Digital Rights Management

In Italy people is well aware of the fact that Digital Rights Management (DRM) is a fundamental and transversal topic in the digital rights era. DRM is key topic because it represents a decisive hub in the issues related to information and knowledge circulation. It is transversal, too, ...

A rapid shifting perceived from traditional content to digital media due to increasing advantages in every step of the information life cycle: create, collect, organize, store, access, deliver & use. Along with the advantages, digital content transactions are more likely prone to effects through IPR issues. Copyright and intellectual property rights (IPR) have been established and extended over hundreds of years, but implementing the same in the digital environment faces huge challenges. This article started by introducing digital rights & digital rights management (DRM), its architectural framework & techniques, and associated IPR issues. The perception of the LIS community about the role & responsibility of users & library professionals to solve these problems are the main focus of the latter part. A short survey is conducted using Google form questionnaire (N=238) and targeted all four categories, namely, LIS students (100 or 40%), LIS research scholars (25 or 10%), LIS faculties (18 or 85) & Library professionals (95 or 32%); to get the perception of the LIS community. The targeted experimental documents are categories of digital contents by their origin (i.e. Born, Turn & Gain digital documents). The geographical scope of the study extends beyond India to include some international viewpoints as well. In responses, no of the female respondent (131 or 55%) is slightly higher than male respondents (107 or 45%), while the majority of responses came from the Punjab state (42 or 19.72%). The survey findings suggested that Online materials (113 or 50.90%) Turn digital documents (168 or 75.68%) are more likely prone to IPR issues. Among users’ responsibilities, “Use of proper acknowledgement, referencing & citation” is the most preferred one (221 or 99.55%) and “Arrange orientation & outreach programme regarding IPR issues” is indicated as the major responsibility (212 or 95.50%) of the library professionals.

Oggi anche in Italia si è consapevoli che il Digital Rights Management (DRM) non è argomento di nicchia, ma tema fondamentale e trasversale del diritto dell’era digitale. Fondamentale perché rappresenta uno snodo decisivo delle questioni attinenti alla circolazione dell’informazione e della conoscenza. Trasversale perché taglia orizzontalmente vari settori giuridici (come la proprietà intellettuale, il contratto, la protezione dei dati personali e la tutela della concorrenza) e soprattutto perché chiama in causa il dialogo tra differenti saperi (come l’informatica, l’economia ed il diritto). Il DRM è espressione di un controllo rigido e accentrato dell’informazione teso a riprodurre nel contesto digitale la logica dell’esclusività, nucleo centrale del diritto d’autore. Chi è convinto che l’epoca della logica binaria non debba essere caratterizzata solo da questa forma di controllo dell’informazione dovrebbe trovare più di uno spunto di riflessione nelle discussioni trentine del marzo 2007. Contributi di: Roberto Caso Leonardo Chiariglione Claudio Di Cocco Andrea Glorioso Massimiliano Granieri Nicola Lucchi Laurent Manderieux Giuseppe Mazziotti Maria Lillà Montagnani Alessandro Palmieri Eugenio Prosperetti Andrea Rossato La prima edizione di questo libro © Copyright 2008 by Università degli Studi di Trento, Via Belenzani 12 - 38100 Trento, è pubblicata con Creative Commons Attribuzione-Non commerciale-Non opere derivate 2.5 Italia License. Maggiori informazioni circa la licenza all’URL: «http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/it/»

The production of digital content is a phenomenon which has completely changed the conditions of access to knowledge. Within this framework it becomes even more important to find and to formulate a new settlement for intellectual property rights balancing contrasted rights. Owners of the old technology and policy makers have found two different solutions and remedies for intellectual property rights: legal and technological. When both remedies work together any rights that a consumer may have under copyright law could be replaced by a unilaterally defined contractual term and condition. To balance this inequity this article analyses different solutions under U.S. and E.U. law, with particular attention paid to the relationship between contract law and copyright law. Ultimately this article suggests seeing technological protection measures as a souped-up standard form contract, and demonstrates how some business models are able to solve the problem of safe diffusion of digital media.

