Greek

La confrontation de la pensée de Thomas d’Aquin et des doctrines issues de l’orthodoxie orientale traverse l’histoire du thomisme, le plus souvent sous les traits d’une controverse. Pour tenter d’éclairer un peu la question, on gagne à interroger d’abord l’histoire et Thomas d’Aquin lui-même, afin de discerner le rapport que sa réflexion théologique entretient avec les traditions orientales. Le dialogue de Thomas d’Aquin avec l’Orient chrétien, d’un point de vue historique, recouvre une réalité assez large qui peut toucher divers domaines. L’article en retient trois : les rapports que la théologie de saint Thomas entretient avec la patristique orientale, avec les auteurs orientaux de l’Antiquité et du haut moyen âge byzantin ; les rapports de saint Thomas avec les doctrines des Orientaux de son temps et la réception de Saint Thomas dans l’Orient chrétien.

This book presents a new study of Greek large-scale bronze statuary of the late Archaic and Classical periods. It examines the discovery, origin, style, date, artistic attribution, identification, and interpretation of the surviving bronzes, and focuses in particular on their technical features and casting techniques. It contains over 170 plates of photographs and drawings to illustrate its discussion.

It also places the development of the casting techniques in connection with the stylistic evolution in Greek free-standing sculpture. During the Classical period, artists preferred bronze to marble when creating their contrapposto figures. Indisputably, bronze gave particular freedom to artists in creating three-dimensional figures. In addition, the evolution in style encouraged the development of the uses of bronze to serve the new needs and tendencies in sculpture during the late Archaic and especially the Classical period. Through the examination of how technical matters affect style, this book presents fresh interpretations of these important monuments of Greek art and offers a new approach in the field of Greek free-standing bronze sculpture.

Tarafımızdan kaleme alınan bu yazıda Karadeniz
Bölgesi’nin, XIX. yüzyıl başından yani Pontusçuluğun kültürel alt
yapısının oluşturulmaya çalışıldığı dönemden Pontus meselesinin
gerek Türkiye içersinde gerek Türkiye dışında yürütülen
faaliyetlerin zirveye ulaştığı Milli Mücadele yıllarına kadarki
demografik yapısı irdelenmektedir. Yaklaşık yüz yıllık dönemi
kapsayan bu yazıda yalnızca Türklere ait nüfus bilgileri değil,
Karadeniz Bölgesi’nde en az Türkler kadar Rum yaşadığını iddia
eden Rumların/Yunanlıların ileri sürdüğü rakamlar ve yabancı
kaynakların bölge ile ilgili nüfus bilgileri de verilmekte ve
değerlendirmeye tabi tutulmaktadır.
Ortaya konulan bilgiler ve yapılan değerlendirmeler
sonucunda; XIX. yüzyılın başından I. Dünya Savaşı’na kadar geçen
yaklaşık yüz yıllık bir süreçte Karadeniz Bölgesi’ndeki gayrimüslim
nüfusun büyük bir değişime uğramadığı, ya da en azından
Rumların iddia ettiği gibi Osmanlı Devleti’nin Rumları göçe tabii
tutmasından dolayı azalmadığı, aksine bir miktar arttığı ancak
hiçbir zaman bölgedeki toplam nüfusun %15-20’sini aşamadığı
dikkati çekmektedir. Elimizde 1919 yılına dair nüfus verileri
olmamakla birlikte Hrisantos’un Pontus bölgesi olarak tanımladığı
Trabzon Vilayetinin tamamı, Sivas Vilayetinin Karahisar-ı Şarki ve
Amasya sancakları ile Kastamonu Vilayeti’nin Sinop Sancağı’nın
1904-1905 yılı verilerine göre Müslüman ve Rum olmak üzere
toplam nüfusu 1.432.550 olup, bu nüfusun 1.210.241’ini
Müslümanlar (%84.5), 222.309’unu ise Rumlar (%15.5)
oluşturmaktaydı.

