of cross-border highway located in South Albania and linking the city of Gjirokaster with the main checkpoint on the Albanian–Greek border. The road, its politics, and its poetics
constitute an ideal point of entry for an anthropological analysis of contemporary South Albania. The physical and social construction, uses, and perceptions of this road uniquely encapsulate three phenomena that dominate social life in postsocialist South Albania: the transition to a market economy, new nationalisms, and massive emigration (mainly to Greece). Taking this cross-border road section as my main ethnographic
point of reference, I suggest the fruitfulness of further discussion of the relationship between roads, narratives, and anthropology.

[roads, globalization, transnationalism, development, postsocialism, materiality, Albania]""

Barnes and Sheppard (2009) assume that an anti-monist and anti-reductionist economic geography is desirable and that this desirability is so obvious that no argument needs to be advanced in its support. This commentary challenges this assumption and suggests that a monist and reductionist economic geography organized around the idea of truth-seeking is neither unthinkable nor unpalatable. In order to flesh out this idea, the commentary builds on recent work in the philosophy of scientific induction to show why one of its less publicized advances – error statistical theory – holds far more promise for the future development of economic geography than Barnes and Sheppard's vague and nebulous 'engaged pluralism'.

In this paper I give an overview of how contemporary international labour migration can affect the country of origin. I do not intend to reach a grand conclusion concerning the ultimate effect of labour emigration on development. International labour migration is a complex phenomenon with a multitude of actors involved, occurring in a wide variety of contexts. A more satisfying approach, therefore, is to explore what effects are possible and who gains and profits under varying circumstances. Furthermore, international labour migration is likely to evoke changes which are difficult to assess normatively, but are nonetheless influential on society. I end by analyzing the recent shift towards more positive views on the consequences of migration for countries of origin and cautioning against the belief that an ultimate net effect can be estimated.

The paper shows how error statistical theory can be deployed to grasp the deeper epistemic logic of the peer-review process. The intent is to provide the readers with a novel lens through which to make sense of the practices of academic publishing.

At the roots of many travels to distant destinations - be it in the context of tourism or migration – are historically laden and socio-culturally constructed imaginaries. People worldwide rely on such imaginaries, from the most spectacular fantasies to the most mundane reveries, to shape identities of themselves and others. These unspoken representational systems are powerful because they enact and construct peoples and places, implying multiple, often conflicting, representations of Otherness, and questioning several core values multicultural societies hold, by blurring traditional territorial, social and cultural boundaries, and creating hybrid forms. What are the contours of power, agency, and subjectivity in imaginaries of transnational mobility and the intersecting social categories those visions both reify and dissolve? Ethnographic studies of human (im)mobility provide an innovative means to grasp the complexity of the global circulation of people and the meaning-making images and ideas surrounding these movements. As a polymorphic concept, mobility invites us to renew our theorizing, especially regarding conventional themes such as culture, identity, and transnational relationships. This paper critically analyses some preliminary findings of an ongoing multi-sited research project that traces how prevalent imaginaries of transnational tourism to and migration from the “global South” are (dis)connected. I suggest anthropology has unique contributions to make to the current debate in the social sciences by ethnographically detailing how mobility is a contested ideological construct involving so much more than mere movement.

This article calls for studies of migration, borders and deportation to bring the practices and dynamic spaces of transportation more fully into the research frame. While modern deportation is unthinkable without vehicles, transport is a blackbox for the interdisciplinary literature on the state-enforced movement of population. This article focuses on deportation by air and engages largely with policies and practices relating to the UK deportation experience. It has two aims. First, to offer a critical analysis of the techniques and tactics that are used to turn commercial and charter flights into machineries of deportation. Second, to show that aviation is not a mere instrument that puts deportation policy into practice, but, like other material places in the deportation and detention world, an irreducible zone of knowledges, tactics, and politics. A proper understanding of the deportation complex is radically incomplete without an account of the mobile places of transportation.

