Focus Group discussions

"1 Introduction
PRINCIPLES AND PLANNING FOR RESEARCH
2 Theoretical Perspectives and Research Methodologies
3  Selecting and Planning Research Proposals and Projects
4 Research Ethics
5 Searching, critically reviewing and using the literature
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
6 Research design: quantitative methods
7 Research design: qualitative methods
8 Research design: using mixed methods
9 Sampling strategies
10 Designing Descriptive and analytical surveys
11 Designing Case Studies
12 Designing Evaluations
13 Action Research and Change
DATA COLLECTION METHODS
14 Collecting Primary Data: Questionnaires
15 Collecting Primary Data: Interviewing
16 Collecting Primary Data: Non-participant Observation
17 Collecting Primary Data: Ethnography and participant observation
18 Collecting Primary Data: Focus groups
19 Collecting Primary Data: Unobtrusive Measures
ANALYSIS AND REPORT WRITING
20 Secondary analysis
21 Getting started using SPSS
22 Analysing and Presenting Quantitative Data
23 Analysing and Presenting Qualitative Data
24Writing up the Research
25 Planning presentations and vivas
References
Glossary
"

This article examines the positionality of local stakeholders in the production of knowledge through fieldwork in qualitative research in Northern Uganda. While scholarly literature has evolved on the positionality and experiences of researchers from the Global North in (post)conflict environments, little is known about the positionality and experiences of local stakeholders in the production of knowledge. This article is based on interviews and focus groups with research assistants and respondents in Northern Uganda. Using a phenomenological approach, this article analyzes the positionality and experiences of these research associates and respondents during fieldwork. Three themes emerged from these interviews and are explored in this article: power, fatigue, and safety. This article emphasizes that researchers need to be reflexive in their practices and highlights the need to reexamine how researchers are trained in qualitative methods before going into the field. This article is further critical of the behavior of researchers and how research agendas impact local stakeholders during and after fieldwork.

Little is known about how citizens perceive the transition towards a bio-based economy (BBE), despite the fact that they are one of the most important actors in this transition. Citizens’ perceptions of bio-based innovations can support policy-makers to improve the quality of decision-making and the bio-based industry to develop innovations. This study explores Dutch citizens’ arguments for and against three selected bio-based innovations: bioplastics, bio-jetfuels and small-scale bio-refineries. Randomly selected Dutch citizens were consulted in seven focus groups discussions (n = 57). Results show that participants generally favor the contribution of bio-based technologies to economic growth and sustainability, but also mentioned several negative effects, such as high costs, food shortages or deforestation. In forming their opinion, citizens carefully weigh pros and cons of bio-based technologies from the perspective of their own interests and context, and this varies per bio-based technology. Their acceptance and support towards bio-based technologies increases when they feel more engaged with these technologies, and becomes even stronger when they identify opportunities for direct personal benefits, as in the case of the small-scale bio-refinery. This acceptance and support reduces if another important value is threatened (e.g. accessible mobility in the case of bio-jetfuels). Reliable information on both the advantages and disadvantages of bio-based technologies, coming from a neutral and independent body, is necessary in order for citizens to make their own judgments.

The cognitive mental functions give humans a particular advantage in terms of creative solution development. Humans are constantly engaging in a process of internal dialogue across a variety of subject areas. Mental distress may be at least partly remedied by verbalizing, understanding, and perhaps modifying the internal dialogue. In persons suffering from chronic dependency as well as anxiety and depression the described technique may be useful.

Undergoing an admission process (an initiation) can induce exaggerated feelings about a group, but there is little research about the role of rewards. This study replicated Aronson and Mills’ (1959) experiment. Seventy participants underwent either a severe initiation or a mild initiation. After the initiation, about half the sample received an extrinsic reward for merely completing the task. The remaining half did not receive an extrinsic reward. This was to vary the amount of dissonance. Initiation severity and reward condition had significant, noncrossing interactions. A reward led to higher group identity than no reward, supporting Levine and Moreland's (1994) group socialization model. A severe initiation did not lead to more group identity than a mild initiation; therefore, Aronson and Mills’ findings were not replicated. Interestingly, a mild initiation followed by a reward led to more group identity than a severe initiation followed by a reward. Another unexpected finding was that the extrinsic reward made no difference to group identity if the initiation was severe. Effects on ratings of the discussion were nonsignificant. Future research needs to establish how new group members ponder the severity of the admission process during the cost–benefit calculation preceding their identification with a group.