In this article which was written by us, demographic
structure of Greek movement’s policy whether in Turkey or out of
Turkey is investigated from 19th century namely the Greek
movement was happen to start to National Struggle. Not only the
information of Turk’s population but also figures which assert that
Greeks lived in Black Sea as many as Turks, are given and
evaluated in this article including centenarian period.
This evaluated information indicates that the
population of non-Muslim has not changed drastically or their
population has not become less because of Ottoman Empire’s
forcing emigration the Greeks as their assertion, on the contrary
their population has increased but their total population has not
passed beyond about %15 or %20. We have not got population
data of 1919 but according to town of Sinop figures which found in
1904-1905 the whole region of Trabzon Province describing
Hrisantos’s Pontus, Karahisar-ı Şarki in Sivas Province,
Kastamonu Province and town of Amasya, the total population of
both Muslim and Greeks is 1.432.550 and Muslims has 1.210.241
(%84.5), Greeks has 222.309 (%15.5)

Çalışmanın amacı 30 Ocak 1923 tarihinde imzalanan Türk ve Yunan Halklarının Mübadelesine İlişkin Sözleşme ve Protokol'ün ardından İstanbul ilçelerine yerleştirilmiş olan mübadillerin burada yaşamış oldukları zorlukları ortaya koymaktır. Bu kapsamda öncelikle kavramsal bir çalışma yapılmış, ardından mübadele kararına giden süreçten bahsedilmiş, mübadiller için yapılan hazırlıklardan, mübadillere yapılan yardımlardan ve mübadillerin yerleştirildikleri bölgelerden bahsedilmiştir. Araştırma çerçevesinde İstanbul'da bulunan iki dernek ve bir vakıf ile görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Görüşmeler sonrası analiz yapılırken belirli temalar oluşturulmuştur. Sonuç olarak ise İstanbul'a yerleştirilen mübadillerin karşılaştıkları zorluklar, yaşadıkları sıkıntılar "Ekonomik Sorunlar", "Dil Sorunu", "Yerli Halk Tarafından Kabul Görülmeme" ve "Gelenek-Görenek" olmak üzere dört ana tema altında toplanmıştır.

The photochemical behavior of oxyfluorfen [2-chloro-1-(3-etoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene] on two Greek soils was investigated. Soils were sampled from Nea Malgara and Preveza regions, characterized by a different organic matter content. Soils were spiked with the diphenyl-ether herbicide and irradiation experiments were performed either in the laboratory with a solar simulator (xenon lamp) or outside, under natural sunlight irradiation; other soil samples were kept in the dark to control the retention reaction. Kinetic parameters of both retention and photochemical reactions were calculated using zero-, first- and second- (Langmuir-Hinshelwood) order equations, and best fit was checked through statistical analysis. The soil behaviors were qualitatively similar but quantitatively different, with the soil sampled from the Nea Malgara region much more sorbent as compared with Preveza soil. All studied reactions followed second-order kinetics and photochemical reaction...

The object of analysis here are the deverbal abstract nouns with roots of Greek origin and Bulgarian suffix. Most of them are motivated by fully adapted verbs borrowed from Greek and of particular interest from the perspective of word formation are the secondary derivatives formed from denominative verbs motivated by Greek nous and adjectives. The transformation of borrowed words into productive bases, which are combined with local word-forming suffixes, is the final stage of the complex process of lexical borrowing, which follows the stage of morphological adaptation of borrowed words, i. e. their grouping into a certain lexical-grammatical type. Many of them have formed large groups of derivatives. Being composed of elements of different languages, the new lexemes are hybrid in nature regarding their word-formation and their separation into a special category reflects the new status of the Greek bases of the borrowings. The hybrid formations of this type are the final result of the assimilation of the Greek loan words into the Bulgarian language, which is why they occupy a specific position in the Bulgarian lexical fund. The use of some of them is dialect or archaic, but they all contribute to the enrichment of the vocabulary and the ways of expression in Bulgarian.

In this paper we investigate the occurrence of Greek and Hebrew locative expressions in two syntactic frames: (i) direct complementation, and, (ii) complementation mediated by a 'light' P(reposition). The main claim is that these two frames correspond to two Case mechanisms: PF Case licensing in the domain of a prosodic word, and syntactic Case checking via a light P, respectively. We attribute the particular implementation of each frame to the different syntactic status of locatives in each language; Hebrew locatives are argued to be P heads, while their Greek counterparts are phrasal modifiers. Consequently, direct complementation resulting in PF Case licensing is widely attested in Hebrew, because most Hebrew locatives are construct heads, forming a Construct State, namely, a single prosodic word, with their complements. Direct complementation is limited to clitics in Greek, because only they can be part of the prosodic word of the locative. Syntactic Case checking via a light P is widespread in Greek because Greek locatives are phrasal, therefore, unable to check Case of their DP complements in syntax. The same mechanism is limited in Hebrew to a particular variety of locatives, which are argued to be free P heads, lacking a Case feature.

