NUR1101 – ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

CHAPTER 14 – LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

GUNGON, Shanley Sophia | BS Nursing – 157
 Form a protective ring of lymphatic tissue
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM around nasal and oral cavities.
I. Lymphatic System  Palatine - located on each side of
II. Functions of Lymphatic System the posterior opening of the oral cavi
III. Components of Lymphatic System
 Pharyngeal - located
i. Lymphatic Organs
near the internal
ii. Overview of the Lymphatic System
opening of the nasal
iii. Immunity
cavity.
iv. Cells of the Immune System
o Adenoid -
enlarged ,
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM can interfe
Serves as a drainage of excess fluid (slow)
Gets big if there are localized infections (kulani – lymph)  Lingual - posterior surface of the tongue.
Ex. cough, sipon

Functions of Lymphatic System

Lymph nodes
1. Fluid balance
 small lumps of tissue that contain white blood
2. Fat absorption
3. Defence
cells, which fight infection
 As lymph moves through the sinuses,
Components of the Lymphatic System phagocytic cells remove foreign substances.
 The germinal centers are sites of lymphocyte
Lymph production.
 Fluid that enters lymphatic capillaries
composed of water and some solutes.
Lymphocytes
 Defense system → engulfing foreign body
 When lymphocytes go to lymphnodes, swelling will
happen
 Lymph nodes can swell for two common reasons: a
reaction to an infection and direct infection of the
lymph nodes.
Spleen
Lymphatic capillaries
 Sized of a clenched fist
 Carries fluid in one direction from tissues to  not part of the connected lymphatic system, but it is
circulatory system lymphoid tissue
 Fluid moves from blood capillaries into tissue  Located in abdomen
spaces  helps reproduce RBC by destroying the old ones
 Tiny, close- ended vessels  Filters blood
 In most tissues o Hemolytic disease - RBCs are destroyed
faster than they are made
 Join to form lymphatic vessels o Spleenomegaly (megaly - enlargement)
 Consists of simple squamous
 Detects and responds to foreign substances
Lymphatic vessels  Serves as a blood reservoir
 Group of lymph nodes – resembles small veins
White pulp: lymphatic tissue surrounding arteries
 Where lymphatic capillaries join Red pulp - contains macrophages and RBC
 One-way valves that connect to veins.
 When compressed, prevents
the backward movement of lymph Thymus gland
o Right lymphatic duct -  near the heart, bilobed gland
vessels from the right upper limb and the right half of the head,
neck, chest empty .  situated in the neck of vertebrates that produces T cells for the im
Empties into right subclavian vein.
o Thoracic duct - collects lymph from the remaining o T cells - detect what kind of intruder enters
lymphatic vessels which do not enter the lymphatic duct.
Empties left subclavian vein.
o B cells - battle ready → antibody
 Located in mediastinum behind the sternum
 Stop growing at age 1; At age 60 decrease in size
Lymphatic Organs  Produces and matures lymphocytes
Tonsils  Each lobe of thymus is surrounded by thin
connective tissue capsule.

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NUR1101 – ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 14 – LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
GUNGON, Shanley Sophia | BS Nursing – 157
 Trabeculae from the capsule divide each lobe into lobules
. Cells of the Immune System
 Contains the lobule: cortex and medulla
o Corte White blood cells
x-  Produce in red bone marrow and lymphatic tissues
 Fight foreign substances
Phagocytic cells
 Ingest and destroy foreign substances
 Ex. neutrophils and macrophages
Mast cells
numerous and form dark-staining areas  Local
o Medulla - has fewer lymphocytes  Made in red bone marrow
 Found in skin, lungs , and
gastrointestinal tract, urogenital tract

 Can release leukotrienes

Natural killer cells (NK cells)
 Type of lymphocyte
Overview of the Lymphatic System
↑ infectious agent = ↑ fever
 Produce in red bone marrow
 Recognize classes of cells such as tumor cells or
Immunity virus infected cells
 Ability to resist damage from foreign  Release chemical which lyse cells
substances
Adaptive Immunity
 Immunity can protect microbes, toxins, cancer
Antigen –
cells substances that stimulate adaptive immune responses
 Types of Immunity: Innate & Adaptive
Foreign antigens
Innate Immunity
 Introduced from outside the body
 present at birth  Ex:
Microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, chemicals
 Defense against pathogens
 Well mediated Self-antigens
 Accomplished by physical barriers, chemical  Molecules that
the body produces to stimulate immune response
mediators cells, inflammatory response  Autoimmune disease – results
when self-antigens stimulate u
normal tissue
Physical barriers
 First line of defense Adaptive immunity can be divided into:
 Prevent pathogens and chemicals from entering
the body in two ways: Antibody-mediated immunity Cell-mediated immunity
o Skin and mucous membranes act as
barriers to pathogens and toxins  B cells – group of  T cells – second type
o Tears, saliva, urine wash these substances lymphocytes of lymphocyte
from body surfaces  Antibodies – proteins 
found in plasma,
Chemical mediators derived from b cells Protection against intracellular an

