5g Network

An account of the negative aliens' relatively recent agendas with respect to, once again, resorting to bio-viral weaponization and bio-warfare using a viral agent such as the so-called coronavirus as to try to depopulate Earth with the underlying mission to establish a so-called New World Order to create a completely docile human race that could be readily controlled via the advent of artificial intelligence through such technologies as transhumanism and alien hybridization, has been presented, herein. It should be emphasized that such tactics for effecting genetic mutation and hybridization are not new by any stretch of imagination, as they go as far back in the history of human enslavement by the negative aliens, the more recent accounts of which that go back to WWI and WWII in order to depopulate and create genocide in human population, has been alluded to in the present paper. In a companion paper, much deeper root of negative aliens' interference in human consciousness affairs, that set the precedence for 'human consciousness reversal' through distorting human bioenergetics-genetics, has been explicated. Although the more devastating result of the present virus is devised to be as to incite anxiety, fear, and pandemonium in the humanity by threating human population with fear of survival through genocide, countless

The millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency band is seen as a key enabler of multi-gigabit wireless access in future cellular networks. In order to overcome the propagation challenges, mmWave systems use a large number of antenna elements both at the base station and at the user equipment, which lead to high directivity gains, fully-directional communications, and possible noise-limited operations. The fundamental differences between mmWave networks and traditional ones challenge the classical design constraints, objectives, and available degrees of freedom. This paper addresses the implications that highly directional communication has on the design of an efficient medium access control (MAC) layer. The paper discusses key MAC layer issues, such as synchronization, random access, handover, channelization, interference management, scheduling, and association. The paper provides an integrated view on MAC layer issues for cellular networks, identifies new challenges and tradeoffs, and provides novel insights and solution approaches.

Increased density of wireless devices, ever growing demands for extremely high data rate, and spectrum scarcity at microwave bands make the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies an important player in future wireless networks. However, mmWave communication systems exhibit severe attenuation, blockage, deafness, and may need microwave networks for coordination and fall-back support. To compensate for high attenuation, mmWave systems exploit highly directional operation, which in turn substantially reduces the interference footprint. The significant differences between mmWave networks and legacy communication technologies challenge the classical design approaches, especially at the medium access control (MAC) layer, which has received comparatively less attention than PHY and propagation issues in the literature so far. In this paper, the MAC layer design aspects of short range mmWave networks are discussed. In particular, we explain why current mmWave standards fail to fully exploit the potential advantages of short range mmWave technology, and argue for the necessity of new collision-aware hybrid resource allocation frameworks with on-demand control messages, the advantages
of a collision notification message, and the potential of multihop communication to provide reliable mmWave connections.

Internet of Things (IoT) has a huge attention recently due to its new emergence, benefits, and contribution to improving the quality of human lives. Securing IoT poses an open area of research, as it is the base of allowing people to use the technology and embrace this development in their daily activities. Authentication is one of the influencing security element of Information Assurance (IA), which includes confidentiality, integrity, and availability, non repudiation, and authentication. Therefore, there is a need to enhance security in the current authentication mechanisms. In this report, some of the authentication mechanisms proposed in recent years have been presented and reviewed. Specifically, the study focuses on enhancement of security in CoAP protocol due to its relevance to the characteristics of IoT devices and its need to enhance its security by using the symmetric key with biometric features in the authentication. This study will help in providing secure authentication technology for IoT data, device, and users.

Virtual tours using drones enhance the experience the users perceive from a place with cultural interest. Drones equipped with 360o cameras perform real-time video streaming of the cultural sites. The user preferences about each monument type should be considered in order to decide the appropriate flying route for the drone. This article describes a scheme for supporting personalized real-time virtual tours at sites with cultural interest using drones. The user preferences are modeled using the MPEG-21 and the MPEG-7 standards, while Web Ontology Language (OWL) ontologies are used for metadata structure and semantics. The Metadata-Aware Analytic Network Process (MANP) algorithm is proposed in order to weigh the user preferences for each monument type. Subsequently, the Trapezoidal Fuzzy Topsis for Heritage Route Selection (TFT-HRS) algorithm ranks the candidate heritage routes. Finally, after each virtual tour, the user preferences metadata are updated in order in order the scheme to continuously learn about the user preferences.

