DRM

This research examines the relationship between indi- viduals’ levels of life satisfaction and their associative networks of happiness. Study 1 measured European Americans’ degree of false memory of happiness using the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm. Scores on the Satisfaction With Life Scale predicted the likelihood of false memory of happiness but not of other lure words such as sleep. In Study 2, European American participants completed an association-judgment task in which they judged the extent to which happiness and each of 15 positive emotion terms were associated with each other. Consistent with Study 1’s findings, chroni- cally satisfied individuals exhibited stronger associa- tions between happiness and other positive emotion terms than did unsatisfied individuals. However, Koreans and Asian Americans did not exhibit such a pattern regarding their chronic level of life satisfaction (Study 3). In combination, results suggest that there are important individual and cultural differences in the cog- nitive structure and associative network of happiness.

Online games need security as they are more popular than story mode games especially multiplayer shooting games. Security in Gaming or Cyber Security in Gaming is a way of securing and avoiding piracy in gaming. It provides various methods through which we can secure game accounts of customers. It provides various and effective measures for both offline and online gaming platforms like consoles, PCs and mobiles. Cyber security in gaming is evolving at a pace far greater than other security domains. It also secures the in-game purchases and currencies used by the player and traded between two users. Gaming security is very important aspect to view as the advancement of gaming industries and technology is higher the tighter the security of the game accounts and server has to be.

f a b i o b r a v o . i t Fabio Bravo DRM, CONTRATTAZIONE TELEMATICA E CONTRATTAZIONE CIBERNETICA MEDIANTE AGENTI SOFTWARE NELLA DISTRIBUZIONE B2C e-book 2 . © 2006-2009 Fabio Bravo -L'Autore, che è titolare dei diritti esclusivi, rilascia la presente opera sotto licenza Creative Commons 2.5, Italy (attribuzione, non commerciale, non opere derivate) L'opera, oggetto di attività di ricerca presso l'Università di Bologna, può essere citata nel seguente modo: F. BRAVO, DRM, contrattazione telematica e contrattazione cibernetica mediante agenti software nella distribuzione B2C, Bologna, 2006, in www.fabiobravo.it (e-book n. 2). www.fabiobravo.it L'AUTORE FABIO BRAVO, Avvocato, Fondatore e Partner dello Studio Legale Bravo (www.studiolegalebravo.it), si occupa di Diritto delle nuove tecnologie (Information and Communication Technology Law -ICT Law). È Professore aggregato e Ricercatore all'Università di Bologna, nonché Dottore di Ricerca (Ph.D.) in «Informatica giuridica e diritto dell'informatica». Docente al Master in «Diritto delle nuove tecnologie e informatica giuridica» all'Università di Bologna ed al Master in «Diritto Privato Europeo» all'Università di Roma La Sapienza, è Autore di numerose pubblicazioni scientifiche. L'OPERA La presente opera, aggiornata al mese di giugno del 2006, costituisce il risultato dell'attività di ricerca condotta presso il CIRSFID dell'Università di Bologna (www.cirsfid.unibo.it) nell'ambito del Progetto di ricerca di rilevante interesse nazionale cofinanziato dal MIUR (PRIN2003-2005) avente per oggetto «La gestione e la negoziazione automatica dei diritti sulle opere dell'ingegno digitali: aspetti giuridici e informatici» (Unità di coordinamento nazionale: Università di Bologna; Coordinatore nazionale Prof. Alberto Musso). A mia figlia Martina, che ha dato un senso nuovo alla mia vita. Indice Capitolo Primo L'industria culturale su Internet e lo sviluppo dei sistemi di DRM (Digital Rights Management) nell'attività di negoziazione 1 Capitolo Secondo Il contesto tecnologico di riferimento e la sua significatività in ambito giuridico 5 Capitolo Terzo Linguaggi e «codice» nella contrattazione telematica 11 Capitolo Quarto Rilevanza contrattuale della predisposizione del «codice» e «comportamenti dichiarativi» 35 Capitolo Quinto Interfacce ed istruzioni logiche per la negoziazione e gestione dei diritti sulle opere digitali. Esemplificazioni 49 i Capitolo Sesto Prospettive di tutela del consumatore in relazione ai possibili abusi contrattuali. 69 Capitolo Settimo DRM e clausole abusive 73 Capitolo Ottavo DRM e controllo in via amministrativa 81 1. Inadeguatezza del registro dei programmi per elaboratore presso la SIAE 81 2. (segue): La possibile istituzione del registro dei codici sorgenti per il controllo amministrativo delle misure tecnologiche di protezione 84 3. (segue): Intelligibilità e leggibilità del «codice». Programmazione strutturata e «literate programming» 85 Capitolo Nono DRM e contratti a distanza 91 Capitolo Decimo DRM e garanzie nelle vendite dei beni di consumo 103 Bibliografia 105 ii www.fabiobravo.it CAPITOLO PRIMO 3 È stato efficacemente ricordato in dottrina che dopo «oltre un decennio dal primo libro verde che la Comunità Europea ha dedicato ai problemi del diritto d'autore nell'epoca digitale, le cosiddette misure di protezione tecnologica rappresentano probabilmente la principale risposta a quella che è stata definita "la sfida tecnologica", rappresentata dall'espansione dei sistemi di riproduzione e trasmissione delle opere e dei materiali protetti; la convergenza ed interazione tra i diversi media hanno resa decisivo, per la stabilità del copyright, lo sviluppo di sistemi tecnologici di protezione, tali da fornire una risposta coerente e (passabilmente) efficace a tale sfida». S. ERCOLANI, Il diritto d'autore e i diritti connessi. La legge n. 633/1941 dopo l'attuazione della direttiva n. 2001/29/CE, Torino, Giappichellli, 2004, pp. 319 ss. Ivi l'A. sottolinea che, nonostante «alla moltiplicazione delle modalità di accesso, di fruizione e di riproduzione delle opere, ancora non corrispondono in concreto sistemi tecnologici di controllo affidabili», l'industria culturale sta spingendo, con investimenti ingenti, verso la soluzione tecnologica. Sviluppando misure e dispositivi in grado di controllare l'accesso alle opere protette, nonché di impedire l'effettuazione di copie non autorizzate. Le istanze dell'industria culturale sono state da tempo recepite a livello istituzionale e legislativo, tant'è che addirittura un «quadro internazionale è stato predisposto da tempo per la tutela giuridica delle misure tecnologiche», successivamente seguito, in fase di recepimento o di attuazione, dalle singole normative nazionali. In materia si vedano, inoltre, le significative riflessioni di G. FINOCCHIARO, Misure tecnologiche di protezione e informazioni elettroniche sul regime dei diritti, in AIDA, 2002, pp. 280 ss.; R. CASO, «Digital Rights Management». Il commercio delle informazioni digitali tra contratto e diritto d'autore, Padova, Cedam, 2004; R. CASO, Il (declino del) diritto d'autore nell'era digitale: dalle misure tecnologiche di protezione al «Digital Rights Management», in Foro italiano, 2004, II, pp. 610 ss.; R. CASO-G. PASCUZZI, I diritti sulle opere digitali, Padova, Cedam, 2002; nonché G. PASCUZZI (a cura di), Diritto e tecnologie evolute del commercio elettronico, Padova, Cedam, 2004. Stimolanti sono altresì le letture dei saggi di L. LESSIG, Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace, cit.; S. ERCOLANI, Il diritto d'autore e i diritti connessi. La legge n. 633/1941 dopo l'attuazione della direttiva n. 2001/29/CE, cit., p. 319 ss.; P. SAMUELSON-R. DAVIS, Il dilemma digitale. Una prospettiva sulla proprietà intellettuale, nonché di L. LESSIG, Il "diritto del cavallo": la lezione dei cyberdiritto, entrambi in V. COLOMBA (a cura di), I diritti nell'era digitale. Libertà di espressione e proprietà intellettuale, Reggio Emilia, Diabasis, 2004, rispettivamente a pp. 105 ss. ed a pp. 36 ss. Per una ricostruzione tecnica dei sistemi

