6G

Beyond 5G networks are expected to support massive traffic through decentralized solutions and advanced networking mechanisms. This paper aims at contributing towards this vision through the integration of device-centric wireless networks, including Device-to-Device (D2D) communications, and the Next Generation of Opportunistic networking (NGO). This integration offers multiple communication modes such as opportunistic cellular and opportunistic D2D-aided communications. Previous studies have demonstrated the potential and benefits of this integration in terms of energy efficiency, spectral efficiency and traffic offloading. We propose an integration of device-centric wireless networks and NGO that is not driven by a precise knowledge of the presence of the links. The proposed technique utilizes a novel concept of graph to model the evolution of the networking conditions and network connectivity. Uncertainties and future conditions are included in the proposed graph model through anticipatory mobile networking to estimate the transmission energy cost of the different communication modes. Based on these estimates, the devices schedule their transmissions using the most efficient communication mode. These decisions are later revisited in real-time using more precise knowledge about the network state. The conducted evaluation shows that the proposed technique significantly reduces the energy consumption (from 60% to 90%, depending on the scenario) compared to traditional single-hop cellular communications, and performs closely to an ideal “oracle based” system with full knowledge of present and future events. The transmission and computational overheads of the proposed technique show a small impact on such energy gains.

Compared to 5G, 6G networks will demand even more ambitious reduction in endto-end latency for packet communication. Recent attempts at breaking the barrier of end-to-end millisecond latencies have focused on re-engineering networks using a hybrid approach consisting of an optical-fiber based backbone network architecture coupled with high-speed wireless networks to connect end-devices to the backbone network. In our approach, a wide area network (WAN) is considered with a high-speed optical fiber grid network as its backbone. After messages from a source node enter the backbone network through a local wireless network, these are delivered very fast to an access point in the backbone network closest to the destination node, followed by its transfer to the local wireless network for delivery to the destination node. We propose a novel routing strategy which is based on distributing the messages in the network in such a way that the average queuing delay of the messages through the backbone network is minimized, and also the route discovery time at each router in the backbone network is drastically reduced. Also, multiple messages destined towards a particular destination router in the backbone network are packed together to form a mailbag, allowing further reductions in processing overheads at intermediate routers and pipelining of mailbag formation and route discovery operations in each router. The performance of the proposed approach green based on these ideas has been theoretically analyzed and then simulated using the ns-3 simulator. Our results show that the average end-to-end latency is less than 380 µs (with only 46-79 µs within the backbone network under varying traffic conditions) for a 1 KB packet size, when using a 500 Gbps optical fiber based backbone network laid over a 15 Km × 15 Km area, a 50 Mbps uplink channel from the source to the backbone network, and a 1 Gbps downlink channel from the backbone network to the destination. The significant reduction in end-to-end latency as compared to existing routing solutions clearly demonstrates the potential of our proposed routing strategy for meeting the ultra-low latency requirements of current 5G and future 6G networks, particularly for mobile edge computing (MEC) application scenarios.

In telecommunications, 6G is the sixth generation standard currently under development for wireless communications technologies supporting cellular data networks. It is the planned successor to 5G and will likely be significantly faster. Like its predecessors, 6G networks will probably be broadband cellular networks, in which the service area is divided into small geographical areas called cells. Several companies (Nokia, Ericsson, Huawei, Samsung, LG, Apple), as well as several countries (China, South Korea, and Japan), have shown interest in 6G networks.

As if that weren't dark enough already, the 5G prospect of machines talking to each other is already lurking an even worse one (machines copulating and reproducing themselves ?! The 6G scenario is lurking 👀 on the horizon and the strong accent of who speak in the promotional video, certainly, does not help to improve the feeling that one tries to numb the already weak minds of Neanderthals, unconscious of being unconscious, destined for the holocaust ...

https://www.rohde-schwarz.com/it/soluzioni/test-and-measurement/wireless-communication/standard-cellulari/6g/panoramica-6g_253278.html

And let's see if one can "tunnel" the concept of evolutionary consciousness PaleontoLogicaMindly ISOCIC to inCoScientists:

Gennaro Tedesco
6 hrs ago

The document presented is a shining typical example of Italian "BenAltrismo", while hundreds of thousands of young Ukrainians and Russians slaughter and bleed themselves in the Ukraine slaughterhouse.
Like

