English Morphology

By years passed, not only new words, but also phrases have been created. It is because the language has been changing from time to time. There are many variations in language features such as morphological, semantic, phonetic, and syntactic features. This paper will discuss the morphophonemic changes in derivational English suffix -ion. The consideration of choosing the topic is because affixation is the commonest way of building new words in language. Besides of that, suffix, which is one of the types of affixes, is used in many English words. This paper focuses on verbs as the stems. The aim of this paper is to explain what morphophonemic processes involved in the affixation -ion.

This paper compared the voice marking systems of Zamboanga Chavacano, Filipino and English.
Filipino has four voice markers (Ceña 2012), English has three (Celce-Murcia and LarsenFreeman 2008), and Chavacano has two, albeit the literatures claim that this language has merely
one, hence, the missing voice. How is the missing voice formally expressed in Chavacano? Data
have been collected on Chavacano learners’ performance in expressing the extra voices in Filipino
and English. This study employed descriptive-qualitative research generalizing from the patterns of
Chavacano sentences and hypothesizing in the process. The respondents were students and teachers
who were all native speakers of Chavacano. The responses were analyzed for the patterns in the
voicing system of the foregoing language and the responses were likewise utilized for the crosschecking of the possible variants. English and Filipino were the eliciting languages to analyze the
sentences in Chavacano. The sampling that was drawn upon was a non-probability sampling.
Filipino is a language that is rich in affixation whereby four different voice affixes trigger what
argument assumes the place of the subject. The voices in Filipino are active, passive, derived and
locative; English, albeit not having as much affixation as Filipino in its verbal morphology relative
to voice, has three voices: active, middle and passive. Chavacano has been analyzed as having only
the active voice; it has been found out, however, to have both the active and passive voices which
ought to have a great pedagogical relevance and implication as Mother Tongue-based Multilingual
Education (MTBMLE) is here to stay.

This study aims at investigating and analyzing three aspects of hedging in spoken political discourse: (1) means of expression, (2) density of lexical and syntactic markers, and (3) pragmatic functions. The corpus providing the database for the study consists of seventeen randomly selected televised interviews with a number of Arab politicians and leaders during the third Gulf War, the 6D6CE @I. The questions and comments in all the interviews were centered on the interviewees' positions from the war and the proposed solutions. A body of 13, 168 words was selected for a detailed analysis. For contrastive goals, the first 6573 words were selected from interviews in which Arabic was the medium of communication. The other 6595 words, on the other hand, were selected from interviews in which English was the medium of communication.

Language is a mean of communication which is used by living beings to communicate with each other. There are many important components in language to create a successful communication, such as sound, sentence, meaning, and etc. One of the components is word. Word can be considered as a complex part in language since it has many different forms. Compound word, for example, is a word which is formed through one of the word-formation processes by combining one lexical item with another and thus produces a new word with a new meaning. This paper investigates the types of English compounds and the lexical categories which are resulted from the process of compounding. The first results showed that the types of English compounds are endocentric, exocentric, and copulative compounds. The second results showed that the lexical categories resulted from the process of compounding are noun compound, verb compound, and adjective compound. Based on the results, the researcher hopes that readers can gain deeper insight and knowledge on English compound words.

In nowadays era, the use of smartphones keeps increasing as they are considered as one of the people’s daily needs to communicate with others. One of the applications is WhatsApp (WA), which is currently so popular and mostly used. WA Messenger is the improved version of the previous Short Message Service (SMS). The formulated problems in this research are (1) “what styles are used in WhatsApp (WA) messenger?” and (2) “what factors are influencing the use of the styles in WhatsApp (WA) messenger?”. The data of this research were analysed by using qualitative methods. The researchers employed the theory of SMS styles proposed by Azhar (2010) to identify the styles in WhatsApp mesages and focused on the graphology aspect which included clipping, substitution of word with number, coinage, and a combination of lowercase and uppercase styles. The first result showed that the WA senders used the combination of the styles mentioned. The second result were factors of age, status, and relationship.