This paper is based on a post-graduate thesis which received an A at the Institute for Adult Education (VOX) spring 2004 and looks at which measures can be facilitated such that the teaching principle of motivation is optimized during development of online learning for the Norwegian Defence(NoD). These measures are collected in a checklist to ensure pedagogical quality and focus on student motivation. This list has become a standard piece of the information available to NoD courseware developers and is included in NoD`s methodology for developing elearning. By looking at the Didactical Relational Theory (DRT), well-known principles of learning and variables affecting success with online learning, the checklist helps to ensure that student motivation is optimised in all NoD online courses. The checklist contains the following important aspects tied to achieving student motivation: Objectives and goals, involvement, feedback, emotions, socialisation and self-efficacy. During the last ...

This paper is based on a post-graduate thesis which received an A at the Institute for Adult Education (VOX) spring
2004 and looks at which measures can be facilitated such that the teaching principle of motivation is optimized
during development of online learning for the Norwegian Defence(NoD). These measures are collected in a
checklist to ensure pedagogical quality and focus on student motivation. This list has become a standard piece of the
information available to NoD courseware developers and is included in NoD`s methodology for developing elearning.
By looking at the Didactical Relational Theory (DRT), well-known principles of learning and variables
affecting success with online learning, the checklist helps to ensure that student motivation is optimised in all NoD
online courses.
The checklist contains the following important aspects tied to achieving student motivation: Objectives and goals,
involvement, feedback, emotions, socialisation and self-efficacy. During the last couple of years the checklist has
been successfully used during the development of a number of online courses. These courses include both hardskills
courses such as application- and computer systems training and soft-skills courses such as education in laws
of armed conflict.