This paper presents the rationale behind the utilization of a Moodle Learning Management System for the facilitation of a blended learning approach in the Informatics department. The authors present and analyze the steps followed in order to replace the prior decentralized organizational structure of the courses, which consisted of a multitude of different and incompatible systems. The main goal was to implement a single system, which would be easy to operate, maintain, and update, and would cater to the variety of instructor and student needs. Furthermore, evaluation data of the new system is presented in detail. The analysis of the results serves to confirm the success of this department-wide migration.

This paper presents the first evidence of lapis lazuli or lazurite that was detected unexpectedly using micro-Raman spectroscopy during research to identify an enigmatic purple hue on the thirteenth-century BC Greek Bronze Age wall paintings from Gla. The lapis lazuli material was found as part of a mixture including a red iron oxide and an as yet unidentified purple staining material. Existing purple mixtures of that period are also discussed. The identification of lapis lazuli at Gla may prove to be the earliest known use of this pigment in buon fresco, in both Eastern and Western painting traditions. Furthermore, this precedes the next known use of the material as a pigment by 1800 years. The existence of this blue pigment is also discussed within the context of the blue pigment palette of the Bronze Age Aegean and eastern Mediterranean Bronze Age (3300-1100 BC), to show its use in relation to other blue materials and to demonstrate the technology and knowledge mastered by the artists who used this lazurite.

Researchers of cognitive processing in illiteracy have proposed that the acquisition of literacy modifies the functional organization of the brain. They have suggested that, while illiterate individuals have access only to innate semantic processing skills, those who have learned the correspondence between graphemes and phonemes have several mechanisms available to them through which to process oral language. We conducted 2 experiments to verify that suggestion with respect to language processing, and to elucidate further the differences between literate and illiterate individuals in the cognitive strategies used to process oral language, as well as hemispheric specialization for these processes. Our findings suggest that semantic processing strategies are qualitatively the same in literates and illiterates, despite the fact that overall performance is augmented by increased education. In contrast, explicit processing of oral information based on phonological characteristics appears to be qualitatively different between literates and illiterates: effective strategies in the processing of phonological information depend upon having had a formal education, regardless of the level of education. We also confirmed the differential abilities needed for the processing of semantic and phonological information and related them to hemisphere-specific processing. (JINS, 2004, 10, 818-827.)

In the early 1990s, a previously-neglected text, entitled Laterculus Malalianus, was attributed by Jane Stevenson to the hand of Theodore of Tarsus (archbishop of Canterbury, 668–690). The text is a well-spring of Christological concerns. Above all, it reflects an interest in Christ's restorative work as it applies to all humankind, expressed in language very much reminiscent of Irenaeus of Lyons and, more explicitly, Ephrem the Syrian. Chapter fourteen in particular displays these characteristics in a concise manner. Theodore's references there compel the reader to deal with a wide range of sources, suggesting thereby a learned, if eclectic, writer; further, they give us insight into the kinds of theological influences to which seventh-century Insular divines were subject. It is the intention of this paper to expose some notable aspects of this under-esteemed work.

All patients were assessed clinically at Agia Sofia Hospital in Athens. They belonged to three unrelated families from different regions of Greece. Their parents were healthy and nonconsanguineous. All pregnancies and perinatal periods were uneventful. Their ...