ENGLISH: "Movement is an intrinsic activity to the human being, whose execution is necessary to carry out any task in daily life. Due to its relevance, movement patterns are important not only for the cognitive, cultural, social, economic or political impact that they entail, but also because they are of great value to understand diverse problems such as the construction of identities, the definition of territories, technological exchange or the development of processes of social complexity. In this article, GIS tools are used to analyze the possible dynamics and movement patterns of the societies of the Late Prehistory of Western Sierra Morena (provinces of Huelva and Seville, SW Spain) and their landscape implications. Among the topics discussed are the variables and factors that influenced the design and layout of the road networks, the degree of continuity and the diachrony that these roads met, the archaeological evidence that remained of the landscape and the main material elements that could have served as an aid to terrestrial navigation."
SPANISH: "El movimiento es una actividad intrínseca al ser humano, cuya ejecución es necesaria para llevar a cabo cualquier tarea en la vida cotidiana. Debido a su relevancia, los patrones de movimiento de una sociedad son importantes no solamente por el impacto cognitivo, cultural, social, económico o político que conllevan, sino también porque son de gran valor para entender problemas diversos como la construcción de identidades, la definición de territorios, el intercambio tecnológico o el desarrollo de procesos de complejidad social. En este artículo se utilizan herramientas SIG  para analizar las posibles dinámicas y patrones de movimiento de las sociedades de la Prehistoria Reciente de Sierra Morena Occidental (provincias de Huelva y Sevilla) y sus implicaciones paisajísticas. Entre los temas tratados se encuentran las variables y los factores que influyeron en el diseño y trazado de las redes camineras, el grado de continuidad y la diacronía que dichos caminos conocieron, la evidencia arqueológica que de ello quedó en clave paisajística y los principales elementos materiales que pudieron servir como  ayuda a la navegación terrestre."

Today there are more than 1 billion regional and international migrants, and the number continues to rise: within 40 years, it might double due to climate change. While many of these migrants might not cross a regional or international border, people change residences and jobs more often, while commuting longer and farther to work. This increase in human mobility and expulsion affects us all. It should be recognised as a defining feature of our epoch: the 21st century will be the century of the migrant.

Complex dynamics emerge around im/mobility that are related to social relations, identifications and power in many parts of the contemporary world. The manifold ways in which Muslims engage the possibilities of mobile lives show the tremendous creative potential of these practices. Coming from different disciplines and regional contexts, the contributors to this book investigate the myriad connections between Islamic concepts, Muslim practices, and gender and mobility theories. Their findings contribute to the mobility debate by revealing that im/mobile lives of people are deeply rooted in religious and/or gendered backgrounds and social structures and furthermore invite a critical rethinking of the concept of mobility itself.

Scholars of religion and theology on the one hand, and academics in the broad field of migration studies on the other, have been examining the intersections between religion and migration from disparate theoretical, methodological, and religious perspectives during the past decade. This groundbreaking multi-authored volume seeks to bring these multiple points of view together both by elucidating each approach and then bringing them into conversation with each other. As the anchor volume in the Palgrave Religion and Global Migrations series, Intersections of Religion and Migration will provide state-of-the-art reviews of academic debates in the field and also suggest productive ways in which scholars may enhance their study of religion and migration by engaging with and employing a variety of approaches to the topic, which will set out a research agenda for the coming decade and beyond.

Edited by Jennifer Saunders, Elena Fiddian-Qasmiyeh and Susanna Snyder.

Contributions include:
Jennifer Saunders, Susie Snyder and Elena Fiddian-Qasmiyeh: Introduction
Holly Straut Eppsteiner and Jacqueline Hagan: Religion as Psychological, Spiritual and Cultural Support in the Migration Undertaking
Kim Knott: Living Religious Practices
Zayn Kassam: Muslims in America: The Challenges of Migration and the Construction of Religious Identities
Khayti Y. Joshi: The Racialization of Religions in Migration
Hugo Cordova-Quero: Embodied (Dis)Placements - The Intersections of Gender, Sexuality, and Religion in Migration Studies
Ellen Posman: Home and Away: Exile and Diaspora as Religious Concepts
Stephen M. Cherry: Exploring the Contours of Transnational Religious Spaces and Networks
Daniel Groody: Migration - A Theological Vision
Benjamin Schewel: Ethics, Transcendence and Borders
Alastair Ager and Joey Ager: Religion, Forced Migration and Humanitarian Response
Erin K. Wilson and Luca Mavelli: Taking Responsibility: Sociodicy, Solidarity, and Religious-Sensitive Policy-Making in the Global Politics of Migration
Elena Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, Susie Snyder and Jennifer Saunders: Tracing The Ways Ahead