With the lack of attention to the attrition of child participants, loss to follow up (LTFU) holds significant implications for the health of young adults in the Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study (PHACS), a multi-center cohort study with children either perinatally infected with HIV (PHIV) or HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU). Young adults (18+) face barriers to being retained in the study, including competing time demands, geographic relocation, study fatigue, stigma, and low health literacy. Formative research, Photovoice (participatory photo elicitation), and a focus group informed the design of a web-based media strategy based on the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) to increase study engagement. Six members of the Young Adult and Adult Community Advisory Boards (CABs) were recruited via email and given Photovoice training via Prezi. Photos were taken around the theme of self-identity. A teleconference focus group facilitated reflections and salient themes for the video compilation exhibit. Themes included: 1) stereotypes, 2) layered-identities, 3) stigma, and 4) self-identity. Additional meta-themes were also codified. Media strategy recommendations included: 1) participatory media and photography, 2) digital story maps, 3) social media, and 4) content and topics. Based on the results of this project with a limited sample, participatory media like Photovoice may have a positive impact on participants at risk for LTFU by increasing study engagement. While some research supports this qualitative methodology, limitations must be considered. Future PHACS projects should incorporate a needs assessment and evaluation. Moreover, further research in this area of public health and health communication needs to continue overall.

Entrepreneurial marketing (EM) in SMEs is greatly different than the traditional marketing in large organizations. The higher education institutions generally instruct traditional marketing through orthodox and conventional teaching pedagogies. In consequence, the literature highlights the graduate entrepreneurs struggling in EM during the start-up phases of their small and medium sized entrepreneurial ventures, which is also causing many of them to fail and unable to contribute to the economy. To address this contemporary problem, the current study has used multiple case studies and triangulated its findings with a focus group discussion. The study has explored the EM challenges during the start-up phase faced by the graduate entrepreneurs who have exposure to both, higher education and practical EM experiences. After the rigorous analysis, four contemporary EM challenges due to the pedagogical gaps in entrepreneurship education are discovered. To overcome these challenges, a practical model of EM pedagogy has been developed that is grounded in, the recent entrepreneurship education literature; and the recommendations from the graduate entrepreneurs as well. The EM pedagogy model is practically implementable at business schools worldwide to produce high quality graduate entrepreneurs in the future, which are well-skilled to overcome EM challenges and survive.

The inequalities in the spatial distribution of infrastructural facilities have led to exclusion, poverty and lopsidedness in sustainable development. This is worsened by lack of reliable spatial and local data to plan for development issues. This paper employs the benefits of Participatory Geographical Information System to data collection and analysis for decision making in Community Driven Development at Upperland community, Ado- Ekiti in Nigeria. The data used for the study were collected through Participatory Rural Appraisal - Stakeholders' Analysis, Focus Group Discussion, Transect Walk and Voting- while ArcGIS 10.2.2 software was used for analysis such buffering. The results showed that the community people have indigenous spatial knowledge that development planners can rely upon. The study concludes that to have a sustainable community development, planners should tap into motivation, desire, knowledge and networks of local communities.

The aim of this study is, using the Swedish expression “kulturtant” (cultured lady) as starting point, to understand how and why women consume the products of the culture industry more eagerly than men. The study is using the concepts put forward by Pierre Bourdieu; fields,capital and habitus. It is a qualitative study based on discussions in focus groups, interviews and material gathered through Google Alerts. In the literature this gap between the sexes with regard to the higher consumption on behalf of women has been referred to as the “puzzle” of women’s cultural consumption.The empirical results show that the women in the study are well aware of what they want to gain by participating in cultural activities like reading, going to concerts, watching plays or going to the movies. There are three main results: The first result is that the women in the study want to participate in activities with peers that respect them. The second result is that the women are eager that their cultural activities should give them durable experiences. The third result can be described as a wish of the women that taking part in cultural activities will help them to develop as human beings, to become better persons. The women have made what can be called a culture journey that in analogy with a class journey may be argued to be non-reversible.

In reviewing the Fairtrade academic literature I identify an empirical bias, guided mainly by systematic economical approaches. Much of the conclusions drawn from this literature are internally valid, but limited in generalizability. Next I outline various shortcomings in qualitative and social-constructivist analyses, prompting my proposal of focus group research as an effective means of ameliorating the identified qualitative gap.

“As we know, well-led groups provide many member benefits: feelings of universality, a sense of hope, altruism, acquisition of knowledge and skills, and mutual support...This text is affordable, easy to use, and very suitable for providing group work material in BSW or MSW practice courses.”