THE political events of the day have drawn so much of public attention to the regions which I have lately visited, that a sketch of their actual condition as I saw them in the autumn of last year, may not prove unacceptable at the present moment. I have not written in order to plead either this cause or that one. I am not a Philo-Turk, nor am I a Phil-Hellenic, or a Philo-Wallach, or a PhiloAlbanian, or a Philo-Bulgarian; but I believe that a great change is at hand in the southeastern peninsula of Europe, in which these rising nationalities have each its part to play. The old Ottoman empire-the Mussulman theocracy - is doomed, on this side of the Bosphorus at least. Whether its name and the shadow its power be still allowed to endure, or whether the "bag and baggage" policy be carried out to the bitter end, a new order of things is in process of· evolution. If my jottings by the way can help the reader to a clearer apprehension of the grave events which must sooner or later remodel the map of South-eastern Europe, my journey will not have been undertaken in vain.
Some of the notes embodied in the following pages have already appeared in 'Blackwood's Magazine,' in the 'Pall Mall Gazette, and in the 'Fortnightly Review' and I am indebted to Mr J. Morley for his kind permission to make use of the last.

This paper investigates the verbal construction of emotions in a bilingual/bicultural setting, the target languages and cultures being American English and Cypriot Greek. To examine whether bilingual speakers express different emotions in their respective languages, a study was carried out with 10 bilingual/bicultural professionals. A scenario was presented to them first in English and a month later in Greek and their verbal reactions were recorded. The participants' responses were then analysed through three questions: (1) whether they translate from one language to the other; (2) whether and when codeswitching occurs; (3) whether there is a pattern in the use of emotion words. The analysis of the results shows that respondents displayed different reactions to the same story depending on the language it was read to them in. The paper argues that participants changed their social code, i.e. sociocultural expectations, with the change in linguistic code. These findings raise interesting questions about the relationship between language, emotions and cognition, and the formation of the bilingual self.

Now and then, Homer is born again. There are many theories, also conspiratorial ones, about Homer’s past existence, provenience, and work. Was there really a Homer or were there a few bards who cooperated, a collection of voices? Many points that make up a complete pointillist picture? Homer must be proof of the existence of reincarnation. There are at least two Homers, to my knowledge, living nowadays in Canada. One took the name of Anne Carson, the other of Margaret Atwood. Another one has recently received a Nobel Prize in literature and we remember well the fine poem on Achilles, who even though not being a god, almost a god, triumphs - not with death, though. Yet another one, was born in a small town of York and travelled all the way to the USA where he wrote “The Shield of Achilles”, an ode to a picture, ekphrasis in stanzas. There is one more Homer writing now in the English language, this particular one comes from Devon and took the name of Alice Oswald.

In 1968, Melzack and Casey suggested that there are three major psychological dimensions of pain: sensory, affect, evaluative. These categories interact with one another to provide quantitative and qualitative information on the components of pain. In 1975, Melzack developed the McGill Pain Questionnaire, which is composed of four major parts and evaluates the qualities of pain. The aim of this study was to assess the applicability, reliability, and validity of the McGill Pain Questionnaire on a sample of Greek cancer patients receiving palliative treatment. It was administered to 114 cancer patients before the initiation of the palliative treatment, and then to 80 cancer patients during the treatment 7 days later. The results indicated that scale reliability was very good (0.95-0.97). During the pretreatment period, correlations between Present Rating Index (PRI), Present Pain Intensity (PPI), and Number of Words Chosen (NWC) ranged between 0.42 and 0.92. During the post-treatment time, the correlations ranged between 0.28 and 0.91. Only 21.8% of the words met a criterion of 30% for representativeness on the first administration of the questionnaire, and 9% met this criterion on the second. Validity was satisfactory (P Ͻ 0.005) according to 'responsiveness to changes in time', as there was a statistical difference between the pretreatment and posttreatment time. Patients presented a desirable level of convergent construct validity (P Ͻ 0.05) concerning their performance status. Exploratory factor analysis was examined and two factors with eigenvalue over 1 were extracted, and they accounted for 95.2% of the variance. These results support the Greek-MPQ as a reliable and valid measure for evaluating the qualities of cancer pain in patients receiving palliative care.

«Greek Folk Music» is an educational project that aims to support musicians approaching the wonderful world of Greek folk music. The first volume of the series contains transcriptions of twenty-two instrumental pieces from different areas of Hellenism, both within and outside the borders of modern-day Greece.
These transcriptions are not intended to be executed with a particular instrument and, as far as possible, are suitable for both tempered and non-tempered instruments.
Three different transcriptions are provided for each piece: a tempered transcription in the original key, a tempered and transposed transcription a tone above the original (for the convenience of B-flat instruments) and, finally, a microtonal transcription, which considers the micro-intervals of Greek folk music and the theoretical fundamentals of its modal system. The tempered and microtonal transcriptions also provide recommended chords for accompaniment.
As is obvious in the context of any traditional music, this work is not prescriptive, but descriptive; that is, we don’t propose to show “the” way of performing each piece, but only one of the infinite possibilities.