Keywords: language style, SMS Style, WhatsApp

This paper discusses word formation in both English and Arabic. Processes of word formation are the bases upon which words are formed in a language. Firstly, the paper introduces word formation as to definition and processes, along with a few previous studies. Secondly, processes of word formation are discussed in English, and then in Arabic. Then, these processes are compared. Finally, certain conclusions, as well as some further areas of research, are proposed. There are different types of these processes. In English, there are eleven processes of word formation; they are acronymy,

This contribution provides a crosslinguistic overview of lexical blending, a word-formation process pertaining to the domain of non-concatenative morphology. It starts with a discussion of its definition and delimitation from the processes of compounding and initialization. Its uneven presence in the languages of the world is then appraised and the conspicuous role of English in the new availability or increased frequency of the process in a variety of languages is emphasized. Next, a taxonomic outline of various key formal and semantic types and subtypes is given from both a qualitative and quantitative perspective and with illustrative data from languages of different genetic stocks. It ends with a focus on two issues of current debate in the field, i.e. the grammatical or extragrammatical status of blended outputs and the inclusion or exclusion of items made of two initial word fragments from the category. It concludes that two prototypical formal-cum-functional strategies of blend formation can be sketched crosslinguistically -- an associative strategy of novel naming preferably encoded by A{B|C|∅}D constructs and a syntagmatic strategy of compacted renaming preferably encoded by AC constructs.

This study seeks to define patterns of  development in word-formation processes in English and Arabic respectively. Patterns of new coinages are defined ,categorized and percentaged. Contrastive study is effected between the two language as to pinpoint the influence of English word-formation processes and new coinages on selecting specific derivational and coinage methods in Arabic to parody them.

In this world, every living thing has at least one language in order to have a communication with each other. Humans, for example, are able to show feelings and emotions and socialize by using languages. In Indonesia, English learners do not get familiar enough with English sentence patterns. In learning language, studying sentence patterns in song lyrics becomes more necessary as there are often misinterpretations of words when they are combined into sentences in song lyrics in the forms of sentence pattern construction. Considering the issue, the researcher got interested to analyse syntactically the sentence patterns in John Denver’s song lyrics.
This research was conducted to answer one research question: What sentence patterns are used in John Denver’s song lyrics? In order to answer the research question, the researcher employed qualitative approach as the nature of this research since it described about certain phenomena in detail. The method used in this research was content analysis as it analysed the sentence patterns in the John Denver’s song lyrics. Finally, the researcher employed the theory of Quirk and Greenbaum (1973) to analyse the sentence patterns in the lyrics. Additionally, the researcher also employed the theory of O’Grady, Dobrovolsky, and Katamba (1996) to represent the tree diagrams and phrase structure rules of the chosen sentences.
Based on the results, the researcher found out that there were 8 out of 9 patterns which were used in the song lyrics. The sentence pattern which was frequently used was pattern 3: S + Vt + dO. There were 12 sentences which used the pattern in John Denver’s song lyrics. However, there was no sentence which used pattern 6: S + Vt + iO + dO. Finally, the researcher hopes that the results can help English learners to improve their understanding on sentence patterns and phrase structure rules.

This article takes a function-to-form approach to word-formation in present-day English and argues that the ecosystem metaphor can help morphologists see competition in word-formation and its resolution in a new light. The analysis first draws correspondences between four lexical functions (transcategorial, transconceptual, evaluative, and compacting) and ten formal operations (prefixation, suffixation, compounding, blending, morphostasis, stress shift, clipping, desuffixation, initialization, and replication) and concludes that there is no across-the-board interoperation competition to encode each function, but rather a fairly complementary distribution of the operations between the four functional subsystems. Each functional subsystem is then reviewed in turn and it is shown that, again, there is no full-scale competition at this level, but rather some fairly pronounced tendencies towards complementariness, and, in one case, also towards combination. The broad division of labor within each subsystem can, remarkably, be accounted for in different terms: the conditioning is primarily semantic (with formal subconsiderations) in the transcategorial and transconceptual subsystems while it is formal in the evaluative and compacting subsystems.

Given that affix knowledge plays a vital role in the development of L1/L2 knowledge, the aim of this paper is to explore Mochizuki and Aizawa’s (2000) notion about the order of affix acquisition in the Serbian EFL context. We will attempt to analyze correlations between the EFL learners’ vocabulary  size and their affix knowledge and postulate the order of affix acquisition.

We ilustrate the complexity and interest of English phonology and morphology through two case studies: the phonological and morphological behavior of sibilant suffixes, and the aspiration of voiceless obstruents. We focus on documenting individual variation in these areas and examining theoretical proposals that have been advanced to account for the attested range of variation that is found, highlighting cases where the data connect to larger issues in phonological and morphological theory.