 Kill microbes and prevent their entry into cells
 Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils Protection against extracellular antigenstumors; responsible
(bacteria, forviruse
toxins, and graf
 Lysozyme (enzyme) ) infection
o Found in tears and saliva to kill bacteria
 Mucous membrane –. Mucal buccosa
o Prevent entry of microbes
o Moist portion of the body
 Histamine (allergy)
o Promote inflmation by causing vasodilation
 Interferons (virus)
o
Proteins that protect viral infections by stimulating surrounding cells to produce
antiviral proteins (counterpart of
antibody)

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GUNGON, Shanley Sophia | BS Nursing – 157
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
I. Chemical Messengers ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
II. Classes of Chemical Messengers Composed of endocrine glands and specialized endocrine
i. Autocrine, Paracrine. Neurotransmitter, cells throughout the body.
Endocrine Endocrine glands -
Release hormones into their surroundings. They hav
III. Endocrine System ducts to carry things away
i. Functions
Exocrine glands – have ducts that carry whatever is secreted into a bod
ii. Hormones body surface.
iii. Parts
Functions of the Endocrine System

Chemical Messengers 1. Metabolism

1. Control of food intake and digestion
 Allows cells to communicate with each other to
2. Tissue development
regulate body activities.
3. Ion regulation
 Most chemical messengers are produced by a
4. Water balance
specific collection of cells/gland.
5. Heart rate and blood pressure regulation
Classes of Chemical Messengers 6. Control of blood glucose and other nutrients
Autocrine
7. Control of reproductive functions
 is the self-communication 8. Uterine contractions and milk release
in the autocrine cells, i.e., 9. Immune system regulation
with itself.
 cell signal released from the The
cell binds to the same cell endocrine
 Target cells are the signal- system
producing cells consists of:
 Ex.Eicosanoids (prostaglandins , thomboxanes,
prostacyclins, leukotrienes)

Paracrine
 Produced by a wide variety of tissues and
secreted into extracellular fluid
 Local messengers
 Target cells are the neighboring cells
 cell-to-cell communication with adjacent cells.
 move by diffusion through the extracellular matrix. 1. Hypothalamus
 Ex. Somatostatin, histamine, eicosanoids 2. Pituitary
3. Pineal gland
4. Thyroid
5. Parathyroid
6. Thymus
7. Adrenals
Neurotransmitter 8. Pancreas (islets)
 Also called chemical transmitter 9. Ovaries
 Produced by neurons to activate an adjacent cell 10. Testes
 Secreted into synaptic cleft rather than the
bloodstream
Hormones

Their job is to carry chemical signals (“messages”) from one neuron (nerve cell)secreted
to the by endocrine glands and cells
next target cell . into the bloodstream
 Body cannot function without neurotransmitter

 Ex. Acetylcholine, epinephrine travel through the general blood circulation to target tissues
.
 Regulate almost all physiological process in the body
Endocrine

 Secreted into the blood by specialized cells Hormones fit into two categories: lipid-soluble and water soluble
.
 Travels distance to target tissues
 Affect cells that are distant from their source Water soluble hormone Lipid soluble hormone
 Results in coordinated regulation of cell  Hydrophilic  Lipophilic
 Polar  Non-polar
function  Dissolve  Dissolve in fats rather
 Ex. Thyroid hormones, growth hormones, insulin, in water (rather than oils / fats
) than in water
epinephrine, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone  Are  Are
formed from amino acids usually formed from choleste
  can pass through cell
Cannot pass through the target cell membranes (which include fatty
membranes

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CHAPTER 14 – LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
GUNGON, Shanley Sophia | BS Nursing – 157
 Affect cells by binding  Made up of two lobes connected by a narrow
to receptors inside the band called isthmus
). target cell.
 Lobes are connected to each side of the trachea
 Affect
 One of the largest endocrine glands
cells by binding to receptors on the surface of the target cell  Main function: secrete thyroid hormones – regulate
rate of metabolism
o thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
Pituitary and Hypothalamus  Calcitonin – lower blood calcium level
Pituitary gland
 divided into anterior and posterior (stems off the Parathyroid gland
hypothalamus)  In the posterior wall of the thyroid gland
 “master gland” –  Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) – raises
controls the function of so many other glands blood calcium levels
 Hyperparathyroidism – abnormal high rate of PTH
Hypothalamus – makes hormones  Hypoparathyroidism – abnormal now rate of PTH

Anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) Thymus gland

 makes its own hormones  Shrink down and is not active during adulthood
 made up of epithelial cells derived from  Site of T cell maturity before puberty
 Makes thymosin – stimulate the making T cells
embryonic oral cavity
Adrenal gland
Hormones Secreted
 Superior to each kidney
growth hormone (GH)
 Has
encourages the liver to release insulin-like growth factor 1 two major parts: Adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex
(IGF-1
),
Adrenal medulla
IGF-1
 Inner part

thickens and elongates bones.  Secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) and
 noepinephrine – involved in fight or flight
grows muscle and reduces fat storage  Preapare the body for intense physical activity
.
Prolactin (PRL) producing milk from  Major effects of hormones released from
mammary glands
adrenal medulla are:
Thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH) production of the thyroid hormones: thyroxine (T4)1. Release of stored energy sources to support
and triiodothyronine
(T3), increased physical activity
stimulate and maintain 2. Increased heart rate = rises blood pressure
metabolism; growth and
3.
development Increased smooth muscle contraction in internal organ and ski
stimulates also raises blood pressure
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH gonads to make gametes
) (development of
follicles in the ovaries) Adrenal Cortex

Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates androgen Secretes three classes of steroid hormones: mineralocorticoids, gl
androgens
production by gonads;
ovulation, secretion of  Secretes mineralocorticoids ( first class )
progesterone o Ex. Aldosterone (major hormone) –
Adrenocorticotropic Stimulates hormone release reabsorption of calcium and secretion of
(ACTH) by adrenal cortex potassium
 Secretes glucocorticoids (second class)
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
o Ex.
stimulates melanocytes of the skin increasing melanin pigment Cortisol (major hormone) –
production
. increase blood glucos
major roles
stress and inflammation
Posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)
 does not make its own hormones Pancreas
 extension of the brain, composed of nerve cells  The pancreas (islets) consists of three
 holds onto them then secretes the hormones cell types: alpha cells, beta c
 secrete oxytocin – important for uterine contractions  Alpha cells: Glucagon – increase blood glucose
 secretes antidiuretic hormone (ADH) – levels
o Stimulate liver to convert its
stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water glycogen to glucose

Pineal gland  Beta Cells: Insulin – reduce blood glucose levels

  Delta cells – secrete somatostatin
Secretes melatonin – helps regulate circadian rhythm (sleep-wake cycle
)  Gonads:

Thyroid gland

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CHAPTER 14 – LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
GUNGON, Shanley Sophia | BS Nursing – 157

Ovaries Testes
Estrogen – promotes uterine Androgens
lining growth and female ex. Testosterone
REFERENCES: secondary sex characteristics help in sperm cell
Progesterone - promotes Testosterone production
28.1 Types of Hormones | Texas Gateway . (n.d.). uterine lining growth and keeps and male secondary sex
it maintained for fetal characteristics
https://www.texasgateway.org/resource/281-types-hormones
development

Biology Online. (2022, June 13). Autocrine signaling - Note: estrogen, progesterone, and androgens
Definition and Examples - are present in all individuals
. & Dictionary Online.
Biology Online Dictionary. Biology Articles, Tutorials
Higher concentration in females – estrogen, progesterone
https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary /autocrine- Higher concentration in males – androgens
signaling

Betts, J. G. (2022, April 20). 17.2 Hormones - Anatomy

and Physiology 2E | OpenStax. HYPERLINK
"https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-
physiology-2e/pages/17-2-hormones"https://
openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-
2e/pages/17-2-hormones
Lumen Learning. (n.d.). The Pancreas, Pineal Gland, and
Gonads | Biology for Majors II.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapt
er/the-pancreas-pineal-gland-and-gonads/

Neurotransmitters (n.d.). Cleveland Clinic.

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22513-neurotransmitters

Thyroid stimulating hormone | You and Your Hormones from the Society for
Endocrinology. (n.d.).
https://www.yourhormones.info/hormones/thyroid-
stimulating-hormone/

Too much of a good thing: the health risks of human growth

hormone (2023, September 1). Therapeutic Goods
Administration (TGA) .
https://www.tga.gov.au/news/blog/too-much-good-
thing-health-risks-human-growth-hormone

Water-Soluble vs Fat-Soluble Hormones . (n.d.).

https://www.ivyroses.com/HumanBody/Endocrine/Hormones-solubility.php

The rest of the information are from Seeley’s book and

from the discussion

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