— Greg Tully, West Chester University



AN EXPERIENTIAL APPROACH TO GROUP WORK
Second Edition

Rich Furman, University of Washington, Tacoma
Kimberly Bender, University of Denver
Diana Rowan, University of North Carolina, Charlotte

An Experiential Approach to Group Work is not your typical group work text! Using dozens of exercises that build practice-tested skills, the authors' approach is in perfect step with CSWE's competence-based education requirements. The book is organized into three sections—the first addresses stages of group practice, the second looks at major types of groups, and the final section looks at examples of group work practice with special populations.

Features of the Second Edition

    Expanded! Discussion of the theory of group process and dynamics
    New! Content regarding Canadian, British, and Australian group work practices
    New! Chapters on anti-oppressive practice, group work with immigrants, and macro-practice group work
    New! Content on the use and development of technology to aid group work
    Contains customized exercises for each group work topic, designed to build the student and practitioner’s skills for use in group work sessions
    Special emphasis on how to bring individual sessions or groups to closure
    Provides examples of group work in specialized settings: conflict resolution groups within elementary schools, pregnant teens, Latinos, and HIV/AIDS clients

Artikeln handlar om ungdomar i "Orten" , ett förortsområde som under de senaste åren varit föremål för omfattande nega-tiv uppmärksamhet i offentlig debatt. Med utgångspunkt i en diskurspsykologisk ansats är syftet att analysera ungdomarnas tolkningar av sin tillvaro och sitt identitetsskapande i Orten, i relation till det omgivande samhällets förväntningar och tolkningar – om dem och om Orten. Analysen visar att ungdomarnas berättelser om tillvaron i Orten här och nu tar form som en kontrastverkan till omgivningens dominerande berättelser om "förorten". Orten framträder som en plats där ungdomarna känner sig hemmahörande. I berättelserna om framtiden är det huvudsakligen individuella scenarier riktade mot Orten som framträder, medan scenarier som bygger på kollektiv handling riktade mot världen utanför lyser med sin frånvaro. Sensmoralen som framträder är att förändring förutsätter att Ortens ungdomar tar eget ansvar och står upp för sig själva.

Focus group research is rarely used for examining environmental discourses other than when conflict arises. This study looks at local citizen perceptions in relation to mined (or ‘cutaway’) industrial peatland landscapes in Ireland, and seeks to shine a light on the opinions of potential actors, and the degree of willingness to participate in after-use strategies, through focus group sessions. Data are analysed using two mechanisms—content and discourse analysis. It is shown that there is a high degree of reflective perceptions on issues of quality of life and the environment with a low level of concern about further use of peatlands as places of employment—a shift from a productive, utilitarian perception to a post- productive, non-utilitarian perception. It is also shown that, when presented with a scenario that sees cutaway peatlands being used for amenity and biodiversity, there are no negative issues and some degree of enthusiasm. This paper will conclude with remarks on focus group methodologies.

Too often, elderly people become stereotyped as "just old and bitter." Does anyone ever stop to think that the reason for this stereotype could be because the elder is just used to living through ever-evolving thoughts, ideals, and generations, and some of them may not see the reasoning, so they just don't adapt? And that frustrates them? Or, maybe they are constantly starting the grieving process over and over again instead of actually completing one grieving cycle? The group-counseling group at Provision Living was based on acceptance and awareness of today's ever-changing world. The specific techniques used were heavily based in REBT and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy. Reflecting upon, being aware of, and accepting another individual will enhance the positive reflection, awareness, and acceptance of self was the juxtaposition brought about by both modalities. Through activities using natural communication, facial expression apathy, awareness of self and others, acceptance of self and others, and the perception of rational versus irrational beliefs, a group of geriatric members of an assisted living home participated in a group counseling project which gently enhanced their living and mindset skills.

The purpose of the present study was to highlight the factors that influence group dynamics in adult education, as these were shaped through the perceived views of educators and trainees in Parent's Schools in Greece. It followed a qualitative approach, whilst the data underwent content analysis.

The concept of ‘core category’ is most associated with the grounded theory method developed by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss but has been utilised in relation to other qualitative methods such as phenomenology. The terminology varies and a core category may sometimes be referred to or indexed as core theme, core meaning, core variable, or central category. A core category is the main theme, story-line, or process which subsumes and integrates all lower-level categories in a grounded theory, encapsulates the data efficiently at the most abstract level, and is the category with the strongest explanatory power......

Group discussion is one of the most popular topic for the today's business world.

Group discussion is the process where more than one person; discuss together, provide their review or suggestion on the specific topics for making a final decision which has the positive or negative impact.