In terms of linguistics, morphology is the study of grammatical structure of words and the categories which are realized by them and phonology is the study of individual languages and the nature of such systems generally. There are many issues in studying languages and many people do not often realize them. One of the issues is that people do not realize the pronunciation of the words which are ended with the suffix -ation. Such an issue made the researcher interested to study about it. The object of this study is to discuss two things. Those are: (1) the base words which attach to the suffix -ation, (2) a type of phonological change which occur in the suffixation process of the suffix –ation. The findings of this study were conducted by using a library study as the method of collecting data. This kind of study is useful to comprehend the material competence which is accurate to get the source of title as the quality of analyzing the data is searchable.

Keywords: morphology, phonology, base words, phonological change, suffix –ion

The paper presents a contrastive analysis of the English Past Participle
and the Bulgarian Past Passive Participle in terms of their etymology, usages and functional equivalence. It touches upon the process of grammaticalisation of the linguistic units in both languages and briefly describes their most frequent usages. The analysis also includes a corpus of examples excerpted from the Bulgarian National Corpus (BulNC) and examines translation equivalents in order to elaborate on the differences and similarities of these linguistic units.

Often defined as a marginal word-formation process whose governing principles remain a matter of controversy, lexical blending has been examined from various perspectives over the past fifty years or so. Lexical blends have thus been described as (mostly) ephemeral linguistic creations, playful and witty, that are likely to occur in popular press, advertising, and product naming (Bryant 1974; Lieber 2010). Although we can nowadays understand the key characteristics of blends, in terms of their semantic, phonological and orthographic features, corpus-based studies of blends associated with particular types of discourse remain scarce. Television discourse is no exception. It has been cited as a rich source of blends (Mattiello 2013; Sams 2016), yet few have hitherto conducted their detailed analysis (cf. Andriani, Moehkardi 2019). Having noticed that blends frequently occur in the titles of episodes of animated television shows for children (e.g. Smeldorado in Inspector Gadget, The Three Smurfketeers in The Smurfs, Pinknic in The Pink Panther), we decided to investigate their structural characteristics. For this purpose, we collected a corpus of approximately 420 blends from the titles of animated series episodes, spanning 1950-2020. The analysis has shown that haplology and hyphenation feature prominently in the collected blends, as well as that several splinters are repeatedly used in their formation.

Историјски посматрано, морфологија је дуго остајала на маргини примењено-лингвистичких истраживања, запостављена у наставним плановима и водећим научним часописима. Последњих двадесет година ситуација се, међутим, значајно променила, па је данас морфологија у жижи интересовања како лингвиста тако и наставника, који настоје да, из неколико углова, испитају усвајање разних морфолошких процеса код деце, одраслих и ученика различитих нивоа знања. У складу са поменутим тенденцијама, циљ нашег рада је да представи нераскидиву повезаност морфологије, прецизније деривације, и вокабулара, као и начине представљања грађе и типове вежбања који доприносе језичком освешћивању, а све то у контексту усвајања (деривационе морфологије) енглеског као страног језика. Освртом на релевантну литературу и анализом наставних материјала посвећених деривацији покушаћемо да скренемо пажњу на значај морфологије у процесу учења и усвајања енглеског језика, што до сада у домаћим наставним оквирима није истицано.

Within the framework introduced by Guierre (1979), this paper challenges the commonly accepted classification of the adjectival suffix -al as a strong suffix through the study of a corpus of pronouncing dictionary data enriched with additional information from other sources such as the Oxford English Dictionary. After a review of the disparities between different analyses and classifications of that suffix in the literature, it is shown that most descriptions previously proposed are problematic. We do find -al in strong endings triggering a direct computation of stress placement, but only in certain specific subclasses. A number of sets ending in -al are highly regular, but -al by itself (i.e. when it is not associated with certain elements preceding it) does not trigger direct computation systematically.

Morphological productivity has become a central issue in present-day English wordformation over the past decade. However, most proposals for assessing productivity have focused on the most productive processes and how to measure them, to the detriment of processes which give rise to fewer items than the ones usually studied in analyses of wordformation productivity. The present paper looks at the major models for productivity measurement and applies them to a BNC-based 5,891-item corpus to test how they account for low productivity. The results obtained highlight significant differences between various productivity counts in an area which, from this point of view, needs further methodological development.

