Discourse Analysis (DA)

The research project carried out in one primary school in Scotland was guided by an intention to discover and provide up-to-date data on what literacy teachers knew about critical literacy and whether this knowledge was promoted, achieved, and enacted in praxis. By specifically focusing on reading and teachers' approaches to texts, this study explores to what extent critical literacy makes its explicit or implicit appearance in the early years' reading classes as a result of teachers' understanding of it-their content knowledge, personal and professional beliefs. The findings have fueled the discussion about the preconditions for greater and more direct utilization of critical literacy in language classrooms. The knowledge and practices the teachers in this study revealed, reflect a promising springboard for developing new, more unified ways of teaching reading. After being reminded of and exposed to some of the central concepts of critical literacy, the teachers became more interested and confirmed that they would teach for it if they only knew how. This is also one of the main implications of the study for teacher educators, curriculum developers and researchers.

A stereotype, be it a phenomenon of linguistic structure or a reflection of cognitive schemata, belongs among the key features defining the discourse of lifestyle magazines, and women's magazines in particular. Drawing upon Tárnyiková's definition of structural stereotypes and van Dijk's theory of macrostructures, this study explores stereotypes as the interface of the recurrence of form and meaning, and aims to provide an insight into the interplay between the stereotypes realized on the level of microstructures and the stereotypes on the macrostructural level. The multifunctional nature of stereotypes includes their role in the mechanisms of textual cohesion as well as in the cognitive processes of reflecting existing scripts or schemata and developing new ones. Due to its multidimensionality, stereotyping serves as an effective communication strategy.

It is now more than 30 years since the publication of Edward W. Said’s seminal text Orientalism. With his discourse analysis of an astounding number of academic, bureaucratic and literary texts from the colonial period, Said was able to demonstrate that the western colonial project was premised on a matrix of interdependent discourses, institutions and practices, which he termed ‘orientalism’. The net output of such orientalism was an ideological fantasy, a fantasy that bore no relation to the reality and complexity of non-european society with its myriad cultures, religions, peoples, customs and histories. Instead, orientalism has served to homogenize, demonize and stereotype the non-european world according to fairly reductive and negative terms, so that the oriental was viewed as the ‘other’. Clearly the unquestioned tendency to view the people of the orient as eficient and inferior ‘others’ served the colonial agenda of continuing to dominate and control sections of the East.

One cannot overstate the significance and impact of orientalism. Indeed, in the years that followed, Said’s work was both contested and applied by a whole range of different disciplines including middle-east studies, media analyses, international relations and history. It has also spawned an entirely new sub-discipline known as postcolonial studies. What has long been missing in the field of research is a sustained engagement with Said’s work from the perspective of defence studies and military history.

En este trabajo se analiza un video publicado en la red social Tik Tok el 18 de noviembre de 2021, titulado “Mi General se lo necesita” por el usuario @ alexismedina1891 y que por su fecha de publicación se volvió viral la semana posterior a las elecciones nacionales legislativas. En ese contexto, el presidente Alberto Fernández había convocado a un acto público de festejo por el resultado obtenido. La publicación de este video corto se realiza un día después de ese evento público organizado por la Confederación General del Trabajo (CGT) y que coincidió con el día de la militancia. Así, se trata de un tema actual y como manifestación discursiva y política del ataque a la democracia y sus valores construidos históricamente, tales como la participación militante, y el sostenimiento de los actos públicos como ocupación de las calles para la libre manifestación, que tanto se cuestiona en la agenda de los medios oficiales y en los sectores antidemocráticos. Y es la reivindicación de la Dictadura militar y sus crímenes y métodos del odio que se construye como discurso memorioso, de homenaje a los altos mandos, junto con y contradiciendo en esa reivindicación, el negacionismo del terrorismo de Estado. Un discurso del odio que se alza desde un murmullo, hasta que sectores políticos lo legitiman y entonces se esparcen por las redes con nuevas fuerzas, a través de los usuarios que construyen subjetividades desde la hiancia que separa ese yo que elige palabras vibrantes para marcar al otro caído, que se deja en ese lugar de la abyección, el zurdo, el desaparecido, el feminista.

ABSTRACT
This study analizes a video posted on the social media Tik Tok on 18th November, 2021, titled “Mi general se lo necesita” (My general, we need you) by the user @ alexismedina1891. Due to its release date, it went viral a week after the national legislative elections. In this context, Alberto Fernandez the president of Argentina had called a public event to celebrate the obtained results. This short video was published a day after this public event organized by the General Confederation of Labor “Confederación General del Trabajo, (CGT); besides, it was the militant day. Therefore, it is a current topic and it serves as a discursive and political manifestation of the attack against democracy and its values which have been historically built, such as militant participation, and the maintenance of public events as street use for free demonstrations, which is highly questioned in the official media agenda and antidemocratic groups. Besides, it is a claim of the military dictatorship and its hate crimes and methods that construct as a memorable speech of honor to the high ranks, together with and against that claim, the denial of state terrorism. It is a hate speech that is voiced from a murmur, until political groups legitimize it and then, it spreads across social media with new forces through users that build subjectivities from the gap that divides that person that chooses invigorating words to exhibit the fallen Other, who allows that place of humiliation, leftist, lost, feminist.

PALABRAS CLAVES
Análisis del discurso; discursos de odio; Odio y redes sociales; escrituras de odio y comunicación violenta.

KEY WORDS
Discourse Analysis; hate speeches; hate and social media; hate works and violent communication.