It is really mandatory to known by a person who is searching for job or who is already engaged in a job. Recently in the job market, the organization or company is recruiting & trained their employees by this group discussion process where the recruiters or the owners of the company are giving a specific topic to a group of participants; need to solve in specific period of time. I think, by this group discussion process, company want to find out ---

 

      1. Which participant is starting the discussion with courage?

      2. Which participants are identifying the problem?

      3. Which participants are providing the solution or recommendation?

      4. Which participants are trying to discuss like a neutral one?

      5. How they communicate with each other?

      6. What will be their body languages during the discussion?

      7. which participants are speaking fluently?

      8. Which participant is trying to dominate with other participants during the discussion?

      9. How much awareness they have about the given time to finish the discussion?

      10. How many participants are agreed in a specific recommendation?

      11. How many participants are disagreed in a specific recommendation?

    12. Finally, which participant is finishing the discussion in the given time by providing the agreed solution from the participants?


                Finally, company or organization can recruit the appropriate & skilled employees for their company. That why, group discussion process is a impactful way to recruit employee for the organization.

Los hábitos de consumo mediático generados por Internet es una de la razones esgrimidas para explicar
la crisis del consumo radiofónico de antena convencional entre los jóvenes (Martí, Gutiérrez, Ribes,
Monclús, Martínez, 2010). La UER ha recomendado a la radio pública medidas destinadas a mitigar el descenso de los índices de audiencia juvenil de antena convencional revitalizando su presencia en Internet (EBU, 2008). Esta comunicación presenta las primeras conclusiones de una investigación de l’Observatori de la Ràdio
a Catalunya (GRISS-UAB), titulada La Radio 2.0 y los Jóvenes. Oportunidades de la radio online como catalizador de la audiencia juvenil para la antena convencional. El objetivo del presente texto es establecer y analizar los parámetros que intervienen en el diseño de la oferta radiofónica, entendiendo
ésta como el escaparate de una marca que exhibe sus contenidos en la emisión hertziana y online. En las radios musicales, esta circunstancia es especialmente significativa dado que tradicionalmente han actuado de puente hacia la radio generalista. En esta comunicación, presentamos los resultados obtenidos en dos focus group, realizados a jóvenes
oyentes, diferenciados por su escucha preferente de antena convencional o de Internet, donde se constata la incidencia y la percepción en este segmento poblacional de las políticas aplicadas por las emisoras musicales más representativas del ecosistema catalán (40Principales, Europa FM, Flaix FM,
Màxima FM, Ràdio Flaixbac, RAC 105). El análisis de los contenidos de antena convencional, atendiendo a su formato y temática, y de los websites, especialmente en el acceso a contenidos en directo y a la carta, podcast y el uso de las redes sociales (FaceBook y Twitter) y de otros recursos online (Youtube y Spotify), conforman el eje vertebrador del guión de los grupos focales. Aunque la investigación está en curso, podemos avanzar que la radio musical debe reforzar su marca en general, tanto en la antena convencional como en Internet, para restablecer los vínculos afectivos perdidos con los jóvenes en un entorno mediático híper competitivo, evidenciando que las actuales sinergias entre ambos soportes son insuficientes para garantizar un tráfico fluido de oyentes.

El sexismo en la publicidad del perfume está constantemente presente al mostrarse a la mujer como objeto sexual. A pesar del paso de los años, se sigue representando a la mujer mediante un rol dependiente y sumisa al hombre. Con la intención de indagar sobre este fenómeno, este trabajo se centra en estudiar la percepción que un grupo de estudiantes de grado de la facultad de ciencias sociales y de la comunicación de la universidad de Cádiz del sexismo con el que se representa a la mujer en la publicidad del perfume.

This report is the work of a group of six young Egyptian researchers. Based on semi structured interviews and focus groups it explores the notions of identity held by contemporary young Egyptians, „offline‟ and „online‟. It sets out to unravel some of the „distortions‟ and „confusions‟ they are subject to. It was conducted through a period of two years from 2008 till 2010.

The research and its design arose from a problem the researchers observed within the contemporary Egyptian context, and that is the struggle between the forces of tradition and Modernity that the Contemporary Egyptian society faces. This has led to „distortions‟ and „confusions‟ about what manifests contemporary Egyptian identity. This problem is particularly apparent among young people in Egypt. On the one side, a large number of young Egyptians today feel comfortable adopting „Western‟ lifestyles while on the other side, there are those, who categorically reject these „Western‟ lifestyles in favor of more „traditional‟ ones. And yet others, in fact a large number of young people, adopt both lifestyles, though often in what can be seen as contradictory and inconsistent ways.