Le nuove tecnologie stanno cambiando rapidissimamente il mondo che ci circonda, solo persone capaci di RAGIONARE e preparati a prendere SCELTE CORAGGIOSE, basate su ragionamento e non solo sogni ed illusioni, sapranno cogliere le opportunità straordinarie che queste offriranno. I giovani devono essere capaci di avere una VISION, ma anche di fare un'analisi dei costi dei rischi e delle opportunità. Devono essere capaci di LEGGERE, ma soprattutto INTERPRETARE i dati che circondano e li schiacciano. Le nuove tecnologie sommergeranno il mondo di DATI di NUMERI di INFORMAZIONI, ma i giovani dovranno estrapolare quelle giuste per creare una visione e una strada di successo, e non essere sommersi ed annegare nel mare di informazioni. Questo è il ruolo della scuola e dell'INSEGNANTE del futuro. Questo è il RUOLO che sarà chiamata ad avere la SCUOLA del 5G, e L'INSEGNANTE del nuovo MILLENNIO. Gli uomini del nuovo MILLENNIO saranno uomini che dovranno avere delle VISION dovranno perdere scelte CORAGGIOSE basate su una mole di BIG DATE di dati inimmaginabili. La mano d’opera sarà esclusivamente meccanica, sarà destinata alle macchine.

Wireless personal communication devices which, a single generation ago, seemed an incredible
technology application found only in science fiction have now become an absolute necessity for how many
Americans engineer daily life; equally indispensable in all aspects of human functionality and enabling
man’s virtually effortless ability to manipulate his immediate environment, limitless access to information
and entertainment, performance of professional applications, and providing the ability to immediately
engage in personal communications no matter the distance between sender and receiver. Despite
increasingly extensive dependence, the feature on cellular devices with the most future impact is not
currently subject to widespread availability. Advances associated with 5G boast lowered latency, seamless
coverage and the improved ability to support a greater number of devices. This paper explores the
obstacles involved with upgrading to 5G implementation including challenges of infrastructure support,
increased energy consumption, exploration of tower usage, positioning and beamforming, and hardware
and software upgrades regarding timing and compatibility.

This presentation reviews 5G RAN functional decomposition along with RAN architecture evolution before exploring technical solutions for fronthaul transport. The relative techno-economics are presented along with considerations based on an evolution towards vRAN and Open RAN.

This paper explores the 3GPP 5G network architecture from release 15 phase 1 and how this will evolve with the introduction of next generation core (NGC) network. The paper starts with a discussion about interworking between LTE and 5G then explores spectrum topics before presenting a detailed view of the end to end 5G network architecture, including the functional decomposition of the radio access network (RAN). Paper originally appeared in Volume 12, Part 1 of The ITP (Institute of Telecommunications Professionals) Journal.

The future of cities lies in blending new technologies with existing infrastructure to tackle tangible, pressing issues such as environmental sustainability and economic opportunities. The enormous pressure towards efficient city initiatives by both government and private sector businesses to invest in Information and Communication Technologies to find sustainable solutions to diverse opportunities and challenges (e.g., waste management). Future smart cities are the key to fulfill the ever growing demands of citizens. Successful smart cities will build a strong, flexible, digital infrastructure that integrates new technology into existing structures. The main goal of a smart city is to optimize city functions and promote economic growth while also improving the quality of life for citizens by using smart technologies and data analysis. According to a new report from @NavigantRSRCH, there are more than 250 smart city projects from178 cities around the world, and the majority focus on government and energy, initiatives, followed by transportation.

