Reverse Engineering

Automated software engineering has long been a goal of arti cial intelligence. There has been slow but steady progress towards understanding the processes underlying program synthesis and modi cation. One signi cant observation that came out of Richards and Waters 15] Software Apprentice Project was that programmers repeatedly use certain program constructs or cliches to solve a variety of programming tasks. Richards developed Plan Description Language (PDL) to capture the association between various code fragments and the functional goals that they serve. Another development has been the understanding of the relationship between physical devices and programs. This understanding asserts that causal theories (such as Functional Representation 17]) developed for reasoning with physical systems can be applied to reason with programs. This observation led to the development of debugging and program understanding tools 2]. Here, we outline a framework for functional representation of programs which also allows us to automatically learn new programming constructs and to re ne existing programs so as to achieve a more functionally complete program.

In a previous paper these authors presented a new mesh-growing approach based on the Gabriel 2-Simplex (G2S) criterion. If compared with the Cocone family and the Ball Pivoting methods, G2S demonstrated to be competitive in terms of tessellation rate, quality of the generated triangles and defectiveness produced when the surface to be reconstructed was locally flat. Nonetheless, its major limitation was that, in the presence of a mesh which was locally non-flat or which was not sufficiently sampled, the method was less robust and holes and non-manifold vertices were generated. In order to overcome these limitations, in this paper, the performance of the G2S meshgrowing method is fully improved in terms of robustness. The performances of the new version of the G2S approach (in the following Robust G2S) has been compared with that of the old one, and that of the Cocone family and the Ball Pivoting methods in the tessellation of some benchmark point clouds and artificially noised test cases. The results obtained show that the use of the Robust G2S is advantageous, as opposed to the other methods here considered, even in the case of noised point clouds. Unlike the other methods, the one which is proposed preserves manifoldness and geometric details of the point cloud to be meshed.

Foreign direct investment (FDI) can benefit innovation activity in the host country via spillover channels such as reverse engineering, skilled labor turnovers, demonstration effects, and suppliercustomer relationships. Using provincial data from 1995 to 2000, we find positive effects of FDI on the number of domestic patent applications in China. This finding is robust under both pooled timeseries and cross-section data estimation and panel data analysis and for different types of patent applications (invention, utility model, and external design). The spillover effect is the strongest for minor innovation such as external design patent, highlighting a ''demonstration effect'' of FDI. D .hk (P. Lin).

We present an efficient Hough transform for automatic detection of cylinders in point clouds. As cylinders are one of the most frequently used primitives for industrial design, automatic and robust methods for their detection and fitting are essential for reverse engineering from point clouds. The current methods employ automatic segmentation followed by geometric fitting, which requires a lot of manual interaction during modelling. Although Hough transform can be used for automatic detection of cylinders, the required 5D Hough space has a prohibitively high time and space complexity for most practical applications. We address this problem in this paper and present a sequential Hough transform for automatic detection of cylinders in point clouds. Our algorithm consists of two sequential steps of low dimensional Hough trans- forms. The first step, called Orientation Estimation, uses the Gaussian sphere of the input data and performs a 2D Hough Transform for finding strong hypotheses ...

Abstract— With the continuous development of the wireless technology, securing wireless sensor networks became more and more a crucial but also a demanding task. In this paper we propose a combined strategy that is meant to discover malicious nodes within a wireless sensor ...

In order to construct a 3D model from a collection of 2D images of an object, an energy function is defined between the object's images and corresponding images of an articulated mesh in three dimensions. Repeated adjustment of the mesh to minimize the energy function results in a mesh that produces images which closely approximate the input images, that is to say that under the appropriate conditions it realizes a preconceived object. It has implications for model building, reverse engineering and computer vision. Minimization of the energy function is a multivariate problem of large scale with many local minima. We give an approach for solving this problem. For certain restricted, but useful applications, intuitive solutions to the minimization are consistently obtained. $

Students engaged in systems engineering education typically lack experience and understanding of the multidisciplinary complexity of systems engineering projects. Consequently, students struggle to understand the value, rationale, and usefulness of established systems engineering methods, often perceiving them as banal or trivial. The paper presents a learning activity based on a three-stage reverse engineering role-play developed to increase students' awareness of the importance of correctly using systems engineering methods. The activity was developed and integrated in the Systems Engineering course given at Blekinge Institute of Technology. Its effectiveness was analyzed through semistructured self-reflection reports along with two editions of the course. The results showed the development of students' understanding of how to use systems engineering methods. In particular, the students realized the need to deliver detailed and easy-to-read models to the decision makers. This result was in line with the achievement of some of the intended learning outcomes of the course.