(French then english abstract)
• Voici le résumé de la contribution que j'ai proposée pour les 4èmes Journées de Linguistique de Corpus de Lorient. (15, 16 et 17 septembre 2005), organisées par le laboratoire ADICORE de l'Université de Bretagne Sud.
• Ces journées réunissent "des chercheurs venus d'horizons divers qui s'intéressent à l'utilisation de l'informatique pour l'analyse des faits de langue".
• Je propose ma communication sur Baudelaire en tant que chercheur indépendant venu de l'horizon « psychologie et linguistique ». Ma contribution concerne la lexicologie monolingue et l'analyse du discours.

Application of A.L.S. to the corpus of the "Flowers of Evil " by Ch. Baudelaire

• Here is the summary of the contribution I proposed for the Lorient 4th "Journées de Linguistique de Corpus" (15, 16 and September 17, 2005), organized by the language lab ADICORE , University of Southern Brittany.
• These "Journées" bring together "researchers from different backgrounds interested by the application of computing science to the analysis of facts of language".
• It is as an independent researcher with a "psychology and linguistics" background that I propound this communication on Baudelaire. My contribution concerns monolingual lexicology and speech analysis.

This study aims developing synsets of noun of Punjabi Language (PL) in
Shahmukhi. This is a corpus-based study. The study has developed a corpus of 2 million words of
Punjabi Language in Shahmukhi script for selecting nouns to develop their synsets. The corpus of
Punjabi Language was POS tagged and processed through software: AntConc.3.4.4.0 for getting
nouns. The list of 1000 nouns was retrieved in English with respect to semantic categories. The
developed list of nouns has been further translated from English to Gurmukhi to Shahmukhi using
software: Akhar 2016. For the purpose of assistance, Princeton WordNet and Punjabi dictionaries
were used in the construction of Punjabi noun synsets. As a result, 5000 synsets of nouns have been
developed in term of identity number, word, grammatical category, synsets of noun, number of
senses and sentence examples.
KEY WORDS: synsets of noun, Punjabi language, Punjabi corpus, translation, lexicon-semantic
relations

EDUCATIONAL DISCOURSE: COMMUNITY SCHOOL
https://drive.google.com/…/0B7KXfH8H9P3ianRjcnEyNnNYW…/view…
Penkov, Boris Victor. Educational Discourse: Community School. The Bulletin of the Voronezh Institute of High Technologies. № 14. – Voronezh: Voronezh Institute of High Technologies, 2015. P. 229-233.
ISSN: 1994-1730
This paper examines the semantic features of community school as a concept within educational dis- course in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. This study helps to differentiate texts as representations of educational discourse and as illustrations of its selected varieties; such as the discourse genres that embrace the language of high school or secondary school.
Keywords: discourse, institutional discourse, educational discourse, language of school, high school, community school.

This article offers a fresh critique of the work of political scientists and historians who have propagated the Eurocentric history of democracy. The paper argues that such work can be dissected and critiqued along several key lines: their reliance on a distinctly patriarchal discourse riddled with prejudices; the assertion that one can understand the history of democracy via the etymology of the word itself; and the deeply Eurocentric
roots of the study of democracy’s past embedded in the canon of Western political thought. The paper concludes by calling on contemporary political scientists and political historians concerned with the history of  democracy to be careful in re-iterating this deeply flawed history of democracy and to instead work towards a history of democracy that retrieves the silenced histories and the forgotten democratic moments that lay behind the roar of Western power.

FROM THE BACK COVER: What is the essential nature of meaning? . . . . . This book answers by examining interpretive theories from the past and present. It finds that an historical struggle with meaning has been underway since the Reformation, a struggle that reaches crisis proportions in the 20th century. On the one hand, this crisis is mollified by Heidegger's hermeneutical phenomenology, which argues that we are always already in a meaningful relationship to the objects of the world. On the other hand, this crisis is exacerbated when phenomenology, structuralism, and aesthetic theory directly make meaning into an object of study. . . . . . . . . These historical developments culminate with the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan, whose non-hermeneutical phenomenology delimits a cause of meaning said to be closely linked to the core of subjectivity. Intriguingly, Lacan's work reveals meaning to be sexual in nature. By integrating his notion of sexual difference with his work in discourse theory and topology, this book demonstrates how the subject's struggle with meaning can be suspended.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Broadly speaking, the majority of books on Jacques Lacan focus on the earlier periods of his career. They also tend to target the psychoanalytic clinical community, or else discuss his work in various political, social, and cultural contexts. But in almost all cases these books refrain from a detailed exegesis of his actual texts. They instead prefer to comment on his theoretical apparatus as a whole before turning to its practical implications. . . . . . This book positions itself against this grain. Firstly, it closely analyzes some half-dozen key Lacanian texts. This analysis is organized under a single thematic – the question of meaning – in order to advance the reader's understanding of the trajectory of Lacan's thought across his entire career, as well as to promote the book's thesis that the field of meaning can be suspended. Accordingly, an initial chapter takes up the hermeneutical tradition from Flacius onward. This is then supplemented by a chapter which surveys phenomenological, structuralist and aesthetic theories of meaning and their differing methods of textual analysis. Together these two chapters provide a unique context for the sustained analysis of Lacan's texts which begins in the third chapter, an analysis that forms the bulk of the book's content. This contextualization potentially widens the book's appeal to any scholar wishing to explore his relationship to those textual objects he interacts with on a daily basis. And because this book assumes the reader has little to no familiarity with Lacan, the reader will find patient explanations of the basics of his theories before slowly being led up to the more difficult theories of his late years. Again the argument is that Lacan has something to offer all scholars. His work is not just reserved for psychoanalysts. . . . . . It is with his late theories that the serious student of Lacan will find the book's most original contribution. For in the fourth chapter a detailed account is provided of how Lacan derived his infamous formulae of sexuation from Aristotelian logic. These formulae are then extensively discussed against the backdrop of interpretive theory and textual analysis, showing how these formulae capture much more than just the difference between the sexes. Strikingly, this difference is also found to run through meaning itself, something the final chapter aims to demonstrate. It does this by amalgamating three key components of late-Lacan: sexuation, discourse theory and his use of topological spaces. This amalgamation is a first in the literature. But this amalgamation is not just useful in demonstrating the book's thesis. It further suggests how seemingly divergent aspects of late-Lacanian theory can be made to work together.