The Tunes:

1. Argeitikos (Peloponnese)
2. Baintouska (Thrace)
3. Chalai (Asia Minor)
4. Chasapiko & Sirba (Constantinople)
5. Foties (Asia Minor)
6. Fourlana (Eptanese)
7. Karsilamas (Asia Minor)
8. Lerikos (Dodecanese)
9. Mantilatos 1 (Thrace)
10. Mantilatos 2 (East Thrace)
11. Mazemenos (Northern Aegean)
12. Megalos Zakynthinos (Eptanese)
13. Megaritikos karsilamas (Central Greece)
14. Ni ke dre (Cyclades)
15. Pousnitsa (Macedonia)
16. Roditikos pidichtos (Dodecanese)
17. Sirba Leru (Dodecanese)
18. Skopos tou Prasinou (Cyclades)
19. Ta xyla (Northern Aegean)
20. Tatavlianos syrtos (Constantinople)
21. Tenedios (Northern Aegean)
22. To stiadi (Cyclades)

We present the case of a Greek commercial enterprise facing the problem of managing the inventories of thousands of different items, supplied by more than 20 European and Asian manufacturers and sold to a large number of different-type customers. A key feature of the problem is that the demand for the vast majority of items is intermittent and lumpy, thus not allowing the use of the usual normal or Poisson distributions. The paper describes the solutions given to several practical problems in the course of developing an easy-to-use yet effective and all-encompassing inventory control system. Emphasis is placed on the accurate modeling of demand by means of a gamma distribution with a probability mass at zero or a package Poisson distribution for very-slow-moving items. Using those models and simple quantitative tools we develop an efficient procedure for approximate but quite accurate determination of the base stock levels that achieve the desired fill rates in the proposed periodic review system. We briefly describe the computerized implementation of the new system and the very encouraging results.

""En Filipo II y el Arte de la Guerra tendremos la oportunidad de conocer en profundidad a uno de los más grandes reyes de la antigua Macedonia. Gracias a su habilidad como estratega, diplomático, político y soldado, heredó un reino pobre, débil y acosado por innumerables enemigos y lo transformó en el más poderoso de toda Grecia.

A lo largo de sus páginas podremos conocer la historia del reino Macedonio, desde sus orígenes míticos hasta la formación de un imperio, de la mano del que, a la postre, se convertiría en el padre del mítico Alejandro Magno y en el forjador de un nuevo ejército que cambiaria el devenir de la guerra en la Antigüedad. Filipo II fue el creador de la falange macedonia, formación que se demostraría como inigualable en el campo de batalla y que reportaría incontables victorias sobre poderosos enemigos, como los ilirios, los tesalios, los tracios, los beocios o los atenienses. Pero no sólo eso, logró integrar en el campo de batalla a la infantería y a la caballería para emplearlos en nuevas formaciones tácticas: armó a sus soldados con las míticas sarissas y apreció como pocos las posibilidades militares que la maquinaria de guerra podía proporcionarle, siendo el mecenas de numerosos avances en este campo. Soñó con conquistar el Imperio persa, cuando ya había logrado lo que nadie antes fue capaz: el control de Grecia.

Sólo la muerte le arrebató esa hazaña, pero sentó las bases de lo que más tarde conseguiría su propio hijo. Su figura levantó tanto odios como pasiones; se le conocía como mujeriego y bebedor, pero también por su habilidad para la oratoria, por sus astucia, determinación y valor. Siempre luchó en primera línea junto a sus soldados y nunca permitió que éstos le llamaran rey, sino solo "General".