— The Internet of Things (IoT) brings together a multitude of technologies, with a vision of creating an interconnected world.This paper provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) with emphasis on enabling system security,architecture,business models and application issues. The IoT is enabled by the latest developments in RFID, smart sensors. The basic premise is to have smart sensors collaborate directly without human involvement to deliver a new class of applications. The current revolution in Internet, mobile and machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies can be seen as the first phase of the IoT. In the coming years, the IoT is expected to bridge diverse technologies to enable new applications by connecting physical objects together in support of intelligent decision making. We survey the four most dominant IoT architectures and analyze their security components with respect to the requirements. Our analysis shows a mediocre coverage of security requirements.

The fifth generation (5G) networks are expected to support diverse business verticals (i.e., manufacturing, health care, etc.) with varying quality of service requirements. While today's mobile networks are a one size fits all architecture, tomorrow 5G mobile networks are envisioned to encourage agility, programmability and elasticity through enabling a software-based architecture promoted by network slicing. Network slicing is a new paradigm consisting of partitioning the underlying network infrastructure into different logical network slices, each dedicated to address the requirements (i.e., ultra-low latency, ultra-reliability, etc.) of a group of services. Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and Software Defined Network (SDN) technologies have been identified as main enablers of network slicing and facilitating the fulfillment of the aforementioned services' requirements. In this paper, we study the Latency-Aware service scheduling (LASS) problem to solve the network functions mapping, the traffic routing and network service scheduling in the context of an ultra-low latency network slice to consider services with stringent deadlines. We propose the LASS-Game, a novel game theoretic approach presenting a scalable solution for the LASS-problem that accounts for the centralized aspect of the problem while leveraging a decentralized mapping, routing and scheduling decisions.

The paper presents detail study of multiple inputs and multiple output antennas for 5G applications. Multiple antennas are applied at transmitter and receiver, which improve the performance of communication system. The performance of MIMO system depends on the correlation between multiple path signal propagating signals, high isolation improve capacity of communication system. The aim of this paper is to present tutorial of recent developments in antenna design.

Low Power Wide Area (LPWA) networks are attracting a lot of attention primarily because of their ability to offer affordable connectivity to the low-power devices distributed over very large geographical areas. In realizing the vision of the Internet of Things (IoT), LPWA technologies complement and sometimes supersede the conventional cellular and short range wireless technologies in performance for various emerging smart city and machine-to-machine (M2M) applications. This review paper presents the design goals and the techniques, which different LPWA technologies exploit to offer wide-area coverage to low-power devices at the expense of low data rates. We survey several emerging LPWA technologies and the standardization activities carried out by different standards development organizations (e.g., IEEE, IETF, 3GPP, ETSI) as well as the industrial consortia built around individual LPWA technologies (e.g., LORa Alliance,WEIGHTLESS-SIG, and DASH7 Alliance). We further note that LPWA technologies adopt similar approaches, thus sharing similar limitations and challenges. This paper expands on these research challenges and identifies potential directions to address them. While the proprietary LPWA technologies are already hitting the market with large nationwide roll-outs, this paper encourages an active engagement of the research community in solving problems that will shape the connectivity of tens of billions of devices in the next decade.

This paper presents the growth in wireless communication. Remarkable developments can be seen in wireless communication in last decade. Second generation 2G cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard. 3G telecommunication networks support services that provide an information transfer rate of at least 200 kbit/s. WiMAX is another technology verging on or marketed as 4G. The 5G terminals will have software defined radios and modulation scheme as well as new error-control schemes can be downloaded from the Internet on the run. The development is seen towards the user terminals as a focus of the 5G mobile networks.

THE JOURNAL TJ 09 ANDY SUTTON Scalable and optimised 5G service delivery 5G NETWORK ARCHITECTURE The 20th December 2017 will be remembered as an important day in telecommunications history as, on this day, during a meeting in Lisbon, Portugal, 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) successfully completed the first implementable 5G NR specification. NR (New Radio) is the term used to describe the 5G air interface and radio access network. This is the first phase of delivering a complete 5G end-to-end network based on the architecture presented in this article.