In this paper, the procedure developed to calibrate a whole-field optical profilometer and the evaluation of the measurement performance of the system are presented. The sensor is based on the projection of structured light and on active triangulation. The dependence of the measurements on the geometric parameters of the system is shown, as well as the criterion to calibrate the system. From the extensive set of experiments carried out to evaluate the measurement performance, good linearity has been observed, and an overall mean value of the measurement error equal to 40 m, with a variability of about 35 m has been estimated.

This report gives an overview of the work performed by the Programming Research Group as part of the European collaborative ESPRIT II REDO project (no. 2487). This work covered the areas of reverse-engineering: redocumentation and re-engineering; validation: post-hoc verification and generation of correct code from specifications; maintenance: new languages and methods to support maintenance. Research in areas of concurrent programming and decompilation were also performed.

This concept paper presents Deconstruction Kits as a means of creatively engaging learners in problem solving and critical thinking, skills that are applicable to all STEM disciplines. Deconstruction Kits, designed to promote learning while being taken apart, use reverse engineering and debugging to enhance creativity in science, computer science, and engineering curriculum. Deconstruction Kits effectively complement Constructionist (learning-by-building) technologies such as Scratch, electronic textiles, Processing, and App Inventor for Android (referred to collectively in this paper as Construction Kits). Although Construction Kits appear to be effective in engaging novices in computing and electronics through personal and participatory expression, many teachers of AP and undergraduate computer science (CS) courses and engineering (EE) courses underestimate their value. Meanwhile on the K-12 level, opportunities to learn about computing and electronics are rare. Deconstruction Kits offer successful solutions to these concerns.

IT industry loses tens of billions of dollars annually from security attacks such as tampering and malicious reverse engineering. Code obfuscation techniques counter such attacks by transforming code into patterns that resist the attacks. None of the current code obfuscation techniques satisfy all the obfuscation effectiveness criteria such as resistance to reverse engineering attacks and state space increase. To address this, we introduce new code patterns that we call nontrivial code clones and propose a new obfuscation scheme that combines nontrivial clones with existing obfuscation techniques to satisfy all the effectiveness criteria. The nontrivial code clones need to be constructed manually, thus adding to the development cost. This cost can be limited by cloning only the code fragments that need protection and by reusing the clones across projects. This makes it worthwhile considering the security risks. In this paper, we present our scheme and illustrate it with a toy example.

Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM) is a novel prototype library of parametric objects, based on historic architectural data and a system of cross platform programmes for mapping parametric objects onto point cloud and image survey data. The HBIM process begins with remote collection of survey data using a terrestrial laser scanner combined with digital photo modelling. The next stage involves the design and construction of a parametric library of objects, which are based on the manuscripts ranging from Vitruvius to 18th century architectural pattern books. In building parametric objects, the problem of file format and exchange of data has been overcome within the BIM ArchiCAD software platform by using geometric descriptive language (GDL). The plotting of parametric objects onto the laser scan surveys as building components to create or form the entire building is the final stage in the reverse engineering process. The final HBIM product is the creation of full 3D models including detail behind the object's surface concerning its methods of construction and material make-up. The resultant HBIM can automatically create cut sections, details and schedules in addition to the orthographic projections and 3D models (wire frame or textured) for both the analysis and conservation of historic objects, structures and environments. Ó

One of the main challenges faced by today's developers is keeping up with the staggering amount of source code that needs to be read and understood. In order to help developers with this problem and reduce the costs associated with it, one solution is to use simple textual descriptions of source code entities that developers can grasp easily, while capturing the code semantics precisely. We propose an approach to automatically determine such descriptions, based on automated text summarization technology.