[Nota: para una tabla-resumen de la adaptación del código, ver https://www.academia.edu/14836268/Resumen_de_la_adaptaci%C3%B3n_del_c%C3%B3digo_de_transcripci%C3%B3n_de_Gail_Jefferson]



En este trabajo propongo una adaptación del código de transcripción de Gail Jefferson con el fin de promover su uso en investigaciones no discursivas en ciencias sociales. Sostengo que, al contrario de lo que suele considerarse, la transcripción no es una tarea simple e intrascendente: supone la toma de decisiones complejas y, en tanto parte de un proceso de investigación dado, contribuye a construir los resultados. De este modo, transcribir es una tarea política tan digna de atención como cualquier otra. Mi propuesta consiste en: i) reducir la cantidad de símbolos originales, ii) simplificar su acceso en teclados en castellano, iii) anular aquéllos, como puntos y comas, que puedan dificultar la comprensión de un/a lector/a no iniciado/a y, finalmente, iv) anular símbolos a priori poco útiles en investigaciones no discursivas.

On this paper I propose an adaptation of Gail Jefferson’s transcription code in order to promote its use in social sciences non-discursive research. I argue that, contrary to what is commonly believed, transcription is not a simple and irrelevant task: it involves complex decisions and, as part of a given research process, it helps construct the results. Hence, transcribing is a political task worthy of as much attention as any other. With this goal in mind, I propose i) reduce the quantity of symbols, ii) simplify its access on keyboards in Spanish, iii) exclude symbols, such as periods and commas, that can make comprehension harder for the not initiated and, finally, iv) exclude symbols a priori useless within non discursive research.

"ABSTRACT:
    This study assumes the subject's pursuit of meaning is generally incapacitating and should be suspended. It aims to demonstrate how such a suspension is theoretically accomplished by utilizing Lacan's formulae of sexuation integrated with his work in discourse theory and topology.
    Part I places this study into context by examining scholarship from the established fields of hermeneutics, phenomenology, (post)structuralism, aesthetic theory and psychoanalysis in order to extract out their respective theory of meaning. These theories reveal that an historical struggle with meaning has been underway since the Reformation and reaches near crisis proportions in the 20th century. On the one hand this crisis is mollified by the rise of Heideggerian-Gadamerian hermeneutical phenomenology which questions traditional epistemological approaches to the text using a new ontological conceptualization of meaning and a conscious rejection of methodology. On the other hand this crisis is exacerbated when the ubiquitous nature of meaning is itself challenged by (post)structuralism's discovery of the signifier which inscribes a limit to meaning, and by the domains of sense and nonsense newly opened up by aesthetic theory. These historical developments culminate in the field of psychoanalysis which most consequentially delimits a cause of meaning said to be closely linked to the core of subjectivity.
    Part II extends these findings by rigorously constructing out of the Lacanian sexuated formulae a decidedly non-hermeneutical phenomenological approach useful in demonstrating the sexual nature of meaning. Explicated in their static state by way of an account of their original derivation from the Aristotelian logical square, it is argued that these four formulae are relevant to basic concerns of textual theory inclusive of the hermeneutical circle of meaning. These formulae are then set into motion by integrating them with Lacan's four discourses to demonstrate the breakdown of meaning. Finally, the cuts and sutures of two-dimensional space that is topology as set down in L'étourdit are performed to confirm how the very field of meaning is ultimately suspended from a nonsensical singular point known in Lacanian psychoanalysis as objet a. The contention is that by occupying this point the subject frees himself from the debilitating grip of meaning."

George Orwell’s critique of political manipulation has been investigated extensively in many academic works. However, most of these works concentrated on the relation between language, manipulation and ideology in his masterpiece 1984. This article, otherwise, studies the linguistic techniques of manipulation that have been used in Orwell’s ‘Animal Farm’ to control the community aftermath of a revolution. The article aims at analyzing linguistically the tactics of manipulation in his narrative work. I extend my discussion of the linguistic aspects of Orwell’s critique of manipulation to include his vivid article ‘Politics and English Language’. Orwell’s article shed light on related aspects of political manipulation. Writing this article is motivated by personal observations about the similarities between discursive tactics used to fail the Arab revolutions and that have been used in Orwell’s works. Based on the findings of this article, further work could be done to link the fiction world of Orwell to the actual world of Arab Spring.

Le catalogue de jouets, envisagé comme dispositif de communication, a été étudié dans le cadre d’une linguistique textuelle qui prend en compte la situation de production. Posant qu’il existe un contrat de communication propre au catalogue commercial, j’ai mis en évidence les processus de construction du sens au sein d’un document polysémiotique – le catalogue de jouets. Le nom de jouet, le nom de marque, la photographie et le texte fonctionnent en synergie dans les modules-jouets – microstructures autonomes du catalogue.
Pour ce faire, j’ai utilisé les éclairages croisés de plusieurs approches et disciplines – morphologie et séman-tique lexicale, linguistique textuelle, analyse du discours, sémiologie de l’image. Les deux dispositifs imbri-qués – dispositif descriptif en lien avec la diffusion d’une information sur un produit et dispositif persuasif lié à la situation de communication (sphère professionnelle du commerce) – ont été analysés conjointement de façon à faire apparaitre les processus dynamiques engendrés par leur interaction. La (re)construction du sens qui s’opère dans le cadre d’une textualité « située » a été mise en évidence ainsi que les stratégies discursives à l’œuvre