Intisari-pada zaman sekarang ini ilmu pengetahuan terus berkembang hal ini memengaruhi teknologi yang kita kenal dan gunakan sekarang semakin canggih. Dari waktu ke waktu selalu muncul inovasi baru di bidang teknologi salah satunya di bidang telekomunikasi. Dahulu ketika kita ingin berkomunikasi jarak jauh membutuhkan waktu yang lama, tetapi dengan berkembangnya industri telekomunikasi saat ini memudahkan kita untuk melakukan komunikasi jarak jauh. Sejak dahulu seperti yang kita tahu bidang telekomunikasi selalu mengembangkan jaringan nirkabel untuk memudahkan kita dalam berkomunikasi yang diterapkan di seluruh dunia salah satunya adalah teknologi jaringan teknologi ke 5 (5G). Pada saat ini para penyedia jasa layanan telekomunikasi terus melakukan pengembangan terkait dengan teknologi ini supaya pengimplementasiannya dapat segera terwujud di Indonesia. Kata Kunci-Massive MIMO, mmWave, SDN, CRN, VLC, EMBB, URLCC, MMTC.

As if that weren't dark enough already, the 5G prospect of machines talking to each other is already lurking an even worse one (machines copulating and reproducing themselves ?! The 6G scenario is lurking 👀 on the horizon and the strong accent of who speak in the promotional video, certainly, does not help to improve the feeling that one tries to numb the already weak minds of Neanderthals, unconscious of being unconscious, destined for the holocaust ...

https://www.rohde-schwarz.com/it/soluzioni/test-and-measurement/wireless-communication/standard-cellulari/6g/panoramica-6g_253278.html

And let's see if one can "tunnel" the concept of evolutionary consciousness PaleontoLogicaMindly ISOCIC to inCoScientists:

Gennaro Tedesco
6 hrs ago

The document presented is a shining typical example of Italian "BenAltrismo", while hundreds of thousands of young Ukrainians and Russians slaughter and bleed themselves in the Ukraine slaughterhouse.
Like

Marco Brigliadori
39 mins ago

You have not really understood a club: you are just the typical example of an unconscious Neanderthal being unconscious "evolutionary" BUT you also demonstrate that the half message in the hands of the interpretative monopolist (I don't know why but I want my Breil) goat can not help but hide to the interpreter - and precisely on the occasion demonstrated here + or - unconsciousness of himself - his natural "unconscious" and therefore unavoidable - Gödel incompleteness and therefore bring him to extinction, as already happened to the Neanderthal, with its fears, conspiracies and, consequent and unfortunately inevitable, misunderstandings ... it will be a pity for another time, always hoping that there will be one: /

Come se non fosse già abbastanza cupa, la prospettiva del 5G di macchine che parlano tra loro è già in agguato una anche peggiore (macchine che copulano e si riproducono da sé?! Lo scenario del 6G è in agguato 👀 all'orizzonte e l’accento di chi parla nel video promozionale, certamente, non aiuta a migliorare la sensazione che si tenti di intorpidite le già labili menti dei Neandertal, incoscienti di essere incoscienti, destinati all’holocausto...

https://www.rohde-schwarz.com/it/soluzioni/test-and-measurement/wireless-communication/standard-cellulari/6g/panoramica-6g_253278.html

E vediamo se si riesce a "tunnel" il concetto di coscienza evolutiva PaleontoLogicaMindly ISOCIC a inCoScientists:

Gennaro Tedesco
6 hrs ago
Il documento presentato è un fulgido tipico  esempio di italiano "BenAltrismo", mentre centinaia di migliaia di giovani ucraini e russi si scannano e si dissanguano nel mattatoio dell'Ucraina .
Like

Marco Brigliadori
39 mins ago
Non hai proprio capito una mazza: sei proprio il tipico esempio di Neandertal incosciente di essere incosciente “evolutivaMente” MA dimostri anche che il mezzo messaggio nelle mani del monopolista interpretativo (non so perché ma voglio il mio Breil) capra non può far altro che nascondere all’interprete - e proprio all’ occasione qui dimostrata + o - inconsapevolMente di sé - la sua naturale “incosciente” e perciò ineludibile - incompletezza di Gödel e quindi portarlo all’estinzione, come già accaduto al Neanderthal, con le sue paure, complottismi e, conseguenti e purtroppo inevitabili, malintesi … peccato sarà per un’altra volta, sempre sperando che ce ne sarà una  :/

In the following article we will introduce the reader to a line of investigation that have been gaining greater interest in the last few months and which may define the origins to the expansion of this line of investigation, Fog Computing.
Cloud computing has been gaining more importance during the last decade . Yet Cloud Computing is a mere definition of a common known telecommunication structure, the Server-Client system.

