Chapter 1 Introduction to the Human Body 9 1

Epiphysial capillaries

Proliferating
Perichondrium hyaline cartilage
Cancellous endochondral
Canals, containing bone laid down on spicules
Hypertrophic capillaries, periosteal
of calcified cartilage
Periosteum calcifying mesenchymal cells,
cartilage and osteoblasts
Primordial marrow cavities
Thin collar
of cancellous
bone
A. At 8 weeks
B. At 9 weeks

C. At 10 weeks
Calcified Articular
cartilage cartilage
Epiphysial Proliferating Bone of
Epiphysial ossification growth cartilage epiphysis
(secondary) centers Hypertrophic
ossification Proximal calcifying cartilage
center epiphysial
Outer part growth
of periosteal plate
bone transforming
Diaphysis;
into compact bone Sites of growth in
Central marrow growth width occurs
cavity in length by periosteal
of bone Endochondral
bone laid down bone formation
on spicules Metaphysis
Distal of degenerating
D. At birth calcified cartilage Bone of
epiphysial
growth plate epiphysis
Calcified cartilage
Proliferating Articular
E. At 5 years
growth cartilage cartilage

F. At 10 years
FIGURE 1.7 Growth and Ossification of Long Bones (Midfrontal Sections).

• Cavitation of the primary ossification center and and surrounded by a capsule; the bony articular
invasion of vessels, nerves, lymphatics, red surfaces are covered with hyaline cartilage.
marrow elements, and osteoblasts. Fibrous joints include sutures (flat bones of
• Formation of spongy (cancellous) endochondral the skull), syndesmoses (two bones connected by
bone on calcified spicules. a fibrous membrane), and gomphoses (teeth fitting
• Diaphysis elongation, formation of the central into fibrous tissue-lined sockets).
marrow cavity, and appearance of the secondary Cartilaginous joints include primary (syn-
ossification centers in the epiphyses. chondrosis) joints between surfaces lined by hyaline
• Long bone growth during childhood. cartilage (epiphysial plate connecting the diaphysis
• Epiphysial fusion occurring from puberty into with the epiphysis), and secondary (symphysis)
maturity (early to mid-20s). joints between hyaline-lined articular surfaces and
an intervening fibrocartilaginous disc. Primary joints
Types of Joints allow for growth and some bending, whereas
Joints are the sites of union or articulation of two secondary joints allow for strength and some
or more bones or cartilages, and are classified into flexibility.
one of the following three types (Fig. 1.8): Synovial joints generally allow for considerable
• Fibrous (synarthroses): bones joined by fibrous movement and are classified according to their
connective tissue. shape and the type of movement that they permit
• Cartilaginous (amphiarthroses): bones joined (uniaxial, biaxial, or multiaxial movement) (Fig.
by cartilage, or by cartilage and fibrous tissue. 1.9), as follows:
• Synovial (diarthroses): in this most common • Hinge (ginglymus): are uniaxial joints for flexion
type of joint, the bones are joined by a joint and extension.
cavity filled with a small amount of synovial fluid • Pivot (trochoid): are uniaxial joints for rotation.

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