Nel primo capitolo, dopo alcuni chiarimenti sulla
terminologia di riferimento, si offrirà una descrizione dei
business models, delle tecnologie, e della prassi.
Nel secondo capitolo si cercherà di dimostrare che il
potere tecnologico connesso ai sistemi di DRM è un fattore di
potere contrattuale, e che tale potere contrattuale ha
implicazioni giuridiche, le quali vanno molto oltre l’apparente
semplicità dell’operazione economica: prezzo contro fruizione
dell’informazione. Contraccolpi di questo potere contrattuale si
risentono almeno sul piano del diritto d’autore, della privacy,
dell’autotutela privata, della formazione del contratto,
dell’antitrust.
Nel terzo capitolo si discuteranno le regole di governo
del DRM, in particolare quelle che si pongono all’incrocio tra
contratto e diritto d’autore. Si prenderanno le mosse dal
sistema delle fonti nel principale contesto di riferimento del
DRM: Internet. Si tratteranno le recenti leggi statunitensi ed
europee sulle misure tecnologiche di protezione delle opere
digitali, le quali, in buona sostanza, avallano il potere
contrattuale derivante dal DRM. Si discuterà criticamente del
rapporto che esiste tra controllo privato dell’informazione
digitale e criterio dell’efficienza. Si guarderà infine alla
possibilità di incorporare nel DRM, e più in generale in
tecnologie di questo genere, regole e principi finalizzati alla
limitazione del potere contrattuale e del controllo privato
dell’informazione.
Il lavoro si chiude guardando al DRM come esempio
paradigmatico dei problemi posti dal diritto dell’era digitale, al
fine di trarre alcune conclusioni sulla c.d. tecnologicizzazione
del contratto e del diritto d’autore.

Increasingly, the Internet is used for the distribution of digital goods, including digital versions of books, articles, music, and images. This new distribution channel is a potential boon to both producers and consumers of digital goods, because vast amounts of material can be made available conveniently and inexpensively. However, the ease with which digital goods can be copied and redistributed makes the Internet well suited for unauthorized copying, modification, and redistribution. Adoption of new technologies such as high-bandwidth connections and peer-to-peer networks is currently accelerating both authorized and unauthorized distribution of digital works.