A Server-Client relationship, in which Clients rely on Servers to either view information as well as save such information, is the core philosophy of the Internet and the W3C (World Wide Web Consortium)  since its public release.

Yet a certain evolution has been noticed in the last two decades, mainly in the speed in which content transactions have been taking place. The evolution of such speed increment can be seen in latest communication algorithms, and shows us that from the Internet conception to our present time, speed in communication suffered a significant number of changes .

ANYBODY CAN DO IT VIA YOUR EUPHORIC IMAGINATION, WHICH DOES CONTROL MATTER, AS IS QUITE OBVIOUS.  WE CAN MAKE ENTIRE COMMUNITIES EUPHORIC 

YA’LL ARE GOING TO WAKE UP TO THIS AT SOME POINT
I GUARAN GODDAMN TEE IT!!! 

SO, NATURE IS TELLING US THAT WE CONTROL IT / HER VIA OUR INTENTIONS – INSTALLED AT SEED LEVEL VIA SANDBOX 101 TECHNOLOGY.    IT IS A TECHNOLOGY – DO IT, IT WORKS.

During the last decades, wireless communications have evolved from a scarce technology, used by professionals for niche applications to a rapidly advancing research field. Ever increasing proliferation of smart devices, introduction of new emerging multimedia applications, together with an exponential rise in wireless data (multimedia) demand and usage is already creating a significant burden on existing wireless systems. Future wireless networks, with improved data rates, capacity, latency and quality of service (QoS) requirements, are expected to be the panacea of most of the current wireless systems' problems. Interference management is critical towards this goal, whereas transceiver design and implementation is expected to play an important role.

5G is the next generation cellular networks which is expected to quench the ever-ending
thirst of data rates and interconnect billions of smart devices to support not only human
centric traffic, but also machine centric traffic. Recent research and standardization work
have been addressing requirements and challenges from radio perspective (e.g., new spectrum
allocation, network densification, massive multiple-input-multiple-output antenna,
carrier aggregation, inter-cell interference mitigation techniques, and coordinated multipoint
processing). In addition, a new network bottleneck has emerged: the backhaul network
which will allow to interconnect and support billions of devices from the core network.
Up to 4G cellular networks, the major challenges to meet the backhaul requirements
were capacity, availability, deployment cost, and long-distance reach. However, as 5G network
capabilities and services added to 4G cellular networks, the backhaul network would
face two additional challenges that include ultralow latency (i.e., 1 ms) requirements and
ultradense nature of the network. Due to the dense small cell deployment and heavy traffic
cells in 5G, 5G backhaul network will need to support hundreds of gigabits of traffic from
the core network and today’s cellular backhaul networks are infeasible to meet these
requirements in terms of capacity, availability, latency, energy, and cost efficiency. This book
chapter first introduce the mobile backhaul network perspective for 2G, 3G, and 4G networks.
Then, outlines the backhaul requirements of 5G networks, and describes the impact
on current mobile backhaul networks.

