Devaluation

This research investigates the hypothesis that the mere suggestion of sexism can harm women's experience of an instruction situation. Across three experiments, women exposed to the suggestion about the sexism of a male instructor reported a less positive experience, performed worse on a logic test, and rated the instructor as less competent than did women who were not exposed to the suggestion. The same harmful consequences did not befall men, even when they were potential targets of the alleged sexism. To interpret results, the authors emphasize the concept of social identity threat: the concern that one will be the target not only of stereotypes about inferiority, but also a more general hostility based on a salient social identity. Results suggest the need to expand conceptions of discrimination to include systemic forms of identity threat that can be suYcient to produce harm, even in situations where diVerential treatment is initially absent.

The current study analyzes the impact of devaluation of domestic currency on economic growth and for this purpose, the time series data is being used. The Conceptual framework of the present theory is based on the J-curve (1954). The ARDL Bound test approach is being used to test the presence of long run and short run relationship. For this analysis, data set of Pakistan is being used over the period 1990-2018. For the stability of the model, CUSUM and CUSUMSQ test are also used. The results of the current study show that devaluation are significantly correlated with economic growth and ARDL-Bound test also show the relationship in short-run as well as, long-run relationship. Devaluation in domestic currency is useful and, however, harmful for the country. It depend upon the policy maker that how they handle the situation. For the short run analysis, ECM suggests that model is stable and any shock that diverge the economy will converge soon


Key word: Devaluation, Economic Growth, Private Domestic Investment, Exchange Rate

Following an industrial boom from the mid-to-late 19th century, Glasgow's East End underwent exceptional levels of industrial decline. By the 1960s, it suffered from wholesale abandonment and devaluation, visible through widespread swathes of vacant and derelict land and decrepit building structures. After several unsuccessful regeneration attempts over the decades, in 2007 Glasgow City Council (GCC) won the bid to host the 2014 Commonwealth Games in the East End. In 2008, the same area was subject to the largest regeneration project in Scotland-Clyde Gateway-rooted in sustainability discourses and the provision of new green and blue infrastructure. This chapter critically inquires into who has benefited from this process.

This article summarizes research and policy questions, and research methods and findings of four case studies of the impacts of the 1994 CFA franc devaluation in West Africa on urban food consumption. The case studies are household surveys from Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Mali, and Senegal. The research showed, in general, that, comparing food consumption patterns after the devaluation with those before, that: (1) total cereal intake fell, especially for the poorest; (2) the intake of imported rice held steady; (3) the intake of domestic coarse grains (millet, maize, sorghum) did not rise, except for an increase in maize intake in Burkina Faso; (4) only in Mali was there a significant shift to domestic rice; (5) imported wheat intake dropped; (6) roots, tuber and plantain consumption did not receive a boost; (7) there was an alarming "de-diversification" of the diet, especially for the poorest, with reductions in meat, edible oils, and vegetables/fruit, as well as imported milk; there was, however, some increase in domestic oils/butters consumption; (8) there was some "individualization" of consumption patterns with increased importance of the informal restaurant sector. The most striking results in the context of the policy debate are that cereal intake fell, and that the (expected) shift from imported rice to local coarse grains did not occur. The lack of such a shift is explainable in terms of the lackluster supply response of the coarse grain sectors, and the resilience of rice demand based on its convenience of processing and preparation for the urban consumer. These results together imply: (1) the economics and technology of agro-processing of coarse