Nesta última década notamos uma série de políticas que visam ampliar a presença da língua portuguesa no mundo, tais como a inauguração da TV Brasil Internacional (2010), no âmbito do governo brasileiro ou a entrada em vigor do acordo ortográfico de 1990 (2009), no âmbito da Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa (CPLP), organização internacional formada por todos os países de língua oficial portuguesa. Diante desse panorama, esta pesquisa propõe-se a contribuir para a compreensão do papel de políticas linguísticas na configuração do que seja a expansão do português no mundo contemporâneo. Para isso, partimos das premissas de que todo discurso é polêmico pelo princípio da interincompreensão constitutiva (MAINGUENEAU, 2008 [1984]), e de que todo texto político-jurídiconormativo busca apagar, superar essa polêmica e construir um sentido único. Esse caminho teórico-metodológico, nos leva a questionar sobre que processos discursivos constroem essa busca de univocidade para superar a polêmica nos documentos de políticas linguísticas para a expansão do português? Quais coerções foram enfatizadas? De que maneira o enunciador se apresenta em nome dessa univocidade? Acreditamos que encontrar respostas a essas indagações nos levem a discutir relações de poder que sustentam essas políticas linguísticas de expansão do português nesta última década. Para desenvolver nossa pesquisa, selecionamos como corpora de análise, declarações e resoluções da Conferência de Chefes de Estado e de Governo e do Conselho de Ministros da CPLP sobre a difusão e promoção da língua portuguesa, por causa do poder político e simbólico, que essa organização representa em relação à temática. Assim,  pudemos identificar quatro posições/faces de enunciadores, o ufanista, o defensor, o apreensivo e o idealista-apaziguador, que juntos compõem um enunciador, que chamamos de “super” graças a sua memória e a sua competência interdiscursivas e sua maneira específica de enunciar, que potencializam o poder imperativo de seus enunciados. Nas sequências discursivas analisadas podemos constatar que esse (super)enunciador na busca da adesão do coenunciador, articula alianças (a língua portuguesa comum, a sociedade civil) e oposições (diversidade cultural dos países, a língua inglesa) na construção de uma aparente homogeneidade linguística a fim de superar a heterogeneidade fundante da própria CPLP. Desse modo, as polêmicas são silenciadas e podemos notar um processo de construção de um novo sentido de língua portuguesa, homogeneizante em contraposição a outro já em curso de gramatização e heterogeneização das línguas portuguesas nacionais.

En este trabajo publicado originalmente en 2005 se hace una introducción básica a los conceptos del discursos, diferencias entre estudios del discurso y análisis del discurso. Se ofrece una metodología básica así como los pasos generales para realizar un análisis del discurso.

Although scholars of Somali Studies have engaged themselves in examining the Somali society from several perspectives, colonial and early Somali writers mainly observed the Somali people as homogenous, egalitarian and nomadic pastoral. Themes on multi-ethnicity, multiculturalism, and linguistic diversity were ignored as topics that sully the myth of the selfsame ideology colorfully embroidered in the official historiography. The notion also deluded pioneering Somali scholars from critically studying their people and analyzing colonial writing; at least not beyond the western scholars' knowledge boundary. Accordingly, the Horn of Africa was exemplified as a unique African nation where citizens enjoy equality and share an all-in-one identity: culturally, ethnically, historically, and linguistically. Contrary to that notion, though, the everyday social situation makes the primordial ideology of selfsameness unsustainable. To establish the evidence, this essay discusses about how the Bantu Jareer agrarian community, a section among the different groups of subalterns in the country, views its environment and social space within the boundary of deeply offensive segregation by an extremely suppressive Somali society.

This study in media anthropology uses participant observation, interviews, questionnaires, and recorded broadcasts to analyze how people use FM radio technology in the Koutiala area of southeast Mali, and particularly how they use FM radio to produce locality by relating audience members to one another, to the dominant national culture, and to international donor groups. The current state of FM broadcasting in Mali emerged when radio regulation was loosened during the transition from one-party state to multi-party democracy in the early 1990s.
I examine the diverse practices of social interaction facilitated by FM radio stations, or what I call "FM radio ways." I argue that because of their precarious financial positions, radio stations use one set of strategies to their listening audience and another set to address a secondary nonlistening audience of donor groups. I show that FM stations write documents in French for donor groups, describing their programs using discourses of democracy promotion and minority culture preservation. For their largely illiterate listeners, FM stations produce most programs in the unofficial national language, Bamanankan, and read paid interpersonal announcements on the air, relying on the system of face-to-face communication for the recirculation of messages broadcast using radio technology. I use observations and interviews to argue that the most popular FM stations in Koutiala encourage messages and donations from ardent listeners by engaging in localized factional conflict with government officials, other radio stations, and individuals who have aggrieved club members. I argue that FM stations allocate program time to different listener groups according to their place in the national ethnolinguistic and religious hierarchy, using these programs as icons of social identity along patterns established by the national radio station. In Koutiala, my interviews demonstrate that stations represent localized rural ethnic groups, like the Minyanka, with a few minority language programs, while obscuring traditional Minyanka ritual practices which many dominant Muslims view negatively.
This study offers insights into how locality is created through the mediated circulation of social information and knowledge, and how everyday uses of media technologies in new contexts may alter scholarly understandings of their role in society.

This essay focuses on a paradoxical transformation that happened within Soviet ideological discourse at the very end of perestroika, around 1990-91. The Party's attempts to revitalize Soviet ideology by returning to the original word of Lenin unexpectedly produced the opposite result. The unquestionable external Truth from which Soviet ideological discourse drew its legitimacy-and that had always been identical with Lenin's wordsuddenly could no longer be known. This shift launched a rapid unraveling of the Soviet communist project. At the center of this unexpected transformation was the search for the true Lenin-a kind of Lenin that Soviet party theorists, bureaucrats, historians, and scientists hoped was still hidden in the midst of his unpublished texts and unknown facts of his biology, life, and death.