Compared with the fourth generation (4G) cellular systems, the fifth generation wireless communication systems (5G) are anticipated to provide spectral and energy efficiency growth by a factor of at least 10, and the area throughput growth by a factor of at least 25. To achieve these goals, a heterogeneous cloud radio access network (H-CRAN) is presented in this article as the advanced wireless access network paradigm, where cloud computing is used to fulfill the centralized large-scale cooperative processing for suppressing co-channel interferences. The state-of-the-art research achievements in aspects of system architecture and key technologies for H-CRANs are surveyed. Particularly, Node C as a new communication entity is defined to converge the existing ancestral base stations and act as the base band unit (BBU) pool to manage all accessed remote radio heads (RRHs), and the software-defined H-CRAN system architecture is presented to be compatible with software-defined networks (SDN). The principles, performance gains and open issues of key technologies including adaptive large-scale cooperative spatial signal processing, cooperative radio resource management, network function virtualization, and self-organization are summarized. The major challenges in terms of fronthaul constrained resource allocation optimization and energy harvesting that may affect the promotion of H-CRANs are discussed as well.

New Radio (NR) is the fifth generation of
wireless access technology that is able to provide extreme
mobile broadband, massive connectivity and low-latency
communications. This study aimed to compare network
planning in mid-band at 2.6 GHz and in high-band at 26
GHz which enables very large bandwidth for multi-Gigabitper-
second (Gbps) data rate transmission. The network
planning used Mentum Planet 7.3 based on coverage area in
the form of a case study in Jababeka Industrial Estate with
an area of 22.67 km2. Link budget was calculated using
Downlink Outdoor-to-Outdoor (O2O) with Line of Sight
(LOS) and Non-Line of Sight (NLOS) scenarios based on the
Urban Micro (UMi) and Urban Macro (UMa) propagation
models with 3GPP TR 38.901 standardization. The
simulation results showed that scenario 1 (downlink-O2OLOS)
produced a better network than scenario 2 (downlink-
O2O-NLOS). The NLOS scenario required a higher
number of gNodeB than the LOS scenario because in the
NLOS scenario, there was a trouble between the gNodeB
and the user terminal. The maximum data rate at 2.6 GHz
was 436.31 Mbps with an average SS-RSRP value of -96.01
dBm and an average SS-SINR value of 4.21 dB, while the
maximum data rate for 26 GHz was 1.83 Gbps with an
average SS-RSRP value of -78.14 dBm and an average SSSINR
value of 0.46 dB.

Network slicing is an architectural solution that enables the future 5G network to offer a high data traffic capacity and efficient network connectivity. Moreover, software defined network (SDN) and network functions virtualization (NFV) empower this architecture to visualize the physical network resources. The network slicing identified as a multiple logical network, where each network slice dedicates as an end-to-end network and works independently with other slices on a common physical network resources. Most user devices have more than one smart wireless interfaces to connect to different radio access technologies (RATs) such as WiFi and LTE, thereby network operators utilize this facility to offload mobile data traffic. Therefore, it is important to enable a network slicing to manage different RATs on the same logical network as a way to mitigate the spectrum scarcity problem and enables a slice to control its users mobility across different access networks. In this paper, we propose a mobility management architecture based network slicing where each slice manages its users across heterogeneous radio access technologies such as WiFi, LTE and 5G networks. In this architecture, each slice has a different mobility demands and these demands are governed by a network slice configuration and service characteristics. Therefore, our mobility management architecture follows a modular approach where each slice has individual module to handle the mobility demands and enforce the slice policy for mobility management. The advantages of applying our proposed architecture include: i) Sharing network resources between different network slices; ii) creating logical platform to unify different RATs resources and allowing all slices to share them; iii) satisfying slice mobility demands.

System performance is an important characteristic in wireless communication. To achieve an intelligent communications and to meet high demand of quality of services (QoS), the next generation requires high data rates transmission and the system which operates at higher spectral efficiency. In this paper, we developed and evaluated the performance of FBMC/OQAM system by using polyphase network structure. In addition, we investigated Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) reduction and Bit Error Rate (BER) degradation for improvement of power amplifier efficiency. The system implementation and result have been carried out by simulation on Matlab software. It has shown that Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC) could be a more effective solution for 5G.