The aims of this study were a) to standardize the survey form of the Leyton Obsessional Inventory-Child Version (Leyton-CV) in Greece, and estimate its sensitivity and specificity, and b) to assess high-risk factors for the development of adolescent obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) within a two year period. Method The Leyton-CV was administered to a national, representative, school-based population of 2552 Greek adolescents. Adolescents with a wide range of Leyton-CV scores were interviewed with the SADS-LA to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the instrument. Adolescents with high Leyton scores but no OCD diagnosis, and those with obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS), were reinterviewed after two years with the SADS-LA. Family history data on OCD and other mental illness were obtained through the Family Informant Schedule at follow-up. Results Using a cutoff point of 35 for the total score, the sensitivity of the Leyton-CV was 79.4 % and the specificity 72.6 %. High Leyton-CV scores and a positive family history for OCD/OCS appeared to constitute high risk factors for later OCD/OCS in adolescents.

This chapter deals with the theoretical foundations of Balkan Sprachbund studies: their purpose and aims, terminology and methods, and the areal and intralinguistic evidence for the regularity of contact-induced Balkanization processes on the peninsula. Instead of deconstruction, Balkan Sprachbund theory is supported by positivism, historicism, structuralism, social relevance and sufficient field data. These together demonstrate that it is possible to acquire new and profound insights into linguistic convergence in general and to provide Balkan linguistics with paradigms for research and models of interpretation. The concepts of linguistic boundary, dialect, regular correspondences in the functions of linguistic units, parallel grammaticalization, lexicalization, and semantic neutralization are stressed as crucial for understanding the nature of linguistic and cultural convergence and divergence that may manage to either evade or intensify identity loss. I argue that a facts-on-the-ground-based Sprachbund theory is capable of making predictions on the basis of the regularity of linguistic convergence in the Balkans. It is further argued that, for the first time in Balkan linguistics, thorough attention is being paid to bilingual symbiotic groups in zones of ongoing intimate contact on the part of the language and speech behaviour of their members.

Καταγράφονται και αναλύονται διεξοδικά, μέσα από το εθνομεθοδολογικό πλαίσιο της Ανάλυσης Συμμετοχικής Κατηγοριοποίησης/Ανάλυσης της Συνομιλίας, δημόσιες επιτελέσεις και αποδόσεις φύλου οι οποίες (ανα)παράγουν την καθημερινή σεξιστική απαξίωση των γυναικών –με γνωστούς αλλά και με νέους τρόπους, και με τα ανάλογα στερεοτυπικά κατηγορήματα–, τεκμηριώνοντας ότι η συνεχιζόμενη, πατριαρχική, έμφυλη κατηγοριοποίηση διεκπεραιώνεται, νομιμοποιείται και ανατρέπεται με κοινωνικές πρακτικές.

Hoe kwam Sparta’s koning Agesilaos tot de grootheidswaan dat hij het soevereine Rijk van de Perzische koning wel even omver kon werpen? Met kinderlijke eenvoud zet Artoxerxes de Grieken tegen elkaar op en blijft Athener Xenophon niets dan lof als Lakedaimon verslagen is en zijn dappere vriend 360/359 v.C. sterft.

The debate on the meaning of pistis in 2 Peter 1:1 has alternated between subjective faith (belief) and objective faith (the Faith). However, agreeing with Fredrick W. Danker’s analysis, a secular Hellenistic meaning of pistis better explains the distinctive context of 2 Peter 1:1 and 2 Peter’s use of pistis. Applying ten patterns for the use of pistis as a pledge of safe-conduct, gleaned from its use in secular Hellenistic literature contemporary to 2 Peter, we conclude that 2 Peter 1:1 uses pistis as a pledge of safe-conduct, which introduces 2 Peter’s theme and its controlling journey metaphor.

Dans l’Antiquité, christianisme et philosophie se font face comme deux voies d’accès à la vérité : l’une, par le moyen de la foi, l’autre, par la recherche rationnelle. Les rapports du christianisme et de la philosophie sont cependant plus complexes. Les néoplatoniciens accordent une place grandissante aux éléments extra-rationnels et en viennent à ne plus considérer la raison comme la seule voie d’accès au savoir. Inversement, les chrétiens reconnaissent une certaine vérité dans la philosophie et lui accordent un rôle préliminaire dans l’acquisition de la sagesse. Souvent convaincus que la révélation biblique est la source du savoir grec, les chrétiens présentent leur religion comme la seule « vraie philosophie ». Ce livre retrace les grandes lignes d’une confrontation qui joua un rôle capital dans la formation de la doctrine chrétienne comme dans la transmission de la culture gréco-romaine. Il amène à réviser certaines idées reçues sur le christianisme et son rapport à la raison.