Marco Brigliadori
39 mins ago

You have not really understood a club: you are just the typical example of an unconscious Neanderthal being unconscious "evolutionary" BUT you also demonstrate that the half message in the hands of the interpretative monopolist (I don't know why but I want my Breil) goat can not help but hide to the interpreter - and precisely on the occasion demonstrated here + or - unconsciousness of himself - his natural "unconscious" and therefore unavoidable - Gödel incompleteness and therefore bring him to extinction, as already happened to the Neanderthal, with its fears, conspiracies and, consequent and unfortunately inevitable, misunderstandings ... it will be a pity for another time, always hoping that there will be one: /

Come se non fosse già abbastanza cupa, la prospettiva del 5G di macchine che parlano tra loro è già in agguato una anche peggiore (macchine che copulano e si riproducono da sé?! Lo scenario del 6G è in agguato 👀 all'orizzonte e l’accento di chi parla nel video promozionale, certamente, non aiuta a migliorare la sensazione che si tenti di intorpidite le già labili menti dei Neandertal, incoscienti di essere incoscienti, destinati all’holocausto...

https://www.rohde-schwarz.com/it/soluzioni/test-and-measurement/wireless-communication/standard-cellulari/6g/panoramica-6g_253278.html

E vediamo se si riesce a "tunnel" il concetto di coscienza evolutiva PaleontoLogicaMindly ISOCIC a inCoScientists:

Gennaro Tedesco
6 hrs ago
Il documento presentato è un fulgido tipico  esempio di italiano "BenAltrismo", mentre centinaia di migliaia di giovani ucraini e russi si scannano e si dissanguano nel mattatoio dell'Ucraina .
Like

Marco Brigliadori
39 mins ago
Non hai proprio capito una mazza: sei proprio il tipico esempio di Neandertal incosciente di essere incosciente “evolutivaMente” MA dimostri anche che il mezzo messaggio nelle mani del monopolista interpretativo (non so perché ma voglio il mio Breil) capra non può far altro che nascondere all’interprete - e proprio all’ occasione qui dimostrata + o - inconsapevolMente di sé - la sua naturale “incosciente” e perciò ineludibile - incompletezza di Gödel e quindi portarlo all’estinzione, come già accaduto al Neanderthal, con le sue paure, complottismi e, conseguenti e purtroppo inevitabili, malintesi … peccato sarà per un’altra volta, sempre sperando che ce ne sarà una  :/

In this paper, a novel secure data transmission method called interference signal superposition-aided multiple-input multiple-output with antenna number modulation and adaptive antenna selection (ISS-MIMO-ANM-AAS) is presented to defend transmission systems against eavesdropping attacks or to share secret information between two communication parties in scenarios, where perfect secrecy and ultimate confidentiality are required to be achieved. In the proposed method, while data is transmitted to the legitimate receiver by exploiting the features of MIMO-ANM through transmitting additional data bits with the number of active antennas along with those bits sent by using conventional M-PSK/QAM modulation, the data that the eavesdropper receives is aimed to be mixed by an interference signal superposed (ISS) with the original signal to eliminate the possible wiretapping activities. The conducted theoretical analysis along with the obtained numerical simulations for the proposed ISS-MIMO-ANM-AAS method proves the effectiveness of the scheme, where MIMO-ANM transmission is shown to be fully secured through the ISS algorithm. Thus, the introduced ISS-MIMO-ANM-AAS method can be considered a strong potential candidate method for scenarios where ultra-security is the main requirement of wireless systems including WiFi, 5G, 6G, and beyond technologies. The codes of this article can be found at https://researcherstore.com/product/simulation-codes-for-the-interference-signal-superposition-mimo-with-antenna-number-modulation-and-adaptive-antenna-selection-for-achieving-perfect-secrecy/
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The Matlab simulation codes used to generate the results in this paper can be found at https://researcherstore.com with the name ISS-MIMO-ANM. WISLAB (wislabi.com/solutions) offers solutions for building and deploying fully secure, cloud-based, and low-cost end-to-end 4G/5G networks along with providing consultations on helping companies reduce their networks CAPEX/OPEX cost and determine which solutions are best suited for their needs and use cases.