EUrope has created a space of human suffering within which military-humanitarian measures seem urgently required if the mass drowning is to be halted. The framing of migration governance as humanitarian has become commonplace in spectacular border practices in the Mediterranean Sea. Nonetheless, maritime disasters continue to unfold. This article discusses three non-governmental actors, part of an emerging " humanitarian fleet " that seeks to turn the sea into a less deadly space: the Migrant Offshore Aid Station, Médecins Sans Frontières, and Sea-Watch. While the rescue of precarious lives and the alleviation of suffering are central concerns, they imagine their humanitarian practices, the subjects of their compassion, and EUrope's role in shaping borderzones in different ways, pointing to a wide humanitarian spectrum. Engaging with the different discursive frames created by the three " border humanitarians " , the article explores what possibilities exist for political dissent to emanate from within humanitarian reason.

This article provides an ethnographic analysis of domestic labor mobility among Brazilian construction workers in the context of the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. We start from the premise that mobile laborers are crucial for the physical development and expansion of cities. However, the importance of domestic migrants in this process is insufficiently addressed in mobility studies. Building on existing research on domestic population movements in Brazil, we argue that the current generation of mobile
construction workers draws on the intangible and material infrastructure generated by previous generations of migrants to enable novel kinds of (permanent) labor mobilities.

The overarching question of this article is how can we develop a critical understanding of the social place of highways and automobility in the case of a non-capitalist European context such as socialist Albania? Socialism was a period of modernisation for Albania. Part of this modernisation project was the production of a modern built environment, especially infrastructures and urban spaces. Within this context during socialism thousands of miles of new roads were constructed in the country. The remarkably limited use of roads, combined with their systematic building and maintenance, kept this infrastructure’s materiality in a relatively good condition for many decades. Since the early 1990s, though, the end of the regime has signified a period of booming mobility and automobility. Postsocialism and the wider context of neoliberalism have been marked by state withdrawal from many of its previous roles, and the maintenance of basic infrastructures has become increasingly dependent on international aid. Nevertheless, the roads are currently being socially reappropriated and reconfigured, as people embrace automobility, which was a very limited practice during socialism. This article explores the kind of socio-material relationships that road construction and the roads themselves generated in socialist Albania and how these
are linked to postsocialist spatial practices.

Съдържание Предговор / 13 Част първа. Външна миграция в България / 23 1. Външномиграционни политики на централната власт в България и тяхното въздействие върху механичното движение и териториалното (пре)разпределение на населението по време на войните и през 20-те години на ХХ в. / 23 1.1. Задачи и извори на изследването / 24 1.2. Миграционна ситуация / 35 1.3. Външномиграционни политики / 43 Имиграционни политики по решаването на проблемите с българите бежанци / 44 Имиграционни политики, засягащи руските и арменските бежанци / 56 Емиграционни политики по изселване на гръцкото и турското население / 62 Външномиграционни политики, засягащи трудовата миграция / 65 1.4. Количествени измерения на въздействието на българските външномиграционни политики върху механичното движение и териториалното (пре)разпределение на населението / 73 Етническа структура на имиграционния поток и нейното въздействие 73 Динамика на имиграционните потоци / 89 Пространствена насоченост на бежанските потоци от българско етническо население / 93 Концентрация на бежанците и имигрантите / 114 Въздействие на политиките, засягащи трудовата имиграция / 119 Въздействие на споразуменията за размяна на население с Гърция и Турция / 120 Въздействие на Закона за емиграцията върху обема на трудовата емиграция / 126 1.5. Заключение / 133

Increased frequency and severity of natural disasters by climate change over the past recent years are not only displacing people physically but also exposing to enhanced poverty by threatening their livelihoods temporarily and permanently of Bilaspur city. Growing number of people rush to city's slums creates urban crisis in Bilaspur city. Climate change threatens peoples' access to food as they become socioeconomically susceptible. Displaced people living in urban slums are in search of better and secure life. But urban slums located mostly in low lying environmentally hazardous area coupled with inadequate facilities like food, shelter, sanitation, health care make their life even worse. Socio-economic factors characterizing living conditions, physical environment (mode of waste disposal), households' health behavior particularly dietary practice and health outcome (disease occurrence) have been analyzed by applying statistical technique, frequency distribution.