In 2007, France created the Regulatory Authority for Technical Measures (l’Autorité de Régulation des Mesures Techniques or ARMT), an independent regulatory agency charged with promoting the interoperability of digital media distributed with embedded “technical protection measures” (TPM), also known as “digital rights management” technologies (DRM). ARMT was established in part to rectify what French lawmakers perceived as an imbalance in the rights of copyright owners and end users created when the European Copyright Directive (EUCD) was transposed into French law as the “Loi sur le Droit d’Auteur et les Droits Voisins dans la Société de l’Information” (DADVSI). ARMT is both a traditional independent regulatory agency and a novel attempt to develop a new governance structure at the national level to address global information economy challenges. The fear that other national governments might follow suit seems to have helped to cool enthusiasm for TPM among some businesses. This Article notes parallels between the limitations imposed on ARMT and those imposed on the first modern independent regulatory agencies that emerged in the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Using history as a guide, it is not surprising that the ARMT’s exercise of authority has been limited during its early years; it remains possible that ARMT may become a model for legislation in other countries.It took decades before the first American independent regulatory agencies exercised real authority, and their legitimacy was not established beyond question until Roosevelt’s “New Deal.” Even though information society institutions may evolve quickly, national governments are sure to require more time to develop effective, legitimate ways to ensure that global information and communication technology (ICT) standards conform to their national social policies.

Piracy and copyright protection is a major issue among the music owners and publishers. Major improvements in digital and internet technologies have made the illegal production, storage and distribution of the digital multimedia files very easy. As a remedy digital audio watermarking is nowadays gaining popularity among the original audio content producers. This technique embeds the owner information as a copyright material in the digital audio as a proof of ownership. This paper introduces the watermarking, its applications and techniques developed. An algorithm is proposed based on wavelet transform which has efficient computational load and also on cosine transform for increasing the watermark embedding capacity. Algorithm is attacked with different signal processing attacks and then evaluated on the basis of watermarking parameters like imperceptibility, robustness, and embedding capacity.

With the rapid growth of the Internet, acquiring digital contents over the Internet has become commonplace. Most traditional items can be translated into digital form. That is to say the digital contents can be distributed easily and rapidly to users over the Internet. Unfortunately, situations of piracy are common and become more serious, since the digital contents can be copied and distributed easily through Internet. Thus, Digital Rights Management (DRM) is a popular tool used to protect digital contents with cryptographic technology. But there are many different DRM encryption formats that are adopted by different content providers, causing consumers can't play their contents on devices with different DRM format even though they bought it legally. In this paper, we employ identity-based encryption to allow a conversion between different DRM systems. Through the conversion process, the digital content can be used at different DRM systems and hold the legitimate use of the right.

Piracy of digital content is considered a serious problem by content companies. Digital Rights Management is considered a potential solution to this problem. In this paper we study to what degree DRM can live up to this expectation. We conclude that given the current and foreseeable state of technology the content protection features of DRM are not effective at combating piracy.

For citation: Varlamov O.V. The radio noise effect on the coverage area of drm broadcast transmitter in different regions // T-Comm. 2015. No.2. Рр. 90-93. Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) is universal, openly standardised digital broadcasting system for all broadcasting frequencies, including LW, MW, SW as well as band I, II (FM band) and III. Present article focuses on effect of atmospheric radio noise on the service area in different regions in the day time (i.e. by ground wave) in LW and MW bands. Values of maximum expected field strength of atmospheric radio noise exceeded for 2% of the time estimations have been done for different frequencies of LW and MW bands (in the bandwidth of 10 kHz) for different geographical locations (Tiksi, Norilsk, Moscow region, Ho Chi Minh Cityrural area excluding city). The obtained results substantiate the purpose to incorporate the atmospheric radio noise in coverage area calculation of DRM transmitter and described the methodology of calculation. The using of "SNR propagation curves" is also proposed. There are shown examples that make it possible to select the preferred frequency for various geographical conditions. So, frequencies preferred for using in DRM are: -Lower part of the LW band -in northern latitudes; -Lower and middle parts of the LW band -in middle latitudes; -Upper part of the LW band -in tropical regions. The conducted analysis of radio noise effect in different geographical regions allows to calculate more accurately the coverage area and to choose the preferred frequency for maximum coverage. Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) is universal, openly stan-dardised digital broadcasting system for all broadcasting fre-quencies, including LW, MW, SW as well as band I, II (FM band) and III. A large number of successful trials and regular broadcasting was carried out in LW and MW bands in various countries including the Russian Federation [1]. However, some aspects of the correct calculation of the DRM transmitter service area are not clear for part of the broadcasters up to now. Present article focuses on effect of radio noise on the service area in different regions in the day time (i.e. by ground wave) in LW and MW bands. The conducted analysis of radio noise effect in different geographical regions allows to calculate more accurately the coverage area and to choose the preferred frequency for maximum coverage.