T he 6G era comes with the challenge of offering highly energy-efficient and autonomous communications securely. In this direction, we report energy efficiency (EE), energy harvesting (EH), and secure performance by employing power-collecting metasurface-coated devices capable of supporting ultralowpower (ULP) transmissions. In contrast to what are called reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs), where the reflected signal can be combined at the receiver by being treated as transmitted from a relay, the proposed metasurface claddings can be deployed at either the transmitter or receiver or at both. The passive metasurface-coated devices can achieve ultrahigh EE and EH in addition to signal detection, combined with an enhanced secrecy rate at the legitimate user or, if used from the other side of the link, spying capabilities of eavesdroppers under ULP transmission. To quantify their efficiency, we provide a holistic model for the utilization of the metasurface shells. Building upon this model, we present preliminary results that reveal the unprecedented superiority of the proposed concept compared to the RIS paradigm. Additionally , we enumerate the main advantages of the new concept and define its role in the 6G era. Finally, possible research directions are discussed.

Even though the wireless network of 5G has not been investigated exhaustively, the sixth generation (6G) echo systems' visionaries are already being debated. Therefore, to solidify and consolidate privacy and security within 6G networks, this paper examines edge computing and its convergence with blockchain in 6G: security challenges. Moreover, the paper examines how security might affect the wireless systems of the 6G, potential obstacles characterizing various 6G technologies, alongside possible remedies. This paper unveils the 6G security vision alongside key indicators of performance with tentative landscape threat premised upon predicted sixth generation infrastructure. Furthermore, a discussion of the privacy and security challenges that might emerge from the existing sixth generation applications and demands is presented. Additionally, the paper sheds light into the researchlevel projects and standardization efforts. Specific attention is accorded to discussion on the security consideration with 6G enhancing technologies, including quantum computing, visible light communication (VLC), distributed ML/AI, physical layer security, and distributed ledger technology (DLT). Overall, this paper seeks to guide the subsequent investigation of sixth generation privacy and security in the early stage of envisioning to practicality.

--The current debates revolving around 5G, Huawei, and how they are resolved, are highly visible indicators of the technology based shifts in the global order which are setting the tone for the 21st century. Currently, it seems that many in the US and the PRC are using Cold War and Thucydides Trap paradigms, with a zero-sum mentality. At least in the case of 5G technology, the UK seems to have taken a more nuanced approach.

--This article comes as the UK prepares its new National Cyber Security Strategy, reviewing the 5G and cyber security debates surrounding Huawei in a highly interdisciplinary manner, and directing readers to a rich variety of resources. In addition to its analysis of issues and solutions often absent from the discourse, this article's feature contribution is the argument that the UK can be more than an example of a middle way. Specifically, if the UK scales up and internationalizes its Huawei Cyber Security Evaluation Center, perhaps by creating an International Cyber Security Evaluation Center, it can lead its allies and the world in 5G, 6G, cybersecurity, and international relations, filling a vital leadership vacuum.

The future wireless communication systems demand much more enhanced security and reliability compared to currently deployed systems. In this work, we propose a much simpler yet more efficient physical layer security (PLS) technique for achieving reliable and secure communication in the multiple-input single-output non-orthogonal multiple access (MISO-NOMA) systems. This system is capable of providing enhanced confidential communication as well as inter-user interference cancellation without using the successive interference cancellation (SIC) method. The conventional NOMA was previously adopted under the name of multiuser superposition transmission (MUST) in release 13 of 3GPP but recently excluded from 3GPP-release 17 due to its performance degradation. In this work, we analyze the drawbacks in conventional NOMA and present a new kind of NOMA with more improved performance metrics. The proposed algorithm combines the benefit of pre-coder matrices with simultaneous transmission using antenna diversity to provide simple, reliable, and secure communication without complex processing at the receivers in downlink scenarios. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified and proven by extensive analysis and numerical simulations.

Background: The dementia epidemic is progressing fast. As the world's older population keeps skyrocketing, the traditional incompetent, time-consuming, and laborious interventions are becoming increasingly insufficient to address dementia patients' health care needs. This is particularly true amid COVID-19. Instead, efficient, cost-effective, and technology-based strategies, such as sixth-generation communication solutions (6G) and artificial intelligence (AI)-empowered health solutions, might be the key to successfully managing the dementia epidemic until a cure becomes available. However, while 6G and AI technologies hold great promise, no research has examined how 6G and AI applications can effectively and efficiently address dementia patients' health care needs and improve their quality of life. Objective: This study aims to investigate ways in which 6G and AI technologies could elevate dementia care to address this study gap. Methods: A literature review was conducted in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and PsycINFO. The search focused on three themes: dementia, 6G, and AI technologies. The initial search was conducted on April 25, 2021, complemented by relevant articles identified via a follow-up search on November 11, 2021, and Google Scholar alerts.