f a b i o b r a v o . i t Fabio Bravo DRM, CONTRATTAZIONE TELEMATICA E CONTRATTAZIONE CIBERNETICA MEDIANTE AGENTI SOFTWARE NELLA DISTRIBUZIONE B2C e-book 2 . © 2006-2009 Fabio Bravo -L'Autore, che è titolare dei diritti esclusivi, rilascia la presente opera sotto licenza Creative Commons 2.5, Italy (attribuzione, non commerciale, non opere derivate) L'opera, oggetto di attività di ricerca presso l'Università di Bologna, può essere citata nel seguente modo: F. BRAVO, DRM, contrattazione telematica e contrattazione cibernetica mediante agenti software nella distribuzione B2C, Bologna, 2006, in www.fabiobravo.it (e-book n. 2). www.fabiobravo.it L'AUTORE FABIO BRAVO, Avvocato, Fondatore e Partner dello Studio Legale Bravo (www.studiolegalebravo.it), si occupa di Diritto delle nuove tecnologie (Information and Communication Technology Law -ICT Law). È Professore aggregato e Ricercatore all'Università di Bologna, nonché Dottore di Ricerca (Ph.D.) in «Informatica giuridica e diritto dell'informatica». Docente al Master in «Diritto delle nuove tecnologie e informatica giuridica» all'Università di Bologna ed al Master in «Diritto Privato Europeo» all'Università di Roma La Sapienza, è Autore di numerose pubblicazioni scientifiche. L'OPERA La presente opera, aggiornata al mese di giugno del 2006, costituisce il risultato dell'attività di ricerca condotta presso il CIRSFID dell'Università di Bologna (www.cirsfid.unibo.it) nell'ambito del Progetto di ricerca di rilevante interesse nazionale cofinanziato dal MIUR (PRIN2003-2005) avente per oggetto «La gestione e la negoziazione automatica dei diritti sulle opere dell'ingegno digitali: aspetti giuridici e informatici» (Unità di coordinamento nazionale: Università di Bologna; Coordinatore nazionale Prof. Alberto Musso). A mia figlia Martina, che ha dato un senso nuovo alla mia vita. Indice Capitolo Primo L'industria culturale su Internet e lo sviluppo dei sistemi di DRM (Digital Rights Management) nell'attività di negoziazione 1 Capitolo Secondo Il contesto tecnologico di riferimento e la sua significatività in ambito giuridico 5 Capitolo Terzo Linguaggi e «codice» nella contrattazione telematica 11 Capitolo Quarto Rilevanza contrattuale della predisposizione del «codice» e «comportamenti dichiarativi» 35 Capitolo Quinto Interfacce ed istruzioni logiche per la negoziazione e gestione dei diritti sulle opere digitali. Esemplificazioni 49 i Capitolo Sesto Prospettive di tutela del consumatore in relazione ai possibili abusi contrattuali. 69 Capitolo Settimo DRM e clausole abusive 73 Capitolo Ottavo DRM e controllo in via amministrativa 81 1. Inadeguatezza del registro dei programmi per elaboratore presso la SIAE 81 2. (segue): La possibile istituzione del registro dei codici sorgenti per il controllo amministrativo delle misure tecnologiche di protezione 84 3. (segue): Intelligibilità e leggibilità del «codice». Programmazione strutturata e «literate programming» 85 Capitolo Nono DRM e contratti a distanza 91 Capitolo Decimo DRM e garanzie nelle vendite dei beni di consumo 103 Bibliografia 105 ii www.fabiobravo.it CAPITOLO PRIMO 3 È stato efficacemente ricordato in dottrina che dopo «oltre un decennio dal primo libro verde che la Comunità Europea ha dedicato ai problemi del diritto d'autore nell'epoca digitale, le cosiddette misure di protezione tecnologica rappresentano probabilmente la principale risposta a quella che è stata definita "la sfida tecnologica", rappresentata dall'espansione dei sistemi di riproduzione e trasmissione delle opere e dei materiali protetti; la convergenza ed interazione tra i diversi media hanno resa decisivo, per la stabilità del copyright, lo sviluppo di sistemi tecnologici di protezione, tali da fornire una risposta coerente e (passabilmente) efficace a tale sfida». S. ERCOLANI, Il diritto d'autore e i diritti connessi. La legge n. 633/1941 dopo l'attuazione della direttiva n. 2001/29/CE, Torino, Giappichellli, 2004, pp. 319 ss. Ivi l'A. sottolinea che, nonostante «alla moltiplicazione delle modalità di accesso, di fruizione e di riproduzione delle opere, ancora non corrispondono in concreto sistemi tecnologici di controllo affidabili», l'industria culturale sta spingendo, con investimenti ingenti, verso la soluzione tecnologica. Sviluppando misure e dispositivi in grado di controllare l'accesso alle opere protette, nonché di impedire l'effettuazione di copie non autorizzate. Le istanze dell'industria culturale sono state da tempo recepite a livello istituzionale e legislativo, tant'è che addirittura un «quadro internazionale è stato predisposto da tempo per la tutela giuridica delle misure tecnologiche», successivamente seguito, in fase di recepimento o di attuazione, dalle singole normative nazionali. In materia si vedano, inoltre, le significative riflessioni di G. FINOCCHIARO, Misure tecnologiche di protezione e informazioni elettroniche sul regime dei diritti, in AIDA, 2002, pp. 280 ss.; R. CASO, «Digital Rights Management». Il commercio delle informazioni digitali tra contratto e diritto d'autore, Padova, Cedam, 2004; R. CASO, Il (declino del) diritto d'autore nell'era digitale: dalle misure tecnologiche di protezione al «Digital Rights Management», in Foro italiano, 2004, II, pp. 610 ss.; R. CASO-G. PASCUZZI, I diritti sulle opere digitali, Padova, Cedam, 2002; nonché G. PASCUZZI (a cura di), Diritto e tecnologie evolute del commercio elettronico, Padova, Cedam, 2004. Stimolanti sono altresì le letture dei saggi di L. LESSIG, Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace, cit.; S. ERCOLANI, Il diritto d'autore e i diritti connessi. La legge n. 633/1941 dopo l'attuazione della direttiva n. 2001/29/CE, cit., p. 319 ss.; P. SAMUELSON-R. DAVIS, Il dilemma digitale. Una prospettiva sulla proprietà intellettuale, nonché di L. LESSIG, Il "diritto del cavallo": la lezione dei cyberdiritto, entrambi in V. COLOMBA (a cura di), I diritti nell'era digitale. Libertà di espressione e proprietà intellettuale, Reggio Emilia, Diabasis, 2004, rispettivamente a pp. 105 ss. ed a pp. 36 ss. Per una ricostruzione tecnica dei sistemi