This paper presents the activities performed to improve the aerodynamic performances of a two man bobsleigh. Performances during races depend on aerodynamic design and crew expertise. Bobsleigh shape design optimization has long been based on intuitive modifications driven by the individual experiences of the athletes. In this work, we exploit the techniques routinely used for race car aerodynamics optimization to find optimized aerodynamic configurations for the bobsleigh. This problem can be formulated as a constrained shape optimization since the final configuration must still comply with the regulations of the international bobsleigh federation (FIBT). We use reverse engineering techniques to get a digital model of the initial shape of the bobsleigh. Then, we add a simplified three dimensional model of the crew and we use a finite volume solver of Navier Stokes equation to simulate the flow around the bobsleigh and crew under many typical race conditions. Specifically, we simulate the flow around the bobsleigh moving either along a straight channel (with side walls) or along a bend at different velocities. Based on the detailed analysis of the aerodynamic forces acting on the bobsleigh, we evaluate the effect of bobsleigh clearance and nose shape on aerodynamic performances, identifying and testing alternative design modifications. Based on these ``virtual wind tunnel tests'', an optimized profile for the shell and wings has been identified. Finally, aerodynamic tests have been performed in a wind tunnel on a scaled model of the bobsleigh and on the full scale model with and without the crew. Experimental tests confirm the results of numerical simulations and give additional useful suggestions for fine aerodynamic optimization of bobsleigh and crew during races.

In some recent papers it was shown that ZrO single films can be modeled using inhomogeneous models. A similar modeling 2 approach to analyze CeO layers has been used. Films have been produced using a standard reactive evaporation technique. 2 Following the measurement results, obtained by normal incidence transmission and variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry, reverse engineering of the monolayer with its sub-layers has been performed. Novel in this method is that no assumption of refractive index profile is needed. A very good fit of the experimental data with the reverse engineered multi-layers has been obtained, showing that it is possible to find a fine substructure of analyzed films. ᮊ

Device Trees (DTs) provide the description of physical devices inside an embedded system hardware with node specifications. Model-driven development may be used for dealing with the difficulties encountered in DT development due to the text-based syntax of DT source files which has a different structure from the well-known general purpose programming languages; and hence also enables automatic DT code generation for various processor architectures. However, in some situations, there needs later modifications on the generated DT codes for adding new devices, changing device specifications, etc. In this paper, we introduce a reverse engineering method which supports both 1) reflecting the changes made in DT codes auto-generated by using a domain-specific modeling language, called DSML4DT, into models and 2) generating models from the existing DT codes produced with any other methods. The application of the proposed approach is exemplified and evaluated with the implementation of DT based software for the various hardware manufactured by a company whose main expertise is on the public transportation systems.

This study intends to conduct reverse engineering at mark recapitulation application at the Information Systems Department, Universitas Komputer Indonesia (UNIKOM). This research is the first step of the reengineering process in the mark recapitulation application. Reengineering needed because the application of the mark recapitulation that is currently running does not meet user needs, and there is no documentation of application development. This study used the big bang approach, the reverse engineering stage follows the stages of general software reengineering model by analyzing three things, analysis of application functions, analysis of user activities with applications and database analysis. The results of this research are documentation of application function requirements, documentation of user activities with application and database documentation.

When the Application Programming Interface (API) of a framework
or library changes, its clients must be adapted. This change
propagation—known as a ripple effect—is a problem that has garnered interest: several approaches have been proposed in the literature to react to these changes.
Although studies of ripple effects exist at the single system level,
no study has been performed on the actual extent and impact of these API changes in practice, on an entire software ecosystem associated with a community of developers. This paper reports on an empirical study of API deprecations that led to ripple effects across an entire ecosystem. Our case study subject is the development community gravitating around the Squeak and Pharo software ecosystems: seven years of evolution, more than 3,000 contributors, and more than 2,600 distinct systems. We analyzed 577 methods and 186 classes that were deprecated, and answer research questions regarding the frequency, magnitude, duration, adaptation, and consistency of the ripple effects triggered by API changes.

ABSTRACT: A major problem in software maintenance is the lack of a well-documented source code in software applications. This has led to serious difficulties in software maintenance and evolution. In particular, for those developers who are faced with the task of fixing or modifying a piece of code they never even knew existed before.

Due to the benefits of cloud computing, many desktop applications have been migrated into the cloud. In order to program in the cloud, lots of IDEs are also moved into the cloud at recent years. Although online IDE can bring developers a lot of convenience for their developing process, some tough problems are still less touched. This paper summarized three main kinds of actual problems from three aspects (Function implementation, Security guarantee, Advanced utilization) encountered when using the online IDE, and proposed three solutions (Services composition, Program behavior analysis, Program behavior mining) to handle these according problems. Finally, this paper introduce a real online IDE (CEclipse) developed by our research group and apply the three solutions in this online IDE.