However, I am retaining this traditional title to avoid appeals to semantic categories (e.g., generic or qualitative) that are not inherent to the word in the same sense that the clear morphological marking of the indefinite pronoun is. 7 There are cases in which the IRP would likely have been chosen on account of its association with an unexpressed antecedent. However, the RP will often also occur with an unexpressed antecedent. 8 Cf. Richard A. Young, Intermediate New Testament Greek: A Linguistic and Exegetical Approach (Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1994), 77. 9 Wallace, Greek Grammar, 344. Importantly, these referents or antecedents may be omitted and inferred from the context no matter the relative pronoun (cf. Eugene Van Ness Goetchius, The Language of the New Testament [New York: Scribner's Sons, 1965], 237-39). Generally speaking, then, when I discuss referents in this paper and their definiteness (or not), I am mostly concerned about what would have been conceptually or cognitively available to hearers based on the immediate themes and literary contexts. 10 Martin M. Culy, "Relative Clauses in Koine Greek: A Transformational Approach," (MA thesis,

Après avoir donné une description rapide et critique des Quatre Discours de Lacan, nous montrerons l'intérêt d'instaurer, pour leur trouver un substitut, un dialogue entre science et psychanalyse par le biais des « analysciences© », dont fait partie l'A.L.S. À une formalisation prématurée des dialectes du discours courant, nous préférerons la découverte par induction de ses « règles de grammaire » à partir d'exemples concrets.

Ensuite seulement viendra une présentation logicisée et déductive des trouvailles de l'A.L.S. puis la mise en relation des « parlers » (substitut des « discours ») avec la genèse des identifications dont le moteur est le discours parental.

Enfin nous parcourons l'éventail des applications nombreuses et fécondes de l'A.L.S., depuis son retour critique sur le discours analytique jusqu'aux analyses de textes quotidiens, politiques, publicitaires, poétiques, voire tirés de réunions de travail. Des tableaux, échantillons de textes et une bibliographie compléteront l'exposé.

En este documento sintetizo el extracto dedicado a los «recursos de factualización» en el texto de Jonathan Potter «La representación social de la realidad» (Paidós, 1996/1998, pp. 129-255). Los recursos de factualización son «técnicas y mecanismos retóricos» utilizados por las personas y otros actores sociales (como un diario o un Gobierno) en su esfuerzo por construir «hechos» (Potter, 1996, p. 135). Dicho de otro modo, son estrategias lingüísticas orientadas a lograr que una descripción parezca factual, es decir, que aparente ser un relato objetivo acerca de la «realidad». Los recursos de factualización se utilizan de manera «defensiva» (resaltando la factualidad de un relato o versión, o, en términos de Potter «cosificando» un relato o versión) o de manera «ofensiva» (socavando o «ironizando» las versiones o relatos alternativos) (Potter, op. cit., p. 141).

This paper dwells in a large space of encounter between theorizing poverty and the poverty of theorizing, through operating with ‘theory’ as means for [and end of] activating tropes as, and for, political interventions. In the first part, I explain how the paper weaves that space of encounter (the theoretical tools), why it weaves it on (and for) a vigorously located empirical background (The Romanian Carpathians), and what are the stakes of the whole enterprise. Then, the second part unpacks the cultural circuit of poverty, resource management, and industrialisation in the Romanian Carpathians along three relations (industrialization and poverty, justice and poverty, patriotism and poverty) creatively activated by the communist practices of governmentality, so as to make scarcity more bearable. The rather optimistic conclusion signals the need to consider the body an effective site of resistance to the practices of governmentality, and alternative directions of thinking scales and regions, and insists on the politics and potentialities of critical theorizing.

Key words: governmentality, materialist semiotics, environmental transformation, human and natural resources, poverty, development, justice, nationalism

Political language is marked with the feature of persuasiveness and is starkly different from the ordinary language through the application of rhetorical figures. In fact, it differs substantially from ordinary language in terms of using vocabulary, structure and tone of voice which are considered the fundamental tenets of persuasive language. In this respect, the aim of this paper was to find out how Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) plays a vital role in unraveling the hidden ideas by scrutinizing the presence of power in political speeches through undertaking a rigorous scrutiny of the speeches of two of the former presidents of the USA and distinguishing them from daily speeches of common people. To this end, five speeches by John F. Kennedy and Barack Obama, two of the former presidents of USA, who have been able to move a large audience to support their campaigns by employing rhetorical language were analysed. The findings revealed that the success of these two presidents lies in their manipulation of different linguistic and literary devices, such as parallelism, euphemism, alliteration and metaphor to set forth their ideas. The results also implied that the presidents' special discourses have enabled them to reinforce values dear to American society such as: unity, the sense of bond, and nationalism in their electoral campaigns and afterwards in their administration.