Fair use exceptions in copyright law facilitate the use of copyrighted works for the purpose of research and education. These exceptions protect the academic community from the offence of copyright infringement. Fair use exceptions are limitations on copyright law and have helped librarians in carrying out their work of dissemination of knowledge. This paper discusses the various theories that support copyright protection and the need for fair use. By analysing the fair use exceptions under Indian Copyright Act, 1957 that are relevant to libraries, this paper takes a view that the law needs to provide better protection for libraries in matters of fair use.

The amount of governmental information is huge and relies mostly on traditional systems, inaccessible to citizens and often to governmental departments. In today's digital era most of this content can be more intelligently processed and integrated within eGovernment. In the future world, where ambient intelligence and eGoverments are a reality, citizens will interact with the available services in all areas of their lives; a situation that presents new challenges in the area of Digital Rights Management (DRM). Taking into account the nature of the information and the needs of different governmental departments and citizens, any eGovernment research must give full attention to DRM. In the process towards successful eGovernment, properly handling privacy, security and trust is an indispensable precondition for reliable legal safeguards, reliable technology, and secure business, and for achieving acceptance by citizens. Therefore, we propose to establish a Network of Excellence (NoE) for a Framework for Policy, Privacy, Security, Trust and Risk Management for DRM. The NoE will consist of experts from various disciplines and will conduct and guide ongoing and future high quality research on the eGovernment related domains.

The authors of the article explore the digital rights management in judicial
protection of intellectual property rights through the lens of civil law principles. The
principle of protection of civil rights and interests is defined as one of the basic
principles of civil law regulation. The specifics of this principle, which are caused by
the specificity of the objects of intellectual property rights, the peculiarities of
obtaining legal protection, are determined. The provisions of the theory and the
current legislation are analyzed in terms of defining ways of protecting intellectual
property rights as one of the factors that determine the peculiarities of the
implementation of the principle of protection of civil rights and protected interests in
the field of intellectual property.

In the Foundation series, Asimov predicted a 1,000 years of darkness following the fall of the galactic empire. In the book Noir, K.W Jeter describes a world where IP is the ultimate war. Combine them together and you have likely scenario No. 1… The Internet era enabled communication and information exchange on a global scale. But it also opened the door to copyright infringement on a global scale. Music, books, movies, software, games, speeches, research papers – everything is now fair game. The only protection the movie studios ever had was bandwidth – and it is quickly evaporating due to faster network connectivity via broadband and smarter downloading technologies such as BitTorrent. Intellectual property, copyrights and the like are the key to a democratic, free-market civilization and greed is a prime mover – so if all is ‘free ’ and we have a ‘constitutional right ’ to ‘share ’ – where is the future of innovation and creativity? This paper will describe the current state of t...

Music piracy has evolved from a minor concern in technology magazines to a major issue discussed almost daily in the media. The industry claims potentially billions of dollars are at stake and we seek to determine why extensive anti-piracy strategies don't appear successful. We propose a Model of Music Piracy and, using a survey, test and validate a section of the model using SEM. The majority of propositions were upheld, but contrary to expectations, age was not significant. All users are well aware of the law, prominent cases, and penalties incurred, however these deterrents do not change behaviour or attitudes to piracy. They feel online anonymity affords some protection, and there is safety in numbers (music companies cannot catch everyone). Our work and other studies suggest a certain level of music piracy is efficacious, and further research should confirm this notion and determine whether an optimum level exists.

The COLIS (Collaborative Online Learning and Information Systems) project is a DEST funded initiative based on a consortium of five Australian universities (Macquarie, Newcastle, Tasmania, UNE, and USQ) and five e-learning vendors (Computer Associates, Fretwell Downing, IPR Systems, WebCT and WebMCQ) seeking to build a broad, interoperable, standards-based e-learning environment for the future. Part of the first phase of COLIS was the creation of a "Demonstrator " or "testbed " environment to investigate and demonstrate strategies for the incremental development of levels of technical interoperability in learning space application integration. Interoperability was based on adoption of IMS standards such as Content Packaging and Digital Repositories, the IEEE Learning Object Meta-data (LOM) standard, and the Open Digital Rights Language (ODRL) standard. This paper provides reflections on the evolution of the Demonstrator environment, and the implications of this e...