The recent increase in movement of refugees and migrants into Europe is not the cause of the current crisis – Europe is. Migration has occurred – and will continue – for all kinds of reasons, as it has since the beginning of human societies. Indeed, mass human movement is not the historical anomaly – Europe is. If the mistreatment, marginalization, and death of recent European migrants is so deplorable, it is because Europe has created a social system that has made this a reality. The subject of the crisis should be flipped right side up: Europe is a crisis for migrants. Therefore, the critical question (in the Greek sense of the word “krisis” as a decision) is not what is to be done with the migrants, but rather what is to be done with Europe?

Purpose of this special issue on migration of the Romanian Journal of European Studies (RJES) is to look at the ongoing transformations of the European migration system in relation to the European integration processes involving South-Eastern Europe.

This paper studies the interaction between clerical and lay English Catholics on the Continent in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. In contrast with Protestant exiles, who established separate exile churches, Catholic expatriates did not create churches specifically for the exiled laity. Catholics abroad did nonetheless get support from the religious convents, colleges, and monasteries, where they received some pastoral care, and liturgical nourishment. How this interaction gained particular features in the context of expatriate Catholics is discussed in three cases which are attributed great importance in Counter-Reformation Catholicism: sodalities, preaching, and saint veneration.

By presenting a Catholic case of confessional mobility, this essay contributes to scholarship on early modern exiles, which is dominated by work on Protestant migration. It also speaks to the study of the Catholic Reformation, by examining how this was shaped in a situation of mobility. In both cases, and more generally, it nuances the study of institutional and localised confessional lives. The evidence discussed in this article suggests that much of the exiles devotional and liturgical lives, and their sense of belonging, is to be found in informal networks and communal understanding, rather than in focused clear-cut institutions. This has bearing upon the records that have been created and passed on to this day, and their visibility in historical research.

Within the inclusive approach of mobility studies, migration has
been referred to as one of the most prominent forms of mobility.
However, discussing all migrants’ experiences as just
“mobile” experiences shadows the range and nuances of migration.
This paper argues and illustrates how migration can be
a form of mobility and also addresses migration as a much
nuanced form of mobility that has been rather silent in existing
literature. We examine one social condition that has informed
a range of international migrants’ experiences: their (re)organization
of gender patterns within the family on the basis of
transnational realities. We use a multi-scalar model of intersectionality
to conceptualise migratory movements as mobility,
particularly when the meaning is assigned to it on the basis of
power relationships. This way, we suggest a fruitful intersectional
analysis of migration and mobilities.

The purpose of this doctoral study is to bring a spatial dimension into the research on urban mobilities and connect the spatial dimension to the marginalisation of cyclists in urban space. This is been done by exploring the role of urban bicycling and transport planning. The theoretical frame of space, mobilities and power is used for analysing that role through case studies in two Scandinavian cities, Copenhagen and Stockholm. Urban bicycling is a good example of showing the relation between space and mobilities, since cyclists often suffer from marginalised space in cities around the world. The philosophical foundation of the thesis is in critical realism and critical theory. For background data, observations and document studies have been conducted in Stockholm and Copenhagen. The main data collection for this thesis was done both qualitatively, in the form of interviews with planners and politicians, and quantitatively, in the form of survey studies among the citizens of Copenhagen and Stockholm. The data is analysed with the help of the theoretical framework that builds on mobility studies, spatial theory by Lefebvre, and Harvey and power theories deriving mainly from Lukes’ three dimensions of power. The materialisation of power relations is analysed with the example of modern planning in Sweden and Denmark. Overall this thesis manages to show how cycling as a mode of transport is marginalised in urban space, and that urban space wars between cyclists and car drivers and among cyclists are fought in Copenhagen as well as in Stockholm. The conclusion is that different factors, such as the economic situations in Denmark and Sweden, have affected urban and transport planning and thus have created two very different transport systems, where cycling plays a large role (Copenhagen) and a smaller role (Stockholm). Nevertheless, this thesis shows that even in cities that are very good for cycling, like Copenhagen, the motorised modes of transport create many problems and are still dominating urban space.