Background: The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) questionnaire is widely used for the assessment of daytime sleepiness in patients with sleep apneahypopnea syndrome (SAHS). The aim of this study was to develop a Greek version of ESS, bearing in mind that language is a barrier for application in non-English speaking populations. Methods: The forward and backward translation method by bilinguals was applied. The Greek version of ESS (ESSgr) was then administered to 130 healthy age-matched controls and 211 patients with SAHS with various levels of severity. Reproducibility of ESSgr and also the sensitivity after continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment were tested. Results: Patients' and controls' ESS score was 11.3 AE 5.1 and 5.6 AE 3.2, respectively (p < 0.001). Total score and individual item score were correlated in both groups. ESSgr score was correlated with body mass index and apnea-hypopnea index (p < 0.001) but not with age. Reproducibility was tested in 29 subjects, revealing no significant difference. A significant reduction was revealed (14.1 AE 4.7 vs. 6.4 AE 3.5; p < 0.001) in 37 patients who were evaluated after CPAP treatment. Conclusions: Our data validate the ESS for application in Greek-speaking populations. Despite relevant influences of language and cultural background, ESSgr is a valuable tool for clinical management and research.

Background Antiglycan antibodies have recently been reported to be associated with Crohn's disease (CD). These antibodies include anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannan antibodies (ASCA), anti-laminariobioside carbohydrate antibodies (ALCA), anti-chitobioside carbohydrate antibodies (ACCA), and anti-mannobioside carbohydrate antibodies (AMCA).

This paper investigates the politeness strategies and mitigation devices used by native and non-native speakers (advanced learners) of Greek when refusing an invitation from an intimate and their consequences for the expression of politeness. Furthermore, it examines whether length of residence or intensity of interaction with native speakers affect non-native speakers’ performance. The data are drawn from role plays performed by native speakers and non-native speakers of two different groups: one with extended length of residence but limited opportunities for social interaction with native speakers and one with less extended length of residence but considerably more frequent opportunities for social interaction. On the basis of these data, it is argued that with regard to the speech act of declining an invitation from a friend, length of residence can be an insufficient measure whereas intensity of interaction can guarantee better results as regards pragmatic appropriateness and politeness. The significant deviations observed between native speakers and non-native speakers with limited opportunities for intimate interaction are attributed to the fact that the latter being economic migrants, who suffer from social seclusion, cannot rely on length of residence alone, in order to acquire sociocultural norms and develop pragmatic ability in the use of speech acts like the one investigated here. This fact combined with the finding that both groups of non-native speakers displayed an underdeveloped pragmatic ability in relation to mitigation devices, such as lexical/phrasal downgraders highlights the need for pedagogical intervention which aims at providing learners with metapragmatic information and meaningful opportunities for interaction that may promote their pragmatic development.

R. González Salinero (ed.), Marginados sociales y religiosos en la Hispania tardorromana y visigoda, Signifer Libros, Madrid/Salamanca, 2013 [ISBN: 978-84-938991-6-5], pp. 171-191 ¿El éxito de un desterrado arriano?: la evangelización del obispo Sunna en Mauritania * Margarita VALLEJO GIRVÉS Universidad de Alcalá

Attempts to evaluate the cognitive-motivational profiles of students with reading comprehension difficulties have been scarce. The purpose of the present study was twofold: (a) to assess the discriminatory validity of cognitive, motivational, affective, and psychopathological variables for identification of students with reading difficulties, and (b) to profile students with and without reading comprehension difficulties across those variables. Participants were 87 students who scored more than 1.3 SD below the mean on a standardized reading comprehension battery and 500 typical students in grades 2 through 4. Results using linear discriminant analyses indicated that students with reading comprehension difficulties could be accurately predicted by low cognitive skills and high competitiveness. Using cluster analysis, students with significant deficits in reading comprehension were mostly assigned to a low skill/low motivation group (termed helpless) or a low skill/high motivation group (termed motivated low achievers). Based on these findings, it was concluded that motivation, emotions, and psychopathology play a pivotal role in explaining the achievement tendencies of students with reading comprehension difficulties.