The future wireless communication systems demand enhanced security and reliability than the current systems. In this work, we propose a more simple yet efficient physical layer security (PLS) technique for achieving reliable and secure communication in the multiple-input single-output non-orthogonal multiple access (MISO-NOMA) system. This system is capable of providing enhanced confidential communication as well as inter-user interference cancellation without using the successive interference cancellation (SIC) method. As conventional NOMA was already adopted under the name of multi-user superposition transmission (MUST) in release 13 of 3GPP and is improved in terms of receiver design for 3GPP-release 16, which still suffers from several security risks and drawbacks. In this work, we have analyzed these drawbacks and presented a new kind of NOMA with better performance results in cases where conventional NOMA fails. The proposed algorithm combines the benefit of pre-coder matrices with simultaneous transmission using antenna diversity to provide simple, reliable, and secure communication without complex processing at the receivers in downlink scenarios. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified and proven by extensive numerical simulations.

Mobile data traffic is rapidly increasing with smartphones’ massive spread and multimedia-driven applications. To cope up with the data demand, operators will continue to deploy new small cells and update networks to advanced 4G LTE and leading-edge 5G NR technologies to take advantage of their superior capabilities. Despite their many improved features, the cell edge interference effect is still a very challenging problem in mobile wireless networks, and it has recently gained significant attention with the dawn of future generation mobile communications systems like 5G and 6G as such interference causes significant performance degradation in cell edge systems. Next-generation wireless communication systems will require higher spectral efficiency, enhanced system reliability, and much more improved SNR gain, which can be attained by the elimination of inter-cell interference, and more efficient utilization of resources than currently employed systems. Motivated by this observation, the proposed method in this article targets addressing the previously mentioned challenges and requirements, where we present a novel enhanced cooperative multiple points (eCoMP) technique that deploys two base stations to transmit superimposed user signals with the same spatial, temporal and spectral radio resources. In particular, we introduce and model the proposed concept of using supporting signals that are superimposed with the user signals to cancel inter-cell interference at the cell edge. This is achieved without sacrificing temporal-spectral-spatial resources while providing low complexity at the receiver side. Computer simulations are conducted and analytical analysis is performed to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed solution compared to other competitive schemes in the literature.

Considering the advancements of the internet of things (IoT) in 6G and beyond communications , data transmission security in IoT devices has received extensive interest because of their significant features, such as low computational complexity, led by low power requirements. In such devices, the conventional cryptographic techniques may fail to provide secure communication. To fight this drawback, physical layer security (PLS) has remarkable potential to provide security solutions suitable for such applications. In this work, a highly effective PLS technique is proposed for providing secure communication against external and internal eavesdroppers in a downlink multi-cell, multiuser , and multi-carrier IoT communication system. In our proposed system, we considered two base stations, where each base station uses a single radio frequency (RF) chain to link two antennas that are used for the transmission of data. Further, we transmit the data in two rounds, and each round of transmission occurs through a single active antenna of each base station. A different antenna is used for each round of transmission to communicate with two single antenna IoT devices/users in the presence of a passive eavesdropper. In the proposed algorithm, frequency selective channel-based pre-coder matrices and the dual transmission approach are jointly employed. The dual-transmission is performed simultaneously from two base stations to provide security against internal and external eavesdroppers. The proposed system is suitable for IoT-based applications. Also, the potential capabilities of our proposed algorithm are proved by extensive mathematical and simulation analysis.

With the deployment of the first 5G communication systems the race toward 6G is started. New exciting ideas on a wireless-based hyper connected human-machine world are on the table. Antennas are not outside this race, and a large and enthusiastic effort is currently made to image new solutions for radiating systems. This paper represents a small contribution to this discussion.