Cycling as a transport mode has gradually become more attractive in cities during the last 10 years. However, not all cities give due consideration to cycling issues in the planning process. In many transport systems, cycling and issues of vélomobility are still neglected. Recent research considers several aspects of cycling, however, few studies have shown why differences in for example modal split and bicycle infrastructure exist between cities. This article deals with the differences in cycling issues between Copenhagen and Stockholm and furthermore why such differences occur in these two Scandinavian capitals. The focus here is on transport planning and the dissimilarities in the structures and aspects that have affected the thinking of planners and politicians and the planning outcomes in these two cities. Questions of marginalisation of cyclists in the public space and different planning politics or politics of vélomobility are touched upon. The results are set in a theoretical frame of power relations, mobility theory and political economies. The results show that these two cities have very different planning approaches and economic, structural and cultural presumptions leading to the fact that Copenhagen prioritises cycling, whereas Stockholm focuses more on facilitating public transport and motorised modes of person transport.

En este artículo se presentan algunas consideraciones teóricas-metodológicas en torno a los diseños de investigación multilocalizados para el estudio de las migraciones. Tras la innovadora propuesta de la antropología de “seguir” un objeto de estudio en movimiento, el campo de las migraciones se convirtió en el género de investigación contemporánea más usual para este tipo de abordaje, sobre todo si enfocamos los trabajos desde una perspectiva transnacional. Se argumenta que el investigador multilocal debe construir diseños de investigación capaces de  “mapear” el espacio social del grupo estudiado, esto es, analizar relacionalmente los lugares en los que se mueven los sujetos de estudio. Justamente allí radica el aporte de los trabajos multisituados: no es la diversidad de sitios y localizaciones donde se ubica el investigador lo que contribuye en el plano metodológico, sino la construcción de un objeto de estudio centrado en las relaciones, asociaciones y vínculos entre esos lugares. Se sostiene que si bien las investigaciones multisituadas brindan amplias ventajas metodológicas, también implican varios desafíos. El artículo ilustra la discusión teórica sobre la multilocalización con el diseño de una investigación sobre argentinos retornados de España en el período 2008-2016.

Räumliche Mobilität in ihren vielfältigen Formen und Dimensionen ist ein zentraler Aspekt des modernen Lebens und eine Grundvoraussetzung für arbeitsteilig organisierte Gesellschaften. Tagtäglich wechseln Menschen und Güter ihre Position und verursachen damit Verkehr. Gleichzeitig führen wachsende Mobilität und Entwicklungen neuer Mobilitätsformen zu gesellschaftlichen und raumstrukturellen Veränderungen. Zur räumlichen Mobilität gehören Wanderungen ebenso wie alltägliche Bewegungen zwischen Wohn- und Arbeitsorten sowie Freizeit- und Einkaufsverkehr. Darüber hinaus spielen neue Formen der Waren- und Gütermobilität in Folge globaler ökonomischer Veränderungen oder technologischer Innovationen eine wichtige Rolle. Sie führen zu gesellschaftlichen Veränderungen und zur Entstehung neuer Raummuster.

Auf welche Weise wirken sich gesellschaftliche Entwicklungen wie Individualisierung, demografischer Wandel oder Globalisierung auf Mobilitätsformen und  bedürfnisse aus? Wie beeinflussen Mobilitätsaspekte die Dynamik gesellschaftlicher Prozesse? Welche räumlichen Auswirkungen erwachsen hieraus und welche Konsequenzen für die Raumplanung und Planungspolitik ergeben sich aus der zukünftigen Mobilitätsentwicklung? Wie lässt sich Mobilität steuern? Diese Fragen standen im Mittelpunkt der Tagung „schneller, öfter, weiter? Perspektiven der Raumentwicklung in der Mobilitätsgesellschaft“ des Jungen Forums der ARL, welche vom 13. bis 15. Oktober 2010 in Mannheim stattfand. Die in diesem Tagungsband versammelten Texte decken ein breites Spektrum raumwissenschaftlicher Forschung und planungspraktischer Erfahrungen ab.