Safety critical software requires integrating verification techniques in software development methods. Software architectures must guarantee that developed systems will meet safety requirements and safety analyses are frequently used in the assessment. Safety engineers and software architects must reach a common understanding on an optimal architecture from both perspectives. Currently both groups of engineers apply different modelling techniques and languages: safety analysis models and software modelling languages. The solutions proposed seek to integrate both domains coupling the languages of each domain. It constitutes a sound example of the use of language engineering to improve efficiency in a software-related domain. A model-driven development approach and the use of a platform-independent language are used to bridge the gap between safety analyses (failure mode effects and criticality analysis and fault tree analysis) and software development languages (e.g. unified modelling language). Language abstract syntaxes (metamodels), profiles, language mappings (model transformations) and language refinements, support the direct application of safety analysis to software architectures for the verification of safety requirements. Model consistency and the possibility of automation are found among the benefits.

Systems are increasingly being constructed from off-the-shelf components acquired through a globally distributed, untrusted supply chain. The lack of trust in these components necessitates additional validation of the components before use. Additionally, hardware trojans are becoming a pressing concern. In this paper, we present a novel formalism and method to systematically derive the highlevel function of an unknown circuit component given its gate-level netlist. We define the high-level description of a circuit as an interconnection of instantiations of abstract library components characterized using logical specifications. The proposed approach is based on mining interesting behavioral patterns from the simulation traces of a gate-level netlist, and representing them as a pattern graph. A similar pattern graph is also generated for library components. Our method first computes input-output signal correspondences via subgraph isomorphism on the pattern graphs. The general function of the unknown circuit is then determined by finding the closest match in the component library, by model checking the unknown circuit against each logical specification. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on publicly-available circuits.

Software architecture, as a vehicle for communication and reasoning about software systems and their quality, is becoming an area of focus in both the forward-and reverseengineering communities. In the past, we have attempted to unify these areas via a semantic model of reengineering called CORUM II. In this paper we present a concrete example of an architecturally-motivated reengineering task. In executing this task, we perform architecture reconstruction, reason about the reconstructed architecture, motivate an architectural transformation with new architectural quality requirements, and realize this architectural transformation via an automated code transformation.

The aim of the study is to design, analysis and optimization of piston for a single cylinder four stroke over head valve (OHV) spark ignition engine. This paper used reverse engineering techniques, in order to obtain of an existing physical model. A three-dimensional piston has been created with the help of SOLIDWORKS and, it is imported to ANSYS environment for the coupled steady-state thermal structural analysis. The material used for piston is Die Cast Aluminium (DCA) 1, 2, and 3. The objective of this paper focuses the light weight piston design through finite element analysis, and to optimize the piston design using parametric optimization. The results obtained from coupled field analysis and parametric optimization, concluded the modified design is within the permissible limit along the selected materials for DCA2 and shows the maximum von misses stresses 78.75MPa, factor of safety (n) is 5.67 and yield strength of 165MPa and it is reduced the piston weight was 12.14 grams which is 7.42% less as compared to existing DCA1 without comprising the strength to weight ratio.

The paper presents the application of non−modulation reflectance method for composition profiling of epitaxial Al x Ga 1-x As/GaAs structures. This non−destructive method is based on spectral measurements and theoretical reflectance spectrum matching. This is a very accurate and sensitive method of determining the Al composition in Al x Ga 1-x As layers and structures with resolution down to 1 nm. In this work, the authors describe theoretic principles of this method and present ex− perimental results of characterization of different AlGaAs structures to prove the potential of the worked out method.

T he Internet's evolution over the past 30 years has been accompanied by the development of various network applications. These applications range from early text-based utilities such as file transfer and remote login to the more recent advent of the Web, electronic commerce, and multimedia streaming.

This case study highlights activities performed during a system design effort undertaken by the Joint Tactical Radio System Handheld, Manpack and Small Form Fit Program. A modified waterfall model comprised of three cyclic, yet overlapping phases (observation, visualization, and evaluation) provided structure for the iterative, Warfighter-centric system design process. Through analyses of existing commercial and military mobile handheld devices, the design team identified best practices that were worthy of emulation, practices that should be avoided, and practices that warranted further research. Design intelligence gleaned through the application of reverse engineering and competitive analysis techniques was used to guide interview question development and discussion during subject matter expert interviews, to narrow the scope of design options for test and evaluation, and to provide design direction. Insights gained from applying these techniques to system design and evaluation and the impact that their use had on the system's design are discussed.