The beam search protocol in cellular systems requires a significant amount of search time and network resources in order to select a serving base station with the optimal beam pair. In 3D beam-forming, the processing time increases significantly because the azimuth and elevation angles need to be considered during beam search. In this paper, we propose a fast 3D beamforming technique for millimeter wave (mmWave) cellular systems with a uniform planar array (UPA). In the proposed technique, the beam search time is reduced significantly by decomposing a UPA into a set of horizontal/vertical uniform linear arrays (ULAs), from which the optimal beam direction in azimuth/elevation angle is obtained. Two types of signals, Zadoff-Chu sequence and linear frequency modulated waveform are used for designing the beam search preamble (BSP), which allows a mobile user to distinguish beams in multi-cell multi-beam environments. The strengths and weaknesses of the two proposed BSPs are analyzed after performing simulation using a simple mmWave cellular system model with UPA. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the proposed technique significantly reduces the beam search time, i.e., number of beam scans, as compared with the conventional technique. INDEX TERMS Fast 3D beamforming, millimeter wave, uniform planar array, beam search preamble.

As we are testing fifth generation technology  worldwide and it is  anticipated to be rolled out gradually in 2019, researchers around the world are beginning to turn their attention to what 6G might carry.This paper describes the features of 6G technology ,the vision it will carry and challenges faced to develop this technology

The fifth generation (5G)will exhaust by 2030. Coupled with the rises of Internet-of-Things (IoT), massive machine-type communications (MTC) 5G will carry the following advanced features it will have speed in gigabits as compared to megabits in 4G technology,low battery consumption , better connectivity.

The advent of 6G technology will make virtual meeting, remote surgery , gaming all a practical reality. As per CISCO data traffic is estimated to grow at an annual rate of around 55% in 2020–2030 to reach 607 exabytes (EB) in 2025 and 5, 016 EB in 2030. Presumably, 6G will continue to benefit from many 5G technologies, but new technologies will certainly be needed to make the next step change.

We will discuss in this article the research techniques needed to move towards 6G technologyIt will speculate the most enabling aspects of 6G , though many more features will be introduced as technology grows. The rest of this article is organized as follows. In Section II, we present our 6G vision We will discuss some key challenges in Section III, and present a few visionary technologies or research directions that may

form key parts of 6G. Finally, we conclude this article in Section IV.

With the rapid development of Internet technology, users have an
increasing demand for data. The continuous popularization of traffic-intensive applications such as high-definition video, 3D visualization, and cloud computing has promoted the rapid evolution of the communications industry. In order to cope with the huge traffic demand of today’s users, 5G networks must be fast, flexible, reliable and sustainable. Based on these research backgrounds, the academic community has proposed D2D communication. The main feature of D2D communication is that it enables direct communication between devices, thereby effectively improve resource utilization and reduce the dependence on base stations, so it can effectively improve the throughput of multimedia data. One of the most considerable factor which affects the performance of D2D communication is the co-channel interference which results due to the multiplexing of multiple D2D user using the same channel resource
of the cellular user. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a joint algorithm time scheduling and power control. The main idea is to effectively maximize the number of allocated resources in each scheduling period with satisfied quality of service requirements. The constraint problem is decomposed into time scheduling and power control subproblems. The power control subproblem has the characteristics of mixed-integer linear programming of NP-hard. Therefore, we proposed a gradual power control method. The time scheduling subproblem belongs to the NP-hard problem having convex-cordinality, therefore, we proposed a heuristic scheme to optimize resource allocation. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm effectively improved the resource allocation and overcome the co-channel interference as compared
with existing algorithms

The Quality of Experience (QoE) based service management remains key for successful provisioning of multimedia services in next-generation networks such as 5G/6G, which requires proper tools for quality monitoring, prediction and resource management where machine learning (ML) can play a crucial role. In this paper, we provide a tutorial on the development and deployment of the QoE measurement and prediction solutions for video streaming services based on supervised learning ML models. Firstly, we provide a detailed pipeline for developing and deploying supervised learning-based video streaming QoE prediction models which covers several stages including data collection, feature engineering, model optimization and training, testing and prediction and evaluation. Secondly, we discuss the deployment of the ML model for the QoE prediction/measurement in the next generation networks (5G/6G) using network enabling technologies such as Software-Defined Networking (SDN), Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) by proposing reference architecture. Thirdly, we present a comparative study of the state-of-theart supervised learning ML models for QoE prediction of video streaming applications based on multiple performance metrics.