This paper reports the findings of what needs and pressing issues exist for community members of Rome-Floyd County as well as what services exist and are needed to help with these concerns, based on the perspectives of grandparents who are raising grandchildren (focus group) in the community. This research was part of a larger community assessment project which includes multiple focus groups in the hopes of representing the entire community. Primary areas of concern for participants of this grandparents-raising-grandchildren focus group are: poor leadership that is not representative of the community members’ interests; bad economy (particularly lack of jobs and unfairness of job application); inadequate recreational opportunities for children; and inconsistent and unfair implementation of federal policies in the school systems.  There was also an agreement for the need for community members to “come together.”  A few helpful services in the community were identified by participants, but there was a general vagueness in responses leading to the inference that there is either few helpful services or a lack of awareness of them.  There were also several contradictions in responses of participants in regards to what is best about living in Rome-Floyd County and what needs changed. Most of the discussion focused on problems in the community rather than the offering of solutions.

The present chapter discusses the ways in which the player/learner has been integrated into the design process of the educational game Antura and the Letters. This discussion demonstrates the potential of player-centred design — including methods of internal and external formative evaluation — for the development of educational games. The chapter begins with an introduction to relevant approaches, such as user-centred design, formative evaluation in educational technology, and player-centred (educational) game design. Then, the chapter outlines in detail the constant iterative process involved in testing Antura and discusses impact of that process on the improvement of the game. The player-centred approach to educational game design applied throughout the production of Antura relied on a variety of studies, including focus groups and playtests, as well as a large independent impact evaluation (see Koval-Saifi/Plass, 2018). These evaluations enabled designers to enhance the game’s appeal to the target group, as well as its learning mechanics and thus presumably its learning outcomes. In this context, the chapter demonstrates the ways in which the consideration of the player is even more important in educational game design than in the design of digital games with the sole purpose of entertainment.

Quando si parla di assistenza socio-sanitaria sembra ormai impossibile non fare riferimento a quello che è considerato uno degli aspetti fondamentali del contesto di cura: la dignità. L’Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità (WHO), a tal proposito, sottolinea il bisogno di strutturare interventi sanitari sempre più mirati che abbiano il focus incentrato sul paziente e sulla necessità di preservare il suo senso di dignità, ma la complessità nella definizione di tale costrutto rende ostico non soltanto il portare avanti studi sistematici, ma inevitabilmente anche lo strutturare piani di cura adeguati a ogni categoria di paziente. Nel presente lavoro ci siamo concentrati in modo particolare sui pazienti a termine, per i quali il mantenere la dignità personale è un obiettivo critico che non può non essere tenuto ampiamente in considerazione durante il trattamento e la pratica clinica. A causa della sua natura multidimensionale, il concetto di dignità può essere indagato a partire da diverse prospettive e con diversi approcci; studi recenti nell’ambito delle cure palliative hanno fatto ampio uso di metodi d’indagine qualitativi, utilizzando strumenti come le interviste semi strutturate e i focus group. Questo perché, rispetto ad un approccio quantitativo, quello qualitativo consente di giungere ad una più ampia riflessione sul tema trattato, e di raccogliere una quantità di informazioni significativamente maggiore.
Partendo da tali premesse, questo lavoro si propone come riflessione sul tema della dignità contestualizzata nell’ambito del fine vita.
Il primo capitolo consisterà in una trattazione storica e strutturale sui contesti delle cure palliative. Dopo aver fornito una definizione di cosa siano le cure palliative e di come siano nate, si andrà a descrivere nel particolare i due ambiti principali nei quali esse vengono applicate, ossia l’assistenza domiciliare e l’Hospice. In entrambi, il paziente e la famiglia vengono seguiti da un’équipe multiprofessionale allo scopo di garantirgli, per quanto possibile, la miglior qualità di vita.
Nel secondo capitolo verrà approfondito il concetto di dignità nel contesto delle cure palliative, facendo specialmente riferimento all’impostazione operativa delineata da Chochinov in un modello teorico e nei relativi strumenti che verranno ampiamente descritti.
Nel terzo capitolo viene descritto lo stato dell’arte riscontrato nella letteratura riguardo al senso di dignità nei contesti di cura. Nel particolare, gli studi riportati presentano approfondimenti nelle differenze tra il senso di dignità per come lo intendono pazienti ed operatori, e conseguentemente come diversi orientamenti professionali possano avere diverse modalità di raffrontarsi alla stessa tematica.
Il quarto capitolo presenta i contributi sperimentali del presente lavoro. La ricerca è stata condotta mediante l’utilizzo di focus group al fine di acquisire informazioni riguardo alla percezione della dignità del paziente a termine da parte degli operatori, con lo scopo di effettuare un confronto con l’attuale stato dell’arte rilevato in letteratura descritto nel capitolo precedente.
L’obiettivo ultimo del presente lavoro è quello di ampliare il dibattito rispetto al concetto di dignità nell’ambito di cura, per favorire una presa di coscienza rispetto alla centralità che questo tema dovrebbe trovare nell’ambito dei processi terapeutici e educativi.