The main objective of this paper is to make a comparison between a group of English adjectives derived by means of the suffixes-able and-ible and the present passive participle in Bulgarian – a participle often classified as a verbal adjective in Bulgarian and with which the aforementioned adjectives are often translated. The paper attempts to provide evidence that these English adjectives are not only semantic but also functional equivalents to the Bulgarian present passive participle and finally raises the question whether the parallels drawn between the English-able/-ible adjectives and the Bulgarian present passive participle are ample evidence to differentiate a group of present passive participles in English.

On a très souvent affirmé que les particules verbales en anglais ont pour effet de rendre systématiquement télique l'événement dénoté par le verbe: on pense souvent que lorsqu'elles sont adjointes à des verbes, les particules servent à transformer en événements pourvus d'une fin intrinsèque des activités qui en dehors de ces configurations en seraient dépourvues. On cite souvent comme exemples typiques de ce phénomène drink et eat, qui désignent, hors complémentation spécifique bien entendu1, des activités non dotées de ...

Експресивност у језику могуће је постићи различитим творбеним поступцима, међу којима је и сливање, чији су производи сливенице. Предмет квалитативне и квантитативне анализе овог рада јесу формални и семантички аспекти именичких сливеница у називима хране и пића у Србији и државама региона (Црној Гори, БиХ и Хрватској). Корпусну грађу чине примери преузети из неколицине постојећих радова посвећених сливеница-ма у српском језику (Бугарски 2013; 2014; 2016; Томић 2019), Hrvatskog rječnika stopljenica (Марковић и др. 2016), као и нови примери које смо у међувремену забележили из различитих извора. Општи циљ истраживања био је да кроз језичку анализу одређених ас-пеката именичких сливеница у називима хране и пића скренемо пажњу на сливенице као експресивне јединице на творбено-лексичком нивоу. Посебни циљеви истраживања били су: (1) утврђивање (најчешћих) механизама сливања, уз испитивање графолошког и/или фонолошког преклапања и графичког истицања, (2) утврђивање слоговне структуре мотивних речи у односу на структуру сливенице и (3) утврђивање дескриптивних и експресивних асоцијативних значења прикупљених примера, као и синтаксичко-се-мантичких односа између чланова сливенице. Анализа корпуса показала је да идиосинкратични аудиовизуелни идентитет сливеница нарочито погодује употреби у називима брендова, јер у њиховом стварању језичка креативност представља једно од кључних на-чела, али и због тога што произвођачи стратешки настоје да се њихови производи разликују од постојећих и тиме привуку пажњу потенцијалних купаца, те себи обезбеде што бољу позицију како на домаћем, тако и на регионалном и светском тржишту. Ово додатно потврђује и немали број примера међујезичких бленди у корпусу, у којима је једна од мотивних речи из страног језика, пре свега из енглеског. Кључне речи: језичка експресивност, сливенице, називи хране и пића

Accepting W. Chafe's ideas regarding memory's representability via language categories expressed in grammatical forms, the author aims at analyzing temporal adverbials as grammatical markers of mnemonic processes, establishing their status in this quality and assessing their potential. To provide a thorough and accurate description of temporal adverbials consistent with the goal of the present study, two relevant parameters are set: direct involvement in marking of specific mnemonic processes at the grammatical level and the type of temporal reference assigned to the mnemonic event. In accordance with the temporal characteristic of the mnemonic event, two subclasses of temporal adverbials are differentiated: localizers specifying the position of the mnemonic event on the time axis in relation to the fixed or conditional reference point and correlators indicating the position of the mnemonic event in relation to other events. An analysis of communicative contexts representing interaction between the subject of a mnemonic situation with other participants yielded results indicating absence of correlation between subclasses of temporal adverbials and specific mnemonic processes as well as functional inequality as representation of mnemonic function at the grammatical level. The findings suggest involvement of temporal adverbials in setting the timeline framework of a mnemonic utterance regardless of their discretionary status and validity as grammatical markers of mnemonic function in general as opposed to specific memory types and procedures.