This paper describes a process to reverse engineer structural and behavioural formal models of a GUI application by a dynamic technique, mixing manual with automatic exploration. The goal is to diminish the effort required to construct the model and mapping information needed in a model-based GUI testing process. A skeleton of a state machine model of the GUI, represented in a formal pre/post specification language, is generated automatically by the exploration process. Mapping information between the model and the ...

3D imaging sensors for the acquisition of three dimensional (3D) shapes have created, in recent years, a considerable degree of interest for a number of applications. The miniaturization and integration of the optical and electronic components used to build them have played a crucial role in the achievement of compactness, robustness and flexibility of the sensors. Today, several 3D sensors are available on the market, even in combination with other sensors in a "sensor fusion" approach. An importance equal to that of physical miniaturization has the portability of the measurements, via suitable interfaces, into software environments designed for their elaboration, e.g., CAD-CAM systems, virtual renders, and rapid prototyping tools. In this paper, following an overview of the state-of-art of 3D imaging sensors, a number of significant examples of their use are presented, with particular reference to industry, heritage, medicine, and criminal investigation applications.

Reverse engineering is a process to extract designing knowledge from the use of any human-made by analysis its structure . Using this science in research is very common and the major difference of Reverse engineering with conventional science research is that the goal of this science is to study how to design and technology is used in the humanmade , while the natural sciences are following the analysis of the current phenomenon in the nature , in addition in Reverse engineering by study and analysis of variance components and the technologies used in a produced and released product , the structure will be recognized And the possibility of similar production and even adding some positive characteristics will be provided for the scholars and researchers .

– The Android Operating System covers almost 80% of the smartphones market. However, being so successful and popular amongst its users, Android Platform may misbehave in spite of all the rigorous security mechanisms it can afford. In our preceding work, we tried to state the analysis of malwares and Android malwares, how device application may be affected due to the malwares injected along with the Android Application Package. Static and Dynamic analysis incorporates the features extracted to define the proper functioning of the application. In this paper a packet capture cum classifier framework has been projected which will be a security mechanism for Android and is on the verge of implementation. In near future, our mechanism will sniff and capture the network transportation and determine the suspiciousness of the packets exchanged between Android devices or on the network and catalogue them as benign or suspicious/malicious applications. Our later work would be a framework for Android applications for recognition of Android packet misbehavior grounded on the features concluded from the procedure of analysis and thereby categorize them as benign or suspicious/malicious.

Jugaad innovation is entirely need based innovation, that means innovated and invented as and when required to satisfy an individual or a group's needs. Jugaad innovations are an outcome of creative brains. The word is originated in Hindi meaning an innovative fix; an improvised solution born from ingenuity and cleverness; resourceful. It is also known as 'zizhu chuangxin' in China, 'gambiarra' in Brazil, 'D-I-Y' in the United States, 'Jua kali' in Africa and 'systeme D' in France. The research has been done by Navdeep Rajdou in the book-'Jugaad Innovation' coauthored by two more-Jaideep Prabhu and Simone Ahuja. They have defined Jugaad innovation as " Innovation based on ingenious solutions, consisting of overcoming limitations and finding effective, often improvised solutions with limited resources "I would like to salute the authors for thinking of the unthinkable and taking jugaad up from the level of mere contempt to the level of innovations and treat it as a subject of management. Though this journey,-from 'mazaak' to 'management' has been very tough for Jugaad. Jugaad is still considered to be a technology of poor or of the community that cannot afford to pay for the rich resources, but the creativity behind this concept has always been ignored until the book has been authored and published in USA and has a place in the library. The author wishes to take the journey of jugaad innovation a little further and establish its relationship with frugal innovation and reverse innovation. A few models have been developed in the paper, which throw light on the future journey of 'Jugaad' in the international market. Difference from frugal innovation has been analyzed and a path to reverse innovation has been predicted.

Integrated circuits (ICs) are now designed and fabricated in a globalized multi-vendor environment making them vulnerable to malicious design changes, the insertion of hardware trojans/malware and intellectual property (IP) theft. Algorithmic reverse engineering of digital circuits can mitigate these concerns by enabling analysts to detect malicious hardware, verify the integrity of ICs and detect IP violations.

This paper presents novel emerging robotic technologies for space applications conceived by reverse engineering ideas from nature. Although plant and animal species have evolved in the terrestrial environment, we believe that there is compelling potential for taking inspiration from nature to conceive novel, high-performance robotic systems for space use. This paper highlights the advantages that a biomimetic approach could lead and presents concept designs of innovative bio-inspired mechatronic systems investigated in recent years by the authors. Index Terms – Biomimetics, Robotics, Mechatronics, Space, Emerging Technologies

This paper presents a generic methodology for database reverse engineering comprising two main steps, namely Data structure extraction and Data structure conceptualization. The first process tries to elicit the physical data structures of the database, while the second one tries to recover the semantics of these structures. This methodology is illustrated by a small, but non-trivial, example through which a set of COBOL files is transformed into a relational database.

