Papers by Marco Donald Migliore
IEEE Access, 2021
5G base stations usually use different beams to transmit broadcast and user data. Moreover the br... more 5G base stations usually use different beams to transmit broadcast and user data. Moreover the broadcast beam is always ''on air'', whilst the traffic beam is not. This represents a problem in Maximum Power Extrapolation (MPE) procedures for exposure assessment. In fact, currently adopted measurement approaches are based on the mere observation of phenomena. Recently, a different approach for MPE has been proposed by Adda et al., 2020, forcing the traffic toward the measuring position by means of a dedicated User Equipment (UE). Consequently, the measurer loses the ''passive'' role assumed in the approach usually adopted, and acquires an active role forcing the system under test to assume the most suitable configuration. The use of beam-forcing UEs opens new exciting possibilities, since it makes it possible to take advantage of the UE-specific signals for the estimation for the MPE procedure. The aim of this paper is to explore the potential offered by UE-specific data structures within the MPE considering a real case regarding data acquired on a currently operative 5G base station. INDEX TERMS 5G mobile communication, antennas, base stations, health and safety, MIMO.
Entanglement is a crucial component to reaping the benefits of the quantum world. However, it is ... more Entanglement is a crucial component to reaping the benefits of the quantum world. However, it is also a delicate property constantly vulnerable to environmental interac?ons. Urban wireless communica?on operates within a complex environment where con?nuous par?cle interac?ons pose challenges for maintaining entangled states during communica?on. But inside the phone, things change. So why not use classical physics-based compu?ng in the propaga?on environment and quantum physics-based compu?ng inside the phone in a synergis?c approach?
Electronics
The capability of controlling and modifying wireless propagation channels is one of the prerogati... more The capability of controlling and modifying wireless propagation channels is one of the prerogatives of beyond-5G systems. In this paper, we propose the use of a controllable local propagation environment surrounding the terminals, and analyze its positive effect on the multiplexing capability of massive MIMO systems. In particular, we focus on using a few switched passive elements surrounding each terminal. In this way, the modification of the propagation environment is not realized by means of a single structure, as in reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS), but is achieved by the cooperative work of all the terminals. By employing numerical simulations, we show that the proposed system outperforms its non-reconfigurable counterpart in terms of the number of contemporary connected users. Moreover, the optimized system enables a substantial increase in the minimum received power by the terminals, thus guaranteeing superior channel fairness.
IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
IEEE Access
The objective of this paper is to examine the processing of the electromagnetic field in the phys... more The objective of this paper is to examine the processing of the electromagnetic field in the physical communication channel of wireless systems using the concept of the "Deep Physical Layer" (DPL), a layer that is positioned below the Physical Layer of the OSI model. The article delves into the fundamental concept of DPL and presents several numerical findings on devices that can process the field directly in the DPL. These devices are called Electromagnetic field Processing Devices (EPDs) and consist of reflective elements that are extensively distributed in space. They can intelligently modify the spatial configuration of the electromagnetic field to achieve efficient processing. The study reveals that EPDs offer the potential to encode a massive amount of information in the spatial domain. Additionally, the results suggest that quantum computers are an indispensable technology to gain unrestricted access to the large resources that utilizing EPDs in the DPL can unlock. To fully utilize this vast resource necessitates addressing the challenge of searching an unstructured database, which poses a difficulty for classical computers. However, this problem can be efficiently solved by quantum computers using Grover's algorithm.
2022 16th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP)
Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2013
A Compressed Sensing/Sparse Recovery approach is adopted in this paper for the accurate diagnosis... more A Compressed Sensing/Sparse Recovery approach is adopted in this paper for the accurate diagnosis of fault array elements from undersampled data. Experimental validations on a slotted waveguide test array are discussed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed procedure in the failures retrieval from a small set of measurements with respect to the number of radiating elements. Due to the sparsity feature of the proposed formulation, the method is particularly appealing for the diagnostics of large arrays, typically adopted for radar applications.
IEEE Access
This paper describes an investigation on the application of the Maximum Power Extrapolation (MPE)... more This paper describes an investigation on the application of the Maximum Power Extrapolation (MPE) technique on a fully operational Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) FR2-band 5G gNB. The data was acquired in [27.1-27.3] GHz band using a network scanner over nearly 10 minutes periods to allow a statistical analysis and an accurate estimation of the role of each contribution to the total uncertainty, including the fading affecting the 5G FR2 reference signal. The results show that the level of the electromagnetic field is well below the limits imposed by Italian legislation. However the goal of the paper is more fundamental, and shows an approach that can be used to identify the critical elements of the measurement setup , suggesting where to concentrate efforts to improve the measurement procedure. In particular, the uncertainty budget highlights three contributions, (i.e. estimation of the traffic beam level, of the probe response and of the 5G FR2 reference signal) that deserve further investigations. INDEX TERMS Human exposure assessment, maximum power extrapolation, 5G antennas, cellular systems.
IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society
The rolling-out of 5G networks is recently including 5G Base Stations (BSs) operating on millimet... more The rolling-out of 5G networks is recently including 5G Base Stations (BSs) operating on millimeter-Wave (mm-Wave) frequencies. The goal of this work is to shed light on the exposure assessment from commercial 5G mm-Wave 5G BSs, by focusing on the impact of downlink traffic on the exposure levels. To this aim, we adopt an innovative measurement framework, based on hardware and software components, able to satisfy the challenging measurement requirements of mm-Wave frequencies. In addition, we design a completely softwarized algorithm, called M-WAVE, in order to measure the mm-Wave exposure with a programmable spectrum analyzer. Results, obtained from a commercial 5G scenario, reveal that the exposure from the mm-Wave BS is directly proportional to the amount of traffic injected on the wireless link. However, the electric field is always lower than 0.08 V/m, while the downlink traffic is even larger than 800 Mbps.
2019 IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array System & Technology (PAST)
Recent advances of compressive processing (CP) techniques as applied to phased array measurement ... more Recent advances of compressive processing (CP) techniques as applied to phased array measurement and direction of arrival (DoA) estimation are presented. Thanks to the CP paradigm, a-priori information on the antenna under test (AUT) can be successfully exploited to mitigate the truncation error in near-field (NF) antenna measurements exploiting a very limited number of measurements. Moreover, Bayesian compressive sensing (BCS) formulations allow to bypass current limitations of standard CS approaches, as well as an easier integration with multi-resolution strategies towards a computationally-efficient and robust DoA estimation. Some numerical results are presented to verify the effectiveness and potentialities of the proposed CP methods.
IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2017
A method is proposed to interpolate the electromagnetic near field when no information on the rad... more A method is proposed to interpolate the electromagnetic near field when no information on the radiating source is available. In absence of a priori knowledge, general properties of the electromagnetic field are exploited to estimate the field, namely the minimum complexity of the field and the continuity of the first derivatives. These properties are enforced by minimizing the nuclear norm and using the Thin Plate Spline interpolation results, respectively. The proposed procedure is validated experimentally by interpolating the planar electrical near field radiated by three antennas. The quality of the interpolation and its robustness to noise is investigated. Despite its simplicity, the interpolation method is able to properly estimate the near field from a random coarse sampling of 2 λ. The quality of the near field interpolation is also confirmed by deriving the far field. These promising results pave the way for the development of fast antenna measurement procedures.
We present a deterministic iterative method for synthesizing equal-amplitude aperiodic array radi... more We present a deterministic iterative method for synthesizing equal-amplitude aperiodic array radiating patterns with arbitrary upper bounds and are capable of scanning in a wide angular range without violating the sidelobe level constraint. The approach employs the principle of "inflating" and "deflating" the sources to reduce the excitation dynamic of a starting layout iteratively. The proposed approach is flexible since it can start from a regular grid array with variable excitation amplitudes or from a nonuniform aperiodic layout generated with any other synthesis algorithm. Several numerical simulations comparing the proposed approach to some of the algorithms available in the open literature demonstrate the excellent performance of the approach.
This paper describes an investigation on the application of the Maximum Power Extrapolation (MPE)... more This paper describes an investigation on the application of the Maximum Power Extrapolation (MPE) technique on a fully operational Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) FR2-band 5G gNB. The data was acquired in [27.1-27.3] GHz band using a network scanner over nearly 10 minutes periods to allow a statistical analysis and an accurate estimation of the role of each contribution to the total uncertainty, including the fading affecting the 5G FR2 reference signal. The results show that the level of the electromagnetic field is well below the limits imposed by Italian legislation. However the goal of the paper is more fundamental, and shows an approach that can be used to identify the critical elements of the measurement setup , suggesting where to concentrate efforts to improve the measurement procedure. In particular, the uncertainty budget highlights three contributions, (i.e. estimation of the traffic beam level, of the probe response and of the 5G FR2 reference signal) that deserve further investigations. INDEX TERMS Human exposure assessment, maximum power extrapolation, 5G antennas, cellular systems.