BACKGROUND As of December 1, 2008, the number of universities, colleges, and community colleges, participating in Second Life, reached over 300 institutions in the U.S. and the combined total for the U.S. and overseas was well over 500 (SimTeach, 2008a). Educational institutions, schools, and associations have created private islands and immersive environments where students practice new building design concepts, become familiar with the components of operating rooms, perform dangerous experiments in safety, learn to plan events, and explore the history in 3-D (Romme, 2003).

Abstract This paper presents a multimodal framework employing eye-gaze, head-pose and speech cues to explain observed social attention patterns in meeting scenes. We first investigate a few hypotheses concerning social attention and characterize meetings and individuals based on ground-truth data. This is followed by replication of ground-truth results through automated estimation of eye-gaze, head-pose and speech activity for each participant. Experimental results show that combining eye-gaze and head-pose estimates ...

... Section 1201(b)(2)(A). 17 DMCA, Section 1201(a)(2). 18 DMCA, Section 1201(b). 19 DMCA, Section 1201 (c). 20 DMCA, Section 1201(d)–(j). These specific exemptions pertain to: allowing non-profit libraries and education institutions to make a ... (2005). Creative Technology Ltd ...

The whole chain of e-book publishing is changing as the distinction between author, publisher, reader or user and library are being hazy. In this context there are many issues that need to be addressed, developments that are admirable and emerging trends that need to be understood. These include tracing the development from print to e-book; various publishing models for ebooks; various distribution models for e-books, emerging and genuine document formats and file formats used in e-book; new file sharing technologies; authoring and reading e-book; policies and legislation; fighting with piracy and concept of fair use; e-book business models; growth and impact of the e-book market in both developed and developing countries and the latest e-book trends and future technologies. In addition to this changed context, librarians are facing several other challenges in providing information, which are discussed in this paper.

Piracy of digital content is considered a serious problem by content companies. Digital Rights Management is considered a potential solution to this problem. In this paper we study to what degree DRM can live up to this expectation. We conclude that given the current and foreseeable state of technology the content protection features of DRM are not effective at combating piracy.

Ontologies are a way to express semantics of concepts in a formal way. IPROnto is an ontology of the Digital Rights Management (DRM) domain. It has been specified to facilitate the development of e-commerce applications that need to be aware of rights associated to specific multimedia content. The paper describes the ontology and its possible uses. Since we started this work in the context of MPEG21 standardisation, we are currently progressing in the development of applications that follow the DRM MPEG-21 standards, such as a REL (Rights Expression Language) and a RDD (Rights Data Dictionary), and aligning our ontology to those specifications. 1

Digital Right Management (DRM) is a digital content providers' weapon to protect their intellectual property rights. The use of DRM has been rising in recent years. However, though digital technologies have changed enormously in recent decades, many existing DRM technologies only provide partial solutions to an immense problem and thus are still not effective at combating piracy. Additionally, they fail to maintain fair use and protect users' privacy. This paper provides a literature review on the current state of DRM research and a major problem for the DRM system.

Ontologies are a way to express semantics of concepts in a formal way. IPROnto is an ontology of the Digital Rights Management (DRM) domain. It has been specified to facilitate the development of e-commerce applications that need to be aware of rights associated to specific multimedia content. The paper describes the ontology and its possible uses. Since we started this work in the context of MPEG-21 standardisation, we are currently progressing in the development of applications that follow the DRM MPEG-21 standards, such as a REL (Rights Expression Language) and a RDD (Rights Data Dictionary), and aligning our ontology to those specifications. 1

In the current global digital realm, localised privacy policies that protect the data and digital rights of citizens will inevitably emerge as timely in the aftermath of the social disruption caused by Covid-19. The European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) provides a thorough framework for organisations to adhere to, with hefty fines that can run into hundreds of thousands of euros for those who do not comply with the rules.