EN:
Critical discourse analysis is an interdisciplinary field which includes various approaches of critical analysis of discourse. While its roots are based on the studies of Critical Linguistics in the late 1970s, it has started to be seen as a 'different and radical theory of the language' with the 1990s. Critical discourse analysis conceptualizes language as a social practice, focuses on the relations between language and power, and examines how social injustice, discrimination, power and hegemony are constructed and justificated in the usage of language. In this paper, the approaches of Norman Fairclough, Teun A. Van Dijk, Ruth Wodak, Ron Scollon and Siegfried Jager are discussed as the main approaches of critical discourse analysis. Various theorists on critical discourse analysis have shared the basic principles of ESA (focusing on social problems, being critical, serving an emancipatory knowledge, interdisciplinary, etc.), but have introduced theoretically and methodologically different approaches. Nevertheless, all of these approaches often feed on each other and contain various theoretical and methodological similarities.
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TR:
Eleştirel söylem analizi, söylemin eleştirel analizine yönelik çeşitli yaklaşımları içeren disiplinlerarası bir alandır. Eleştirel söylem analizi, 1970’lerin sonuna doğru şekillenen Eleştirel Dilbilim çalışmalarına dayanmakla birlikte, 1990’lardan itibaren dile ilişkin farklı ve radikal bir teori olarak ele alınmaya başlamıştır. Dili bir sosyal pratik olarak gören ve dil ile iktidar arasındaki ilişkilere odaklanan eleştirel söylem analizi; sosyal eşitsizlik, ayrımcılık, iktidar ve hegemonyanın dil kullanımı içerisinde nasıl vücut bulduğunu, inşa edildiğini ve meşrulaştırıldığını eleştirel bir şekilde inceler. Bu makalede, eleştirel söylem analizi içerisindeki temel yaklaşımları temsil eden Norman Fairclough, Teun A. Van Dijk, Ruth Wodak, Ron Scollon ve Siegfried Jager’in yaklaşımları ele alınmakta ve tartışılmaktadır. Eleştirel söylem analizine dair çeşitli teorisyenler, ESA’nın temel prensiplerini (sosyal problemlere odaklanma, eleştirel olma, özgürleştirici bir bilgi birikimine hizmet etme, disiplinlerarasılık gibi) paylaşmakla birlikte, teorik ve yöntemsel olarak birbirinden farklı yönleri olan yaklaşımlar ortaya koymuşlardır. Yine de bu yaklaşımların tümü, çoğu zaman birbirlerinden beslenmekte ve çeşitli teorik ve yöntemsel benzerlikler ihtiva etmektedirler.

This article investigates the implications of the ancient nomos/physis debate to Trinitarian theology. While the Cappadocians, countering Heteroousians, eventually demonstrated that naturalist understanding of naming did not work for Christian theology, Hilary still assumed that it did. Hilary is usually grouped with naturalists who held that names were not arbitrary and conventional impositions, but that they corresponded to the nature of what they designated. Yet, there are several complications with such a grouping, because not all naturalists (e.g., Cratylus, Stoics, Origen, Eunomius) say the same thing, focus on same issues, have theological interest in names, or agree with Hilary. Accordingly, this paper will argue that Hilary can be called a “naturalist” only in a qualified sense.

http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-7091-1382-0
Applied conversation analytic research seeks to understand the ways in which conversational practices are modified in order to fulfill institutional aims. Psychotherapy is one such institution, and in recent years, a research literature has developed in which conversation analysis has been applied to psychotherapy interaction. This chapter provides an overview of the five main features of talk-in-interaction of interest in conversation analysis: turn-taking, sequence organization, repair, word selection, and action formation. An extract from psychotherapy interaction is explored in relation to each of these five features of talk. The analytic lens of conversation analysis and its conceptualization of key phenomena are different in many respects to that of traditional psychotherapy research. Moreover, when directed towards psychotherapy, selection of material has been, in the main, in accordance with conversation analytically informed, as opposed to therapy-informed, observations. The result is that conversation analytic research may seem psychologically shallow to the psychotherapy community: too removed from basic assumptions about human subjectivity and mute on questions of experiential change which are likely of interest to therapists. However, this therapy-neutral orientation may be a significant strength in allowing conversation analysis to complement and enhance process research through revealing what psychotherapy may not notice about itself.

Scope & Topics
3 rd International Conference on Natural Language Computing Advances (NLCA 2022) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of Natural Language Computing and its advances.

Die vorliegende Studie ist im Mai 2005 von der humanistischen Fakultät der finnlandschwedischen Universität Åbo Akademi als Dissertation angenommen worden. Ich habe zahlreichen Personen und Institutionen zu danken, die beim Entstehen der vorliegenden Studie tatkräftig mitgewirkt haben. An erster Stelle zu würdigen ist der Einsatz meiner Doktormutter, Prof. Dr. Dagmar Neuendorff, die zu jeder Zeit bereit war, fachliche Probleme zu diskutieren, praktisch zu jeder Tages-und Nachtzeit. Ein solches Engagement geht zweifelsfrei weit über die sonst üblichen Aufgaben eines Betreuers einer Dissertation hinaus, und ich darf mich glücklich schätzen, unter der fachkundigen Leitung von Frau Prof. Neuendorff gearbeitet zu haben. Eine große Zahl ihrer Mit-Doktoranden, nicht nur in Finnland, auch in Deutschland bzw. in der Schweiz, konnte unsere individuelle Zusammenarbeit nicht stören, sondern eher befruchten, da wir des Öfteren gezwungen waren, auf Intuition bzw. Improvisation, gerade im organisatorischen Bereich, zu vertrauen. Ich danke Frau Prof. Neuendorff hiermit herzlichst für die Kooperation im Rahmen meines Dissertationsprojektes.

Rezumat. Prezentul capitol are ca scop analizarea modului de construire a identităților discursive care participă la interacțiunile comunicative în cadrul uneia dintre cele mai vechi forme de comunicare mediată de calculator, forumurile de discuții. Descrise ca situații de comunicare și analizate din perspectiva modelului social comunicativ al discursului propus de Patrick Charaudeau (1984-2007), interacțiunile comunicative din cadrul forumurilor de discuție profesionale se construiesc ca discursuri ale ignoranței și ale cunoașterii în care sunt implicate identități construite discursiv în parametri determinați lingvistic, cultural și temporal. Exemplele comentate pe care le-am ales pentru ilustrarea identităților construite de către diferiți locutori, în limba română, sunt ilustrative pentru felul în care este exprimată cunoașterea și ignoranța, într-un mediu virtual în care comunicarea specializată este esențială.