The late Antique mosaic of Orpheus decorated a small room, approximately 18 m2 in area, connected with two even smaller ones, in 4 m2 and the other 2 m2 in area, belonging most likely to a small funerary chapel (or tomb) discovered in the ancient necropolis by the Damascene Gate in Jerusalem; it was discovered in 1901 by H. Vincent.
The author proposes a new interpretation of the iconographic program of the Orpheus myth used by wealthy Christians in a sepulchral context (see Olszewski M.T. «Orphée endeuillé de la mosaïque funéraire de Jérusalem», in Rey Mimoso-Ruiz, B. ed., Actes du colloque «Orphée entre Soleil et ombre», à l’Institut Catholique de Toulouse du 16 au 17 novembre 2007, Inter Lignes, numéros spécial – mars 2008, pp. 205-214, 226). He also proposes a new interpretation of the role Orpheus played in Roman funerary art, concentrating on the importance of the play on words and the visual and textual punning that was popular in ancient art and especially in funerary art. He rejects the popular interpretation of Orpheus as Christ in the Roman catacombs and proposes to interpret the image as that of Orpheus, bard of the departed souls, without any ahistorical connection with Christ. The program of the mosaic from Jerusalem is thus explained as a play on the words Orpheus-orphanos and Chiron (Chi-Rho) and Pan [Παν(τοκράτωρ)].The frequently used Christian funerary formula of resting in peace, Christ or the Lord corresponds
perfectly with the mood created around the mythical bard.
Orpheus’ universal role as singer and musician moving even the most stony of hearts, extolling the beloved departed, is absolutely justified in the context of a 6th-century Christian tomb. Orpheus is a popular and neutral figure, meaning that in effect it does not constitute a threat to Christian theology and can be tolerated by the educated Christians of Jerusalem.

The object of analysis here are the deverbal abstract nouns with roots of Greek origin and Bulgarian suffix. Most of them are motivated by fully adapted verbs borrowed from Greek and of particular interest from the perspective of word formation are the secondary derivatives formed from denominative verbs motivated by Greek nous and adjectives. The transformation of borrowed words into productive bases, which are combined with local word-forming suffixes, is the final stage of the complex process of lexical borrowing, which follows the stage of morphological adaptation of borrowed words, i. e. their grouping into a certain lexical-grammatical type. Many of them have formed large groups of derivatives. Being composed of elements of different languages, the new lexemes are hybrid in nature regarding their word-formation and their separation into a special category reflects the new status of the Greek bases of the borrowings. The hybrid formations of this type are the final result of th...

Μεσογειακό Κολέγιο: 2ο Διεπιστημονικό Φοιτητικό Συνέδριο 2014

Η παρουσίαση αυτή στοχεύει στην παροχή μιας στρατηγικής ανάλυσης της διαχείρισης της Alfa Pastry SA, ένας από τους πιο σημαντικούς παράγοντες, που δραστηριοποιούνται στην ελληνική αγορά κατεψυγμένων βιομηχανίας επεξεργασμένων τροφίμων. Όπως συμβαίνει με τις περισσότερες ελληνικές επιχειρήσεις, Alfa λειτουργεί σε ένα ταραχώδες οικονομικό και πολιτικό περιβάλλον. Την ίδια στιγμή, οι Έλληνες καταναλωτές δίνουν έμφαση στις χαμηλές τιμές και υψηλή ποιότητα των προϊόντων διατροφής. Χάρη στην ποιότητα και την καινοτομία της, η Alfa κατάφερε να βελτιώσει σημαντικά την αύξηση των πωλήσεων από το 1998.

Ωστόσο, η ανταγωνιστική θέση της στην βιομηχανία καθώς και οι απειλές που έχει να αντιμετωπίσει, σημαίνει ότι η εταιρεία πρέπει να κάνει βήματα προς τη βελτίωση της. Η ανάπτυξη της αγοράς, η αποτελεσματική προώθηση, η ανάπτυξη των online πωλήσεων, η διαφοροποίηση των προϊόντων, καθώς και ο δημοσιονομικός έλεγχος είναι μόνο μερικοί από τους τρόπους με τους οποίους θα μπορούσε να ενισχύσει Alfa και να διατηρήσουν τη μελλοντική ανάπτυξη και την ανταγωνιστικότητά της.