5G is a revolutionary development in network technologies which is gradually becoming very common among people contributing significantly in different fields such as education, industry, agriculture, health, tourism and military. Currently, 5G is an outbreak change as opposed to the traditional service of the Internet since it offers better quality, ultra-fast connection, low-cost, reduced latency, energy saving, which makes its great impact even greater in people's life. The present study examines various factors that have a significant impact on the Use of 5G in the Gulf area. The study extended the TAM (Technology Acceptance Model) to include factors such as Perceived Enjoyment, Perceived Resources and Perceived Skills Readiness. The present research has adopted a hybrid model that incorporates TAM determinants with other external factors which have a direct relation with 5G as internet service. Previous studies have focused on the importance of 5G in different environments and countries. However, this study focuses on the newly spread Use of 5G in the gulf area by adopting a hybrid conceptual model. The findings suggest that 5G may help in promoting the usage of internet service more effectively with its low-cost, faster data transfer and better quality. Moreover, the findings indicate a positive effect of the gender as a mediator between the variables: Perceived Skills Readiness, Perceived Ease of use, and Perceived Resources.

—Recently, mobile broadband networks are focused on bringing additional capabilities to the network edge. For instance, Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) brings storage and processing capabilities closer to the mobile user i.e., at the radio access network, in order to deploy services with minimum delay. In this paper, we propose a resource constrained cloud-enabled small cell that includes a MEC server for deploying mobile edge computing functionalities. We present the architecture with special focus on realizing the proper forwarding of data packets between the mobile data path and the MEC applications, based on the principles of SDN, without requiring any changes to the functionality of existing mobile network nodes both in the access and the core network segments. The significant benefits of adopting the proposed architecture are analysed based on a proof-of-concept demonstration for content caching application use case.

While the legacy cyclic prefix orthogonal frequency division multiple access is retained as the preferred multiple access scheme for 5G enhanced mobile broadband the research is now focussed on the multiple access schemes for massive machine type communication (mMTC) and ultra-reliable low latency communication .Though orthogonal multiple access schemes provide simple reception, they limit number of simultaneous user equipment as against the primary requirement of mMTC. On the other hand, the various non-orthogonal multiple access schemes which have been proposed so far as the likely solution, need complex successive interference cancellation receivers. So a simplified scheme named constellation shared multiple access is proposed here which substantially increases the number of simultaneous users to be served within a single resource block (RB) in LTE or 5G New Radio, thus aiding the massive connectivity requirement of mMTC. This is achieved by differentiating among the users in constellation domain. Moreover, the simple architecture compatible with 5G eMBB makes it a strong contender multiple access contender for 5G mMTC.

It is a critical requirement for the future of 5G communication networks to provide high speed and significantly reduce network energy consumption. In the Fifth Generation (5G), wireless cellular networks, smartphone battery efficiency, and optimal utilization of power have become a matter of utmost importance. Energy-efficient networks along with an energy-saving strategy in mobile devices play a vital role in the mobile revolution. The goal of energy efficiency, apart from its ecological value, is also associated with the reduction of operational expenses for mobile network operators, as well as with greater customer satisfaction thanks to increased battery life. Battery and power are an area of significant challenges considering that smartphones are nowadays equipped with advanced technological network features and interfaces. These features require a lot of simultaneous power to make decisions and to transfer information between devices and networks to provide the best user experience. Furthermore, to meet the demands of increased data capacity, data rate, and to provide the best quality of service, there is a need to adopt energy-efficient architectures. The new strategies should not only focus on wireless base stations, which consumes most of the power, but it should also take into consideration the other power consumption elements for future mobile communication networks, including User Equipment (UE). In this paper, we do an overview of power consumption and improvements made so far on the networks and user equipment side and provide our proposals on how to overcome these power-hungry issues on the newly 5G systems.

5G technologies will change the way most high bandwidth users access their phones. With 5G pushed over a VOIP-enabled device, people will experience a level of call volume and data transmission never experienced before.5G technology is offering the services in Product Engineering, Documentation, supporting electronic transactions (e-Payments, transactions’ etc. As the customer becomes more and more aware of the mobile phone technology, he or she will look for a decent package all together, including all the advanced features a cellular phone can have. Hence the search for new technology is always the main motive of the leading cell phone giants to out innovate their competitors. The ultimate goal of 5G is to design a real wireless world that is free from obstacles of the earlier generations. This requires an integration of networks. This paper represents, introduction to 5G technologies, Key concepts of 5G, Features of 5G networks technology, applications, and wireless network architecture for 5G wireless technologies and last section conclude the paper.