Keywords: forum de discuții specializat/profesional, identitate discursivă, discurs electronic, transmiterea cunoașterii online, interacțiune comunicativă, discurs al ignoranței.

Resumo: Este trabalho expõe uma análise discursiva de declarações e resoluções emitidas pela Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa (CPLP), com o propósito de identificar traços das políticas linguísticas para a promoção e difusão do português, difundidas nesta última década. Partimos da ideia de etos e polêmica (MAINGUENEAU, [1984] 2007) para identificar perfis de enuncia-dores, quais sejam: ufanista, defensor, apreensivo e idealista-apaziguador. Nos enunciados analisados, constatamos que essas diferentes imagens de si constroem uma aparente ideia de homogeneidade linguística, que tem como objetivo superar a heterogeneidade fundante da própria CPLP. Desse modo, polêmicas são silenciadas e podemos notar que está em construção um novo sentido de língua portuguesa, com força homogeneizante em contraposição a outro já em curso, que tem como base o processo social e histórico de gramatização e heterogeneização das línguas portuguesas nacionais.

Abstract: This paper presents a discourse analysis of declarations and resolutions issued by the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), in order to identify features of language policies for the promotion and dissemination of Portuguese, widespread in the last decade. We start with the idea of ethos and polemic (MAINGUENEAU, [1984] 2007) to identify four positions/ enunciators, which are: the patriotic-boastful, the defender, the apprehensive and the idealistic/reliever. In statements analyzed, we found that these different images of themselves construct an apparent idea of linguistic homogeneity, which aims to overcome the heterogeneity of the CPLP. Thus, polemics are silenced and we note that is under construction a new sense of the Portuguese language, with homogenizing force in opposition to one already in progress, which is based on the social and historical process of grammatisation and heterogenization of the national Portugueses languages.

The attempt to establish a unified taxonomy for the field of Information Ethics is both unattainable and unwarranted. The categorization of Information Ethics as a defined discipline, an applicable practice, a philosophy and a worldview remains constantly in flux due to, what Luciano Floridi terms, ‘philosophical naturalism’. As such, a broadening understanding of the field will only serve to further collapse categorization. The following paper will outline, using a discourse analysis methodology, how the nature of the field of Information Ethics at a foundational level must necessarily defy classification. The assumptions behind the current classifications of the field will be questioned. Beginning with the history of the inception of the field through Librarianship and Cybernetics and questioning the yet unresolved ontological debates between information philosophers such as Rafael Capurro and Floridi, this paper will explicate how any such attempt to develop an agreed upon taxonomy will and should always remain incomplete.

This study sets to investigate the discourse of viva voce between examiners and candidates during post graduate external defense in Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria, with a view to discovering the extent to which face threatening acts (FTAs) are committed against candidates, and the extent to which examiners mitigate them in the course of their interaction with them. The researcher is of the view that as examiners criticize, interrogate, interrupt, and evaluate researches, they affront the candidates' face without doing enough to mitigate the affronts. It is argued that unmitigated affronts to candidates' face could affect their overall performance in viva. The data for analysis, made up of Masters and Doctoral viva that took place in Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka Anambra State, Nigeria between July and August 2017, were obtained through audio recording and participant observations. The theoretical and analytical framework guiding this work is Brown and Levinsons's (1987) theory of Face and Politeness. The study reveals that the discourse of examiners tend to be distant, authoritative, directive, and manifests power imbalance. It also reveals that viva examiners in Nnamdi Azikiwe University do little to mitigate affronts to candidates' face. Since this obviously has psychological effects on them, it is recommended that efforts should be made to adequately mitigate affronts to candidates' face to help them develop the right frame of mind that can yield better results.

Abstrack Environmental issues are the actual and interesting topics to discuss. Recently, linguistic researchers also investigate some topics about the influences of environmental crises to human language. Issues of environmental change that influence human language are studied in ecolinguistics and eco-critical discourse analysis area. This research is conducted to find some linguistic problems in environmental discourse of Indonesian mass media, dysphemism. Therefore, this research is conducted under eco-critical discourse analysis field. This research aims to find the forms, references, types, and functions of dysphemism used in environmental discourse of Indonesian mass media. Abstrak Isu tentang lingkungan merupakan permasalahan yang aktual dan menarik untuk diperbincangkan. Ilmu linguistik dewasa ini juga mengkaji permasalahan kebahasaan yang mulai berubah seiring dengan perubahan lingkungan. Permasalahan kebahasaan yang berkaitan dengan perubahan lingkungan ini dikaji dalam ilmu ekolinguistik dan ekolinguistik kritis. Penelitian ini berusaha mengkaji permasalahan kebahasaan yang terdapat dalam wacana lingkungan dalam media massa di Indonesia, yakni mengenai disfemisme. Karena itulah, penelitian ini termasuk ke dalam ranah ekolinguistik kritis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bentuk-bentuk, referensi, tipe-tipe dan fungsi-fungsi satuan ekspresi disfemisme pada wacana lingkungan dalam media massa di Indonesia.