2019 International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications (ICEAA)
2015 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, 2015
Three methods are compared to identify from far-field measurements the failures affecting a refle... more Three methods are compared to identify from far-field measurements the failures affecting a reflectarray antenna. Specifically, the far-field data collected in an anechoic chamber are post-processed using the classical back-propagation technique, the matrix method and a recently introduced compressed sensing based approach.
Electronics, 2021
The aim of this contribution is to present an approach that allows to improve the quality of the ... more The aim of this contribution is to present an approach that allows to improve the quality of the reconstruction of the far-field from a small number of measured samples by means of sparse recovery using a relatively coarse grid for source positions (with sample spacing of the order of λ/8) compared to the grid usually required. In particular, the iterative method proposed employs a smooth-weighted constrained minimization, that guarantees a better probability of correct estimate of the sparse sources and an improved quality in the reconstruction, with a similar computational effort respect to the standard ℓ1 re-weighted minimization approach.
2021 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting (APS/URSI), 2021
In this contribution, we discuss the use of a local controllable environment (LCE) for the termin... more In this contribution, we discuss the use of a local controllable environment (LCE) for the terminals of massive MIMO systems, and we show that the use of this technique allows improving the performance of the systems, allowing to communicate with a larger number of terminals.
12th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2018), 2018
The aim of this paper is to analyze the array synthesis for 5 G massive MIMO systems in the line-... more The aim of this paper is to analyze the array synthesis for 5 G massive MIMO systems in the line-of-sight working condition. The main result of the numerical investigation performed is that non-uniform arrays are the natural choice in this kind of application. In particular, by using non-equispaced arrays, we show that it is possible to achieve a better average condition number of the channel matrix and a significantly higher spectral efficiency. Furthermore, we verify that increasing the array size is beneficial also for circular arrays, and we provide some useful rules-of-thumb for antenna array design for massive MIMO applications. These results are in contrast to the widely-accepted idea in the 5 G massive MIMO literature, in which the half-wavelength linear uniform array is universally adopted.
IEEE Access, 2022
Maximum-Power Extrapolation (MPE) for mobile telecommunication sources follows an established par... more Maximum-Power Extrapolation (MPE) for mobile telecommunication sources follows an established paradigm based on the identification and measurement of a channel that acts as a power reference. Prior to the 5G era, the role of reference channel has been played by always-on broadcast signals since they had the great advantage of being always transmitted at the maximum power level allowed for a generic signal channel. However, the beamforming implemented by 5G sources obliges to rethink this approach. In fact, with beamforming the 5G source can transmit data traffic streams through a beam characterized by a much higher gain than the broadcast one. This implies that the detected power for traffic beams could be much higher than the corresponding power of broadcast beams. In this paper, a novel approach for 5G MPE procedure is presented. For the very first time, the direct measurement of the received power of a traffic beam is used to assess the maximum exposure generated by a 5G system. An innovative specific experimental setup is also proposed, with the use of a User Equipment (UE) with the aim of forcing the traffic beam toward the measurement positions. In this way, it is possible to measure directly the power of each Resource Element (RE) transmitted by the traffic beam. As opposed to other MPE proposals for 5G, the discussed technique does not require any correction of the measured data since it relies only on the traffic beam pointing toward the measurement position, simplifying the overall MPE procedure and thus reducing the uncertainty of the MPE estimated field strength. INDEX TERMS radio frequency, electromagnetic fields, exposure assessment, Massive MIMO, 5G, New Radio, measurements, mobile communication, channel power, zero span, vector measurements.
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Papers by Marco Donald Migliore
information can be transmitted reliably over a wireless
channel. It is shown that the limit of this mode of
transmission is dictated by the amount of information
that an electromagnetic field is capable of carrying.
The methodology for analysis of this problem is along
the theory developed by Kolmogorov. This allows one
to quantify the amount of information that can be
transmitted by a wireless communication system
taking into account the physical limitations governed
by the laws of electromagnetism. Starting from the
results related to the amount of information carried
by an electromagnetic field, a novel antenna synthesis
technique that simultaneously takes into account the
requirements of information and antenna theory is
introduced and applied to the synthesis of multi
antenna systems.
The lecture is based on the paper: M.D. Migliore, Horse (Electromagnetics) Is More Important than
Horseman (Information) for Wireless Transmission, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation, 2019 (in press)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eKuIF1AsBFE
From the paper The World Beneath the Physical Layer. An Introduction to the Deep Physical Layer", IEEE Access, 2021.
#Electromagnetic and and information #5G #6G #Massive MIMO antennas #Physical layer #Deep Physical Layer
More information at the site https://sites.google.com/unicas.it/electromagnetic-information
English subtitles.