Keywords: dignità, cure palliative, focus group, content analysis.

Bessy Albrecht-Ross, Susanne Leitner, Lea Putz-Erath, Kerstin Rego, Kathrin Rohde, Nicole Weydmann (2016). "Falls meine Kleine weint, muss ich mal kurz weg" – Von den Möglichkeiten und Herausforderungen einer Online-Grounded-Theory-Arbeitsgruppe. In: Claudia Equit und Christoph Hohage, Handbuch Grounded Theory – von der Methodologie zur Forschungspraxis.

تعتبر جلسات الحوار المركزة من أهم أدوات جمع البيانات النوعية وهي تهدف أساساً للوصول إلى معرفة عميقة وتصور واضح حول الموضوع محل الدراسة من خلال طرح الموضوع للنقاش على مجموعة من الأفراد الذين تجمعهم ظروف وأوضاع مشتركة مثل مجموعة من الموظفين أو مجموعة من الأرامل أو مجموعة من النازحين بحيث يكون لديهم اطلاع ومعرفة بالموضوع محل الدراسة وتتم إدارة النقاش من قبل باحث ميداني ويسمى الميسر بالإضافة لباحث آخر يسمى الموثق بحيث يتم طرح مجموعة من الأسئلة لمعرفة وجهات نظر المشاركين وآرائهم ومشاعرهم ومعتقداتهم ومواقفهم إزاء الموضوع محل النقاش.
وبناء على ما تقدم يمكن تعريف جلسات الحوار المركزة على أنها: (جلسة نقاش منظم تضم عدداً من الأشخاص تجمعهم صفات محددة ويكون لديهم معرفة بالموضوع محل الدراسة بحيث يتم توجيه النقاش باستخدام مجموعة من الأسئلة الموضوعة مسبقاً للوصول إلى فهم عميق وتصور واضح للمواضيع قيد النقاش).

This paper provides an overview of the development and application of focus groups. It rethinks the conventional history associated with this approach in at least four ways. We reinsert a forgotten pioneer of focus groups, Herta Herzog, into our narrative. Secondly, we trace the emergence of group-based research to the work of applied psychologists in the early twentieth century and argue that the conditions of possibility for the uptake of this method were contingent on the asking of “why” questions. We follow the thread of “why” questions from the applied psychologists through to motivation research and the promotion of focus groups by Herzog to practitioners. Exploring the literature on motivation research unearths a further novel contribution: we excavate the use of “interpretative focus groups” by this community of practice. In addition, our close reading of motivation research and focus groups permits us to problematise the distinctions made by Calder [1977. “Focus Groups and the Nature of Qualitative Marketing Research.” Journal of Marketing Research 14: 353–364]. We subsequently trace the uptake of this methodology in the tobacco industry as a means of making an epistemological and political argument for the greater use of focus groups. Initially, we do so by charting the rise of social constructionism and non-individualistic consumer research. This enables us to navigate the highways and byways of discursive psychology, interpretive research, Consumer Culture Theory and on to feminist and Critical Marketing Studies. The engagement with focus groups with respect to the latter traditions is woefully underdeveloped. Our political argument is that focus group methodology can speak to the interests of many constituents in marketing theory and practice. It is not wedded to any specific social or political agenda. This means that its potential contribution to the study of consumption, markets and culture is multi-faceted.

Focus group is a form of qualitative research in which a group of people are asked about their perceptions, opinions, beliefs, and attitudes towards a product, service, concept, advertisement, idea, or packaging. There are more participants sitting in the same room in focus group while depth interview only involves one respondent at a time with the researcher.

Focus groups are a cost effective and efficient methodological approach to generating data on disaster victims' experiences. However, their administration is fraught with a number of challenges. Although the challenges faced by researchers are known to those that practice this data acquisition technique, the obstacles and the strategies for overcoming them are not well documented in the literature. This lack of transparency leaves focus group studies, as rigorous as they maybe, open to questions of validity and replication. Therefore, this paper seeks to provide an overview of how disaster scholars are discussing their focus group methods and processes. Examples from the disaster literature are provided from a sample of articles published in Disasters and Natural Hazards between 2005 and 2018. By being more transparent about the challenges of conducting focus groups, disaster researchers using this technique can produce higher quality studies that are more rigorous and replicable.