The focus of this essay is to examine the market for copyrighted works with a particular emphasis on the sound recording market. This market is currently in a state of flux, some would say disarray, due to the ability of the Internet to lower transmission costs for both authorized and unauthorized copies, with the latter being, at this time, far more prevalent. In this essay we discuss the intent of copyright, the role of copying and file-sharing, and some alternative production/consumption schemes meant to strengthen or to replace copyright.

We present a DRM-preserving content redistribution scheme, based on the NPGCT scheme, that provides fairness in unsupervised exchanges. The proposed scheme is formally specified, verified and shown to achieve its design goals. The NPGCT mechanism of detection and revocation of circumvented devices is also reexamined here.

Background and objectives: Regards of water scarcity, inappropriate distribution of precipitation, implementation and development of projects in water resource fields such as dam construction and inter-basin water convenience is unavoidable. For prevention of long-term negative environmental impacts of such projects, and for water allocation acts, it is necessary to studyhydrological and ecological demands of river as an "environmental water demand". The "environmental water demand" usually is defined as a set of discharges which are determined by the magnitudes, frequencies, occurrences and given flows, but the employed methods in this research calculate environmental flows in the form of mean annual runoff (MAR). These flows which provide appropriate conditions for conservation of aquatic life and ecosystem processes for sustainability goal, are called "environmental flows". This article aimed to study the "environmental demand" estimation for Mahabad-chi River.
Materials and methods: Mahabad-chai sub basin is located in southwest of Urmia lake and in terms of scope is 4th sub basin of Urmia lake basin. Its geographic area is among of 44˚ 45΄ to 45˚ 56΄ eastern longitude and 36˚ 22΄ to 37˚ 10΄ northern latitude and is composed of two main branches “BYTAS & KOWTER”. The ecological river demand was estimated and compared by four hydrological methods (Tenant, Tessman, FDC-shifting and DRM), then suitable method was introduced.
Results: The ecological demand of Mahabad-chai river is estimated and compared by four hydrological methods, FDC-shifting method biological class C, because of considering ecological specifications of the river, was chosen and the environmental demand of Mahabad-chi River was estimated to 0.35 cms in BYTAS station and 1.17 cms in KOWTER station. The annually average flow was 1.73 and 6.17 cms in BYTAS and KOWTER hydrometric station respectively.
Conclusion: Based on the results, the suggested flow of FDC-shifting method at C class is recommended as minimum environmental flow for Mahabad-chai river, because this method needs the less data, doing early and rapid assessment in data and simulating current hydrological conditions by considering desirable ecological conditions, whereas other methods can’t do this action. Moderated class C (relatively modified) consider about %20 MAR to %30 MAR as environmental flow, that in this condition basic function of ecosystem has not changed and more species is survived. Also moderated class C has good match with regime of flow at several months and is acceptable in area in terms of managerial, agricultural uses, drinking and etc.
The suggested method in this research is not the ultimate solution for environmental problems of Mahabad-chai River. Lack of comprehensive required ecological information at river’s ecosystem studies, cause to estimating eco-hydrology by less coefficient of confidence.

In this paper we present a new invisible robust non blind watermarking scheme. The proposed scheme embeds the monochrome (logo) watermark into the high and middle {HL, LH, HH} frequency bands of luminance channel of the color image. The Red (R), Green (G) and Blue (B) channels of color image are transformed into Luminance (Y), Intensity (I) and Hue (Q) Channels, the Luminance channel of color image is decomposed using Discrete Wavelet Transformation (DWT), then the high and middle frequency components of this Luminance are used to embed the watermark. To increase the detection speed and efficiency of algorithm, the location of modified high and middle frequency components are stored into key array. Use of this key array improves the speed of the extraction algorithm. The experimental results show that the watermark is robust against different types of attacks like image cropping, image filtering, image Compression and Image transformations. Further, the results show that the performance of our scheme is superior to other similar techniques. Categories and Subject Descriptors D.3.3 [Programming Tools]: MATLAB Constructs and Features abstract data types, control structure and Image Processing tool.

This piece outlines a few brief arguments against the inclusion of ebooks with DRM restrictions in libraries. These arguments center upon what the presence of these ebooks signifies to patrons about libraries today, and how librarians should avoid holding books with DRM within their collections. Ebooks with DRM require that users give up personal data in order to read. In addition, restricted ebooks are frustrating to users and makes them dislike the libraries that offer them. Finally, DRM surveillance is at odds with librarians’ professional commitments to protecting patron privacy.