Cost reduction, light weighting, quality and safety are the basis for all design and development of automobile component manufacturing. Low cost with high quality components can be produced by proper material selection, material cost, production volume, manufacturing process. This paper investigates the existing metallic bonnet with a new low cost and light weight composite bonnet. Fibers such as glass and jute along with matrixes of polyester and epoxy resin are selected for part fabrication. Using reverse engineering process design is extracted from original metallic bonnet and is redesigned for FRP application. Hand lay-up and VARTM manufacturing process are compared to fabricate FRP bonnet. Important factors involve in bonnet under real time damages are impact of child head-form during accident is analyzed as per Euro-NCAP standard. From the result VARTM based glass/ polyester composite is found to be a better candidate for fabrication.

The concept of Reverse Engineering is used in many fields of IT every day, to name just a few: legacy compatibility, binary code patching, malware analysis, network protocols analysis, debugging or even rapid prototyping. Despite its broad use, reverse engineering is not actively taught as a part of computer science courses. This paper tries to provide a survey of some of the real life usage scenarios of reverse engineering, analyzes what skills and ways of thinking are developed by reverse engineering and provides examples how reverse engineering could be taught by practical problem solving, introducing creative thinking models and strategies. We focus on the importance of reverse engineering as a tool to ignite the self-motivation of students and systematically build their logical thinking capabilities and analytical skills. I.

Reverse engineering (RE) is a domain of current interest where physical models are measured or digitised in order to obtain a virtual model. Currently, geometric models are rebuilt using geometric approaches. These models are generally frozen (i.e. not parameterisable and not easy to modify). This paper deals with a new knowledge based approach for reverse engineering that enables non-frozen CAD models. According to the product knowledge, we propose to assist CAD software application user to build the tree structure of the product. The proposed approach aims to obtain an engineering CAD model by merging existing geometric approach and the tree structure of the product.

16th century ‘face to face’ persuasion scams adopted to letters, telephone, fax and Internet with the development of new communication technologies. In many of today’s fraud schemes phone numbers play an important role. Various free-to-use on-line tools enable the scammers to hide their identities with fake names, bogus business websites, and VoIP services. These fake businesses or personas can appear more legitimate when connected to a phone number, enabling a faster, more personal contact to the victims. With the typology of a sample probe of 374 emails, commonly used in business proposal scams, the emails were categorized and tested to see how believable the proposals sound once the scammers were contacted by phone. The research can be explored in a 5-channel interactive audio installation called ‘Let’s talk business’ that uncovers which business proposals and scam schemes are commonly used, and how believable the proposals sound once the scammers are called.

In this paper we will apply a generic database reverse engineering methodology to a case study. We will sketch a database reverse engineering methodology. Then, we will describe the DB- MAIN CASE tool and its reverse engineering functionality. We will explain more precisely the program slicing. This is a powerful and useful technique to understand a program at a given point. All will be put together in a realistic, but small, case study.

The aim of the study is to design, analysis and optimization of piston for a single cylinder four stroke over head valve (OHV) spark ignition engine. This paper used reverse engineering techniques, in order to obtain of an existing physical model. A three-dimensional piston has been created with the help of SOLIDWORKS and, it is imported to ANSYS environment for the coupled steady-state thermal structural analysis. The material used for piston is Die Cast Aluminium (DCA) 1, 2, and 3. The objective of this paper focuses the light weight piston design through finite element analysis, and to optimize the piston design using parametric optimization. The results obtained from coupled field analysis and parametric optimization, concluded the modified design is within the permissible limit along the selected materials for DCA2 and shows the maximum von misses stresses 78.75MPa, factor of safety (n) is 5.67 and yield strength of 165MPa and it is reduced the piston weight was 12.14 grams which is 7.42% less as compared to existing DCA1 without comprising the strength to weight ratio.

The emergence of the Internet technology and the rapid growth of its applications have made the information available anywhere and anytime. Thus, most businesses run Web- based front-end databases and make a variety of services and information available online. The next generation of the Web, the Semantic Web, seeks to add machine understandable content to Web resources. Such added content