Ce chapitre rend compte de l'étude menée auprès d'une équipe de conseillères et conseillers en emploi d'un service de placement étudiant d'une institution postsecondaire. Souhaitant se munir d'un cadre de référence commun, enrichir leur pratique d'accompagnement ainsi que leurs stratégies d'intervention, ces professionnels ont sollicité la contribution des auteurs (Bourassa, Fournier, Goyer et Veilleux). Cette recherche, qui s'est échelonnée sur un peu plus d'une année, a produit des résultats qui permettent de satisfaire à la fois le développement des pratiques et l'avancement des connaissances scientifiques. Les auteurs présentent d'abord les considérants épistémologiques sur lesquels s'appuie cette étude. Sur le plan méthodologique, on voit ensuite comment ils ont mis à contribution de manière judicieuse et originale le groupe focalisé et la méthode des incidents critiques pour atteindre leurs objectifs. Enfin, les auteurs discutent des retombées progressives et subséquentes de cette démarche de recherche sur les conseillers et conseillères et le service dans lequel ils évoluent, mais également sur l'avancement des connaissances au sujet de ce qui fait la spécificité et la complexité de leurs pratiques d'intervention professionnelle.

Markalar tarafından hazırlanan reklam kampanyalarının hedef kitle üzerinde ne derece etkili olduğu, istenilen amaca ulaşıp ulaşmadığı ve kampanyanın hedef kitle üzerinde nasıl bir izlenim bıraktığı konusunda reklam etkinliğinin ölçümlenmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır.   
      Gerek güncel kampanyanın izlerini araştırma, gerekse bütçenin etkin kullanım seviyesini belirleme açısından markaya avantaj sağlayan bu ölçümlemeler sayesinde; markalar bir sonraki reklam kampanyalarını da doğru kullanılan reklam öğeleri aracılığıyla tespit edebilmektedirler.
    Reklam etkinliğinin ölçümlenmesi reklam araştırmaları aracılığıyla gerçekleşmektedir. Nicel ve nitel olmak üzere yapılan bu araştırmalar reklam etkinliğinin sayısal değerleri ve hedef kitlenin reklama dair iç görüsünü ortaya koymaktadır.

A focus group with three girls and another with three boys confirmed conclusions reached in larger studies that adolescents were image managers and that learning was secondary to establishing positions within the peer system. Among boys, behaviour detrimental to learning often attracted the highest social status. Appearance, attractiveness, sporting ability and humour were all deemed to be important factors in determining popularity. Seating plans had a significant impact upon learning experience, and the boys were annoyed at anyone answering questions in the classroom. The girls' felt that students without friends would have poor academic performance due to feelings of loneliness and depression.

This study discussed the beliefs, practices and challenges of senior high school English teachers in using Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) in Sulop National High School. The results from the analysis of the questionnaire and the follow-up interviews were gathered together to answer the three research questions. These main issues were discussed and interpreted under different subcategories. Major findings reveal that primary English teachers do use CLT in teaching the English language. However, CLT approach is not predominantly employed in the classroom instruction. Although the teacher respondents claimed that they use CLT in their classroom instruction, the results indicate that some of their beliefs are incompatible with CLT. There is a discrepancy between their beliefs about CLT and actual classroom practice. Furthermore, some of their viewpoints are more aligned with other approaches such as Audio Lingual Method and Grammar Translation Method which make their conceptual understanding of CLT ambiguous. Overall, the teachers' responses show that teachers acknowledge the central tenets and strengths of this approach, but at the same time, the responses manifest their lack of comprehensive understanding of CLT principles. Some of the activities implemented in the classroom do not align or agree with the CLT approach. Some teachers seem to combine grammar-focused activities and CLT activities. Hence, their pedagogical practices are incoherent with their viewpoints on the nature of language and language learning. Teachers note that students find the use of CLT interesting. However, teachers described that some students were shy, which was perceived as a barrier for the teachers to implement CLT in the class. Finally, the problems identified by the teachers mainly concerned the preparation of materials, which consumes a lot of their time; students' inability to take an active role in their own learning; and the uncontrollable use of native language during classroom activities. The research shows no major differences as to how teachers understand CLT regardless of their educational background. Interestingly, those teachers who did not major in English showed more enthusiasm and passion in CLT implementation.