Unauthorized copying of movies is a major concern for the motion picture industry. While unauthorized copies of movies have been distributed via portable physical media for some time, low-cost, high-bandwidth Internet connections and peer-topeer file sharing networks provide highly efficient distribution media. Many movies are showing up on file sharing networks shortly after, and in some cases prior to, theatrical release. It has been argued that the availability of unauthorized copies directly affects theater attendance and DVD sales, and hence represents a major financial threat to the movie industry. Our research attempts to determine the source of unauthorized copies by studying the availability and characteristics of recent popular movies in file sharing networks. We developed a data set of 312 popular movies and located one or more samples of 183 of these movies on file sharing networks, for a total of 285 movie samples. 77% of these samples appear to have been leaked by industry insiders. Most of our samples appeared on file sharing networks prior to their official consumer DVD release date. Indeed, of the movies that had been released on DVD as of the time of our study, only 5% first appeared after their DVD release date on a web site that indexes file sharing networks, indicating that consumer DVD copying currently represents a relatively minor factor compared with insider leaks. We perform a brief analysis of the movie production and distribution process and identify potential security vulnerabilities that may lead to unauthorized copies becoming available to those who may wish to redistribute them. Finally, we offer recommendations for reducing security vulnerabilities in the movie production and distribution process.

In Italy people is well aware of the fact that Digital Rights Management (DRM) is a fundamental and transversal topic in the digital rights era. DRM is key topic because it represents a decisive hub in the issues related to information and knowledge circulation. It is transversal, too, since it cuts horizontally various legal fields (such as intellectual property, license, personal data protection and protection of competition) and because it involves different kinds of knowledge (information science, economics and law). DRM is the expression of a strict and centralized control of information that tends to reproduce in the digital context the logic of prerogative, central point of author’s rights. People convinced that this kind of information control is not enough should read the document, to find new ideas to reconsider the topic.

Abstract: The newly adopted MPEG-4 Fine Granularity Scalability (FGS) video coding standard offers easy and flexible adaptation to varying network bandwidths and different application needs. Encryption for FGS should preserve such adaptation capabilities and enable intermediate stages to process encrypted data directly without decryption. In this paper, we propose two novel encryption algorithms for MPEG-4 FGS that meet these requirements. The first algorithm encrypts an FGS stream (containing both the base and the enhancement layers) into a single access layer and preserves the original fine granularity scalability and error resilience performance in an encrypted stream. The second algorithm encrypts an FGS stream into multiple quality layers divided according to either PSNR or bitrates, with lower quality layers being accessible and reusable by a higher quality layer of the same type, but not vice versa. Both PSNR and bitrate layers are supported simultaneously so a layer of eithe...

Abstract. Ontologies are a way to express semantics of concepts in a formal way. IPROnto is an ontology of the Digital Rights Management (DRM) domain. It has been specified to facilitate the development of e-commerce applications that need to be aware of rights associated to specific multimedia content. The paper describes the ontology and its possible uses. Since we started this work in the context of MPEG-21 standardisation, we are currently progressing in the development of applications that follow the DRM MPEG-21 standards, ...

We study the strength of certain obfuscation techniques used to protect software from reverse engineering and tampering. We show that some common obfuscation methods can be defeated using a fault injection attack, namely an attack where during program execution an attacker injects errors into the program environment. By observing how the program fails under certain errors the attacker can deduce the obfuscated information in the program code without having to unravel the obfuscation mechanism. We apply this technique to extract a secret key from a block cipher obfuscated using a commercial obfuscation tool and draw conclusions on preventing this weakness.

In the current global digital realm, localised privacy policies that protect the data and digital rights of citizens will inevitably emerge as timely in the aftermath of the social disruption caused by Covid-19. The European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) provides a thorough framework for organisations to adhere to, with hefty fines that can run into hundreds of thousands of euros for those who do not comply with the rules.

With the rapid growth of the Internet, acquiring digital contents over the Internet has become
commonplace. Most traditional items can be translated into digital form. That is to say the digital
contents can be distributed easily and rapidly to users over the Internet. Unfortunately, situations of
piracy are common and become more serious, since the digital contents can be copied and distributed
easily through Internet. Thus, Digital Rights Management (DRM) is a popular tool used to protect digital
contents with cryptographic technology. But there are many different DRM encryption formats that are
adopted by different content providers, causing consumers can’t play their contents on devices with
different DRM format even though they bought it legally. In this paper, we employ identity-based
encryption to allow a conversion between different DRM systems. Through the conversion process, the
digital content can be used at different DRM systems and hold the legitimate use of the right.