In this paper multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antennas are investigated for better
connectivity of networks. The purpose of the research is to find the optimum solution for faster
and most importantly energy-efficient broadband and data streaming. Several versions of
antennas and their simplified prototypes were compared by radiation patterns, S-parameters
and antenna efficiency according to experimental results. The desired antenna should be
implementing the decoupling technique between antenna elements for MIMO system and be
capable of covering the wide band from GSM(850-1900 MHz) to C-band(3400-3600 MHz) in
order to provide sustainable connection.

It has been widely established that the future 5G networks will make use of the network slicing concept, but this dynamic management of resources proves to be both a critical and a challenging mechanism to accommodate future time-varying service demands. The introduction of this thesis focuses on the recent use of artificial intelligence for networks and systems and overviews the changes it has brought to traditional capacity forecasting algorithms.

As a first approach, this thesis takes an existing short term capacity forecasting deep-learning system, DeepCog, and examines it thoroughly in order to determine optimal deterministic and design parameters and functions. This is done by first minimizing the validation loss, and then the custom cost metrics the original system was evaluated on. After this first section, an optimized system is proposed: DeepCogV2, capable of performing more accurate predictions with minimized cost and convergence time. The second part of this thesis is focused on building upon this short term capacity forecasting prediction system in order to design a long-term capacity forecasting system, capable of predicting network usage patterns for intervals longer than one hour. Two different approaches are taken in order to do so, with their respective strengths and limitations clearly discussed. After this section, a long-term capacity forecasting system (based on the previously proposed architecture of DeepCogV2) is proposed.

The current Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 4th generation (4G) mobile network architecture features complicated control plane protocols and requires expensive equipment. Data delivery in the mobile packet core is performed based on a centralized mobility anchor between eNode B (eNB) elements and the network gateways. The mobility anchor is performed based on General Packet Radio Service tunnelling protocol (GTP), which has numerous drawbacks, including high tunnelling overhead and suboptimal routing between mobile devices on the same network. To address these challenges, here we describe new mobile core architecture for future mobile networks. The proposed scheme is based on IP encapsulated within IP (IP-in-IP) for mobility management and data delivery. In this scheme, the core network functions via layer 3 switching (L3S), and data delivery is implemented based on IP-in-IP routing, thus eliminating the GTP tunnelling protocol. For handover between eNB elements located near to one another, we propose the creation of a tunnel that maintains data delivery to mobile devices until the new eNB element updates the route with the gateway, which prevents data packet loss during handover. For this, we propose Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) tunnelling protocol. We describe the results of numerical analyses and simulation results showing that the proposed network core architecture provides superior performance compared with the current 4G architecture in terms of handover delay, tunnelling overhead and total transmission delay.

--The current debates revolving around 5G, Huawei, and how they are resolved, are highly visible indicators of the technology based shifts in the global order which are setting the tone for the 21st century. Currently, it seems that many in the US and the PRC are using Cold War and Thucydides Trap paradigms, with a zero-sum mentality. At least in the case of 5G technology, the UK seems to have taken a more nuanced approach.

--This article comes as the UK prepares its new National Cyber Security Strategy, reviewing the 5G and cyber security debates surrounding Huawei in a highly interdisciplinary manner, and directing readers to a rich variety of resources. In addition to its analysis of issues and solutions often absent from the discourse, this article's feature contribution is the argument that the UK can be more than an example of a middle way. Specifically, if the UK scales up and internationalizes its Huawei Cyber Security Evaluation Center, perhaps by creating an International Cyber Security Evaluation Center, it can lead its allies and the world in 5G, 6G, cybersecurity, and international relations, filling a vital leadership vacuum.