Çalışmada, interaktif sinemanın içerik ve teknik oluşumu ortaya konularak sinemaya getirdiği yenilikler belirtilmeye çalışmış bu bağlamda interaktif sinemanın sahip olduğu yeni anlatı tarzının izleyicinin filmi izleme sürecinde karakter ile gerçekleşen özdeşleşmesine nasıl etkilerde bulunduğu incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmada, nitel bir yöntem olan odak kullanılmıştır. Y ve Z olmak üzere iki farklı kuşak ile odak grup çalışması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu sayede iki kuşağın interaktif sinema filmi izleme deneyimleri ile filmin anlatı yapısı özelliklerinde karakterle özdeşleşmesini nelerin etkilediği ortaya konmuştur. Çalışma kapsamında, öncelikle interaktif kavramı ve onun getirdiği interaktivite olgusu irdelenmiş bu kavramların sinemaya olan etkisi ile oluşan interaktif sinemanın linear (doğrusal) sinemadan farklı olan anlatı yapısı formları tanımlanmıştır. Sinema için önemli bir unsur olan izleyici de sinemada gelişmekte olan bu anlatı tarzını tecrübe ederken yeni bir izleme kültürünü deneyimlemiş olmaktadır. Bu izleme kültürü onun sinema filmi ve filmin ana unsuru olan karakter ile özdeşleşmesini etkilemektedir. Özdeşleşme, sinemada izleyicinin film evreni ile kurduğu filme bağlanmasını sağlayan önemli bir etkendir. Linear filmlerin aksine non-linear (doğrusal olmayan) anlatıya sahip olan interaktif sinema filmlerinde anlatının açık uçlu olması sayesinde izleyici içeriğe müdahale edebilmekte, bir karakter aracılığı ile içerikte kararlar vermektedir. Bu durum izleyicin film evreni ve karakter ile yaşadığı özdeşleşme durumunu etkilemektedir. Sonuç olarak interaktif sinemanın sahip olduğu anlatı özelliklerinin izleyici ve karakter özdeşleşmesinde etkileri Y ve Z kuşakları için ayrı ayrı ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışmada festivallerde gösterilmiş bir interaktif film olan 2017 yapımı "Late Shift" filmi örneklem olarak ele alınmış, odak grubundaki katılımcılar bu filmi tecrübe etmiş ve yöneltilen soruları bu film bağlamında cevaplamışlardır. Bu doğrultuda, interaktif sinemanın izleyiciye içeriğe müdahale olanağı tanıması, izleyicinin bir karakter üzerinden içeriği yönlendirmesi onun karakter ile özdeşleşmesini kolaylaştırmaktadır. Ancak interaktif sinemada tercih haklarının belirli bir sınırlılıkta olması, tercihlerin bir süre zarfında gerçekleşmesi, yönlendirme ile oluşan karakter tepkilerinin beklentiyi karşılamaması gibi unsurların ise izleyicinin karaktere yabancılaşmasına neden olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

In this study, the innovations brought to the cinema by revealing the content and technical formation of the interactive cinema have been tried to be specified. In this context, it has been examined how the new narrative style of the interactive cinema affects the identification of the audience with the character during the movie watching process. In this study, a qualitative method, focus group, was used. Focus group was realized with two different generations, Y and Z. Thus it was revealed in the interactive motion picture experiences of the two generations that what affects the identification of the film with the character in the narrative structure features. In the scope of the study, firstly, the concept of interactive and the forms of interactivity brought by it are examined. The narrative structure forms of interactive cinema, which are formed by the effect of these concepts on cinema, are different from linear cinema. The audience, which is an important element for cinema, is also trying a new cultures of watching while experiencing. This culture of watching affects his identification with the character in the motion picture and the main element of the film. Identification is an important factor in the cinema that allows the audience to connect with the movie Unlike linear films, in interactive cinema films that have a non-linear narrative, the audience is able to intervene in the content and makedecisions in content by means of a character. This affects the viewer's identification with the film universe and character. As a result, the effects of narrative features of interactive cinema on audience and character identification have been revealed separately for Y and Z generations. In this study, Late Shift, an interactive film shown at the festivals, was taken as a sample, the participants in the focus group experienced this film and answered the questions posed in this context. Accordingly, the fact that the interactive cinema allows the audience to intervene in the content, and the viewer's directing the content through a character facilitates its identification with the character. However, the elements such as the limited rights of choice in interactive cinema, the preferences being realized within a period of time, the character responses that do not meet the expectations as a result of the decisions cause the viewer to be alienated from the character.