Bone Physiology (Physiology Lecture)

Bone Physiology
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Bone Function
◼ Support
◼ Protection
◼ Assist in movements
◼ Mineral homeostasis
◼ Blood cell production
❑ Hemopoiesis in red bone marrow
◼ Triglyceride storage

Types of Bones
◼ Long bones: longer than wide
❑ Such as thigh, leg, arm, forearm, fingers and toes
◼ Short bones: almost cube shaped
❑ Most wrist and ankle bones
◼ Flat bones: thin and extensive surface
❑ Such as cranial bones sternum, ribs and scapulas
◼ Irregular bones: do not fit above
categories
❑ Such as vertebrae and some facial bones

Macroscopic Structure
◼ Parts of a long bone
❑ Diaphysis: shaft of long bone; made up mostly of
compact bone
❑ Epiphysis: broad end of long bone; mostly
spongy bone
❑ Metaphysis: growth area between diaphysis and
epiphysis
❑ Articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage at joint
❑ Periosteum: fibrous covering over most of bone
❑ Medullary cavity (marrow) with fat and blood cells
❑ Endosteum: membrane lining medullary cavity

Long Bones

Long Bones

Microscopic Structure of Bone
◼ Matrix
❑ 25% water, 25% collagen fibers, 50% mineral salts
◼ Cells
❑ Osteogenic cells in periosteum →
❑ Osteoblasts
◼ Secrete collagen fibers
◼ Build matrix and become trapped in lacunae
◼ Become →
❑ Osteocytes that maintain bone
❑ Osteoclasts are formed from monocytes
◼ Digest bone matrix for normal bone turnover

Histology of Bones

Blood
Calcium
Compact Bone Structure
◼ Arranged in osteons (haversian systems)
❑ Cylinders running parallel to long axis of bone
◼ Central canal through center of osteon
❑ Contains blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics
◼ Concentric lamellae: layers of matrix
◼ Lacunae: “lakes” between lamellae
❑ Contain osteocytes (bone cells)

Compact Bone Structure
◼ Canaliculi (“little canals”)
❑ Contain extensions of osteocytes
❑ Permit flow of ECF between central canal and
lacunae
◼ Compact bone is covered by periosteum
◼ Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals
❑ Carry blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves from
periosteum
❑ They supply central (Haversian) canals and also bone
marrow

Histology of Bones

Spongy Bone
◼ Not arranged in osteons
◼ Irregular latticework of trabeculae
❑ These contain lacunae with osteocytes and
canaliculi
◼ Spaces between trabeculae may contain red
bone marrow
◼ Spongy bone is lighter than compact bone,
so reduces weight of skeleton

Bone Formation
◼ Known as ossification
◼ Timeline
❑ Initial bone development in embryo and fetus
❑ Growth of bone into adulthood
❑ Remodeling: replacement of old bone
❑ Repair if fractures occur
◼ Mesenchyme (early connective tissue) model
❑ This initial “skeleton” model will be replaced by
bone tissue beginning at 6 weeks of embryonic life

OSTEOGENESIS
OSSIFICATION CALCIFICATION
◼ Production of bone matrix ◼ Incorporation of Calcium
(amorphous gel) in the matrix
◼ Vitamin D ◼ Defects:
Components of the matrix: ◼ Calcium deficient bones
◼ Collagen fibers
❑ Osteoporosis (loss of bone
mass)
◼ Ground substance
(chondroitin sulfate and
hyaluronic acid)
◼ Tissue fluid
◼ Defects: Rickets and

Osteomalacia
Bone Formation
◼ Two different methods of ossification each
result in similar bone tissue
❑ Intramembranous: bone forms within sheets of
mesenchyme that resemble membranes
◼ Only a few bones form by this process: flat bones of
the skull, lower jawbone (mandible), and part of
clavicle (collarbone)
❑ Endochondral: mesenchyme forms hyaline
cartilage which then develops into bone
◼ All other bones form by this process

Flat bone
of skull Blood capillary
Ossification center
Mesenchymal cell
Osteoblast
Mandible Collagen fiber
1 Development of ossification center
Osteocyte in lacuna Mesenchyme

condenses
Blood vessel
Canaliculus
Spongy bone
Osteoblast
trabeculae
Newly calcified bone Osteoblast
matrix
2 Calcification 3 Formation of trabeculae
Periosteum
Spongy bone tissue
Compact bone tissue

4 Development of the periosteum
Intramembranous Ossification
◼ Four steps
1.Development of ossification center
◼ Mesenchyme cells → osteogenic→ osteoblasts
◼ Osteoblasts secrete organic matrix
2. Calcification: cells become osteocytes

◼ In lacunae they extend cytoplasmic processes to each other
◼ Deposit calcium & other mineral salts
3.Formation of trabeculae (spongy bone)

◼ Blood vessels grow in and red marrow is formed
4. Periosteum covering the bone forms from

mesenchyme

Perichondrium
Proximal Hyaline Uncalcified

epiphysis cartilage matrix
Periosteum
Uncalcified Calcified
matrix matrix
Diaphysis Primary Periosteum
Calcified Nutrient ossification (covering
matrix artery center compact bone)
Medullary
Spongy cavity
Distal bone
epiphysis
Nutrient
artery and vein
1 Development of 2 Growth of 3 Development of 4 Development of

cartilage model cartilage model primary ossification the medullary
center cavity
Articular cartilage
Epiphyseal
Secondary artery and
ossification vein Spongy bone
center Uncalcified Epiphyseal plate
matrix
Nutrient
artery and vein
Copyright
5 Development 2010, John
of secondary Wiley6&Formation
Sons, Inc.of articular cartilage
ossification center and epiphyseal plate
Endochondral Ossification
◼ Six Steps
1. Formation of cartilage model of the “bone”
◼ As mesenchyme cells develop into chondroblasts
2. Growth of cartilage model
◼ Cartilage “bone” grows as chondroblasts secrete
cartilage matrix
◼ Chondrocytes increase in size, matrix around them
calcifies
◼ Chondrocytes die as they are cut off from nutrients,
leaving small spaces (lacunae)