Аннотация. Основываясь на идеях У. Чейфа о принципиальной репрезентируемости памяти языковы-ми категориями, воплощающимися в грамматических структурах, автор ставит цель охарактеризовать ста-тус и потенциал темпоральных адвербиалов как грамматических маркеров мнемической деятельности. В ка-честве параметров, релевантных для описания темпоральных адвербиалов в данной функции, выделяются участие в маркировании конкретных процессов памяти и способ темпоральной характеристики мнемичес-кого события. В соответствии с типом временнóго ориентира дифференцированы два класса темпоральных адвер-биалов: локализаторы, определяющие положение мнемического события на оси времени относительно фиксированного или условного ориентира, и корреляторы, локализующие мнемическое событие относи-тельно другого события. В результате анализа контекстов, репрезентирующих коммуникативное взаимодействие англоязычных участников мнемической ситуации, установлено, что выделенные классы темпо-ральных адвербиалов не связаны корреляционными отношениями с мнемическими процессами, при этом
возможности отдельных классов рассматриваемых единиц как грамматических маркеров процессов памяти неодинаковы.
Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о том, что темпоральные адвербиалы принимают участие в формировании темпорального плана мнемического высказывания, не являясь его облигаторным компонентом, и могут рассматриваться как грамматические маркеры индивидуальной мнемической деятельности в
целом, а не отдельных процессов или видов памяти.
Ключевые слова: память, темпоральный адвербиал, мнемический процесс, мнемическая ситуация, мнемическое высказывание.

The role of knowledge on English Morphology for the students of English Language Education (henceforth ELE) cannot be neglected. However, the preliminary observations done by the researcher during the instructional process of English Morphology at the State College for Islamic Studies (STAIN) Kediri Indonesia, for three academic years shows that most of the students still get difficulty in understanding the course content. The researcher, therefore, is of the opinion that the instructional materials used in the classes need to be developed. The adaptation version of Borg & Gall (1983) model of R & D covering preliminary observation, designing preliminary product, expert validation, product revision, field testing or try out, and revision to produce final product is used to develop an instructional material on English Morphology. The products mostly concern on 1) the course content, 2) the exercises, and 3) the level of language difficulty or word choice. The researcher expects that the final product of this study could be used as a handbook for the students in studying English Morphology.

We demonstrate the existence of a novel type of morphomic structure: the suffix combination in word formation. We ran two psycholinguistic experiments with 45 native and 30 non-native English speakers, asking them to judge whether or not existing and non-existing two-suffix combinations presented without bases occur in English. Both groups identified existing and non-existing suffix combinations with very high accuracy; productive combinations were recognized more accurately than unproductive ones. Our research shows that suffix combinations are listed in the mental lexicon as morphomes. This finding accords with recent research in natural language processing that induces a language’s patterns, rules, and semantics based entirely on form relations. We also discuss other possible applications of the morphome outside of theoretical linguistics.

Morphological productivity has become a central issue in present-day English wordformation over the past decade. However, most proposals for assessing productivity have focused on the most productive processes and how to measure them, to the detriment of processes which give rise to fewer items than the ones usually studied in analyses of wordformation productivity. The present paper looks at the major models for productivity measurement and applies them to a BNC-based 5,891-item corpus to test how they account for low productivity. The results obtained highlight significant differences between various productivity counts in an area which, from this point of view, needs further methodological development.

This study is aimed to analyze how the words are formed in the utterances produced by Santiago in a novel ―The Old Man and the Sea‖ in the term of inflectional morphology. The method used in this research is qualitative research. After analyzing the data, the writer found that regular inflection is the mostly used in the utterances than irregular inflection. Thus, it is better for the teacher to give the students knowledge about vocabulary in the basic form of verb first. Then, teacher may give the students knowledge about regular forms of verbs, nouns, and adjectives, the irregular forms of verbs, nouns, and adjectives and do not forget to drill the students to use nominative forms of pronouns.

This paper investigates whether knowledge of Serbian-English cognate affixes facilitates Serbian L1 learners’ acquisition of productive knowledge of English derivational morphology by comparing Serbian L1 learners’ productive knowledge of six cognate derivational suffixes in English (-ous, -ize, -ation, -ist, -ism, -ity) with their knowledge of six non-cognate derivational suffixes (-able, -ish, -y, -less, -ness, -ly). The former are suffixes Bauer and Nation (1993) categorize as frequent, orthographically regular affixes (level 4), while the latter are among the most frequent and regular derivational affixes (level 3). Bauer and Nation suggest that in a graded syllabus level 3 affixes should precede level 4 affixes. The study reported here investigated whether this holds when level 4 affixes in L2 have cognates in L1.

Given that affix knowledge plays a vital role in the development of L1/L2 knowledge, the aim of this paper is to explore Mochizuki and Aizawa’s (2000) notion about the order of affix acquisition in the Serbian EFL context. We will attempt to analyze correlations between the EFL learners’ vocabulary size and their affix knowledge and postulate the order of affix acquisition.