The Discussion section constitutes a powerful closing argument used by a researcher to highlight key findings in relation to the existing knowledge with the aim of facilitating readers’ comprehension of the entire study. As previous research has yet to identify the frequencies of the different types of background information and the language resources used to present them, this study sought to identify the types of background information employed by expert writers, ascertain the frequencies and positions of the information concerned, and explore how expert writers use lexico-grammatical resources to present such information in the Discussion sections of Forestry research reports. Using a genre-based analytical framework, 60 Discussion sections in Forestry journals were studied. The findings revealed that provision of essential background information is a principal communicative move
appearing in 95% of Forestry Discussion sections. This section comprises (i) contextual and theoretical information aimed at facilitating readers’ comprehension of the findings to be presented, and (ii) a reiteration of objectives, methods and/or hypotheses of the research.
Based on the findings, it is suggested that background information be highlighted to learners as a segment that serves a promotional function which emphasises the significance of their research topic in relation to the plenitude of past studies. Using the language resources identified in this study, it is recommended that lecturers teaching English for Research Purposes (ERP) focus on the use of (i) adjectives denoting prominence, (ii) investigative and procedural verbs, (iii) means and purposive adjuncts, and (iv) infinitive clauses describing expected behaviours in order to help learners clearly furnish relevant background
information.

The present investigation studies buying and selling encounters in a Mexican fruit and vegetable shop. It is a conversation-analytic study that shows aspects of the institutional character of these interactions, their overall organisation and sequential structure. It suggests that the core sequential structure of these encounters consists of two base adjacency pairs, buying (requesting-giving a product) and selling (requesting-giving money). In particular, the analysis describes the preparatory characteristics of the pre-expansions that precede the product request formulations, the linguistic composition and sequential positioning of request formulations, the insertions of the buying adjacency pair and the sequencing of the commercial exchange which is described as the climax of the institutional event. The designs of the first pair part of the selling adjacency pair and the product request formulations are presented as clear instances of the referential framework or common ground shared by seller and customer. " ...the term " language-game " is meant to bring to prominence the fact that the speaking of language is part of an activity, or of a form of life. " Wittgenstein, L. (1953: §23)

Résumé/plan de l'article :

1 L'Analyse des Logiques Subjectives (A.L.S.) permet de mettre en évidence certains traits de la personnalité du Cyrano de Rostand. Présentons sommairement ce qu'est l'A.L.S.

2 Nous partons, pour l'analyse du personnage de Cyrano, du passage de la pièce d'Edmond Rostand qui commence par le vers : "Déplaire est mon plaisir. J'aime qu'on me haïsse" (Acte I, scène VII).

3 On constate, une fois ce passage annoté selon les règles de l'A.L.S.,  la coexistence des "points de vue" extraverti et introverti.

4 Cette coexistence ne s'explique pas par les possibilités présentées dans notre article princeps, et détaillées ci-dessous.

5 La clef de ce passage est donnée par la distribution précise des points de vue extraverti et introverti, et surtout par le mot dévalorisé "s'effémine". Ces indices ouvrent une piste qui fait appel à des données "cliniques" extérieures à l'A.L.S.

6 C'est en rapport avec ces données "cliniques" que l'A.L.S. a son mot à dire : dans la distribution traditionnelle des rôles masculin et féminin intervient partiellement une répartition  extraverti / introverti. Le mot dévalorisé "s'effémine", mis en relation avec la distribution précise des points de vue extraverti et introverti, révèle que Cyrano pratique, dans le passage étudié et très certainement ailleurs, la "parade virile" propre à certaines formes d'hystérie masculine.

This paper suggests that interpersonality as a framework for analysis is always necessarily conditioned by contextual variables. Genre and discipline, together with language and culture, challenge the initial model of metadiscourse (Vande Kopple, 1985; Crismore et al., 1993) as well as other approaches to interpersonal metadiscourse (Hyland & Tse, 2004; Hyland, 2005) that take English and academic discourse as their main referents. A model of interpersonality should be understood as containing variables, in order to cater for more insightful and accurate analyses. It is argued that stance and engagement voices (author and reader) (White 2003; Hyland, 2008), as construed in non-academic genres like traveller forums and tourism promotional websites, bring new data into the interpersonality framework, something that can fine-tune this model. To this end, the results of several corpus-based researches in these two webgenres have been resorted to (Suau-Jiménez, 2011, 2012a, 2012b, 2014a), as well as studies on interpersonality and discourse that include cultural, generic and disciplinary aspects (Dahl, 2004; Yakhontova, 2006; Sala, 2006; Giannoni, 2007; Gotti, 2010). Both sub-corpora of traveller forums and tourism promotional websites in English and Spanish belong to the COMETVAL corpus (Corpus Multilingüe de Turismo, Universitat de València)

Este trabajo sugiere la necesaria traducción de calidad o traducción “pragmática” de páginas web de hotel (Durán Muñoz, 2011), según el principio de localización (Pym, 2004; Dunne, 2006) y según el discurso interpersonal, siguiendo la clasificación de Hyland y Tse (2004), con objeto de preservar la persuasión del lector/cliente. Para ello se ha analizado un sub-corpus de páginas web de hotel que ofrecen traducción (COMETVAL, Corpus Multilingüe en Turismo, Universitat de València), traducidas de inglés a español, de hoteles de EEUU y Reino Unido, teniendo en cuenta el patrón interpersonal del español en géneros turísticos (Mapelli, 2008; Suau-Jiménez, 2012a, 2012b). El estudio se contrasta con un análisis discursivo similar de fichas de hotel en español, extraídas de los portales Booking y TripAdvisor. Los resultados sugieren que una traducción de calidad de sitios web de hotel no solo debe incluir las funciones retóricas pertinentes sino también el discurso interpersonal. De no ser así, la persuasión y la implicación del lector/cliente puedan resultar dañadas, como ocurre en las fichas de los mencionados buscadores analizados, pudiendo quedar reducida la especificidad del hotel al tiempo que no se satisfacen las crecientes expectativas de implicación de los viajeros en este género digital. Las implicaciones para la industria turística apuntan hacia la necesidad de mayor inversión en diseño y traducciones de calidad de las webs como refuerzo de la promoción hotelera. Asimismo, este estudio abre nuevas vías de investigación en la traducción de otros géneros de promoción.