◼ Six Steps
3. Primary ossification center
◼ Perichondrium sends nutrient artery inwards into
disintegrating cartilage
◼ Osteogenic cells in perichondrium become osteoblasts
that deposit bony matrix over remnants of calcified
cartilage → spongy bone forms in center of the model
◼ As perichondrium starts to form bone, the membrane is
called periosteum

◼ Six Steps
4. Medullary (marrow) cavity
◼ Spongy bone in center of the model grows towards
ends of model
◼ Octeoclasts break down some of new spongy bone
forming a cavity (marrow) through most of diaphysis
◼ Most of the wall of the diaphysis is replaced by a collar
of compact bone

◼ Six Steps
5. Secondary ossification center
◼ Similar to step 3 except that nutrient arteries enter ends
(epiphyses) of bones and osteoblasts deposit bony
matrix → spongy bone forms in epiphyses from center
outwards
◼ Occurs about time of birth
6. Articular cartilage and epiphyseal cartilage
◼ Articular cartilage at ends of epiphyses becomes
articular cartilage
◼ Epiphyseal (growth) plate of cartilage remains between
epiphysis and diaphysis until bone growth ceases

Growth in Length
◼ INTERSTITIAL GROWTH
◼ Chondrocytes divide and grow more cartilage
on epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate
◼ Chondrocytes on the diaphyseal side die and
are replaced by bone
◼ Therefore bone grows from diaphyseal side
towards epiphyseal side
◼ Growth in length stops between 18-25 years;
cartilage in epiphyseal plate is completely
replaced by bone (epiphyseal line)

Growth in Thickness
◼ APPOSITIONAL GROWTH
◼ As bones grow in length, they must
also grow in thickness (width)
❑ Perichondrial osteoblasts → osteoblasts →
lay down additional lamellae of compact
bone
❑ Simultaneously, osteoclasts in the
endosteum destroy interior bone to
increase width of the marrow

Remodeling and Repair
◼ Remodeling in response to use
❑ Resorption by osteoclasts and
❑ Deposition by osteoblasts
◼ Repair after a fracture
❑ Dead tissue removed
❑ Chondroblasts → fibrocartilage →
spongy bone deposited by osteoblasts →
remodeled to compact bone

Types of Fractures
◼ Partial: incomplete break (crack)
◼ Complete: bone broken into two or more
pieces
◼ Closed (simple): not through skin
◼ Open (compound): broken ends break skin

Factors Affecting Growth
◼ Adequate minerals (Ca, P, Mg)
◼ Vitamins A, C, D
◼ Hormones
❑ Before puberty: hGH + insulin-like growth factors
❑ Thyroid hormone and insulin also required
❑ Sex hormones contribute to adolescent growth
spurt
◼ Weight-bearing activity

Calcium Homeostasis
◼ Blood levels of Ca2+ controlled
◼ Negative feedback loops
◼ Parathyroid hormone (PTH)→ increases
osteoclast activity + decreases loss of Ca2+ in
urine
◼ Calcitonin→ decreases osteoclast activity

Blood
Calcium
Other Physiological Considerations in
Calcium Regulation
•Hypocalcemia and Hypercalcemia
•Calcium Shuttling between Muscles, Bones
and Nerves
•Role of Osteoblast and Osteoclasts
Exercise & Bone Tissue
◼ Bone strengthened in response to use
◼ Bone resorbed during disuse; examples:
❑ During prolonged bed rest
❑ Fracture with cast/immobilizer
❑ Astronauts without gravity

Divisions of Skeletal System
◼ Two divisions: axial and appendicular
❑ Axial: bones around body axis
◼ Examples: skull bones, hyoid, ribs, sternum, vertebrae
❑ Appendicular: bones of upper and lower limbs
plus shoulder and hip bones that connect them
◼ Examples: collar bone (clavicle), arm (humerus),
forearm (radius and ulna), thigh bone (femur)

Divisions of the
Skeletal System

Skull & Hyoid Bone
◼ Eight Cranial bones
❑ Frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, occipital, sphenoid,
and ethmoid
◼ Fourteen Facial bones
❑ 2 nasal, 2 maxilla, 2 zygomatic, 2 lacrimal
❑ 2 palatine, 2 inferior nasal conchae, 1 mandible,1
vomer

Skull

Skull

Skull

Skull

Sphenoid Bone

Ethmoid Bone

Ethmoid Bone

Unique Features of Skull
◼ Sutures: immovable joint between skull
bones
❑ Coronal, sagittal, lambdoidal, squamous
◼ Paranasal sinuses: cavities
❑ Located in bones near nasal cavity
◼ Fontanels: soft spot in fetal skull
❑ Allow deformation at birth
❑ Calcify to form sutures

Paranasal Sinuses

Vertebrae
◼ Functions
❑ Encloses spinal cord
❑ Supports head
❑ Point of attachment for muscles of back, ribs
and pelvic girdle
◼ Regions (from superior to inferior)
❑ 7 cervical
❑ 12 thoracic
❑ 5 lumbar
❑ 1 sacrum and 1 coccyx

Normal Curves in Column
◼ Four normal curves
❑ Cervical and lumbar curves are convex (bulge
anteriorly)
❑ Thoracic and sacral curves are concave (bulge
posteriorly)
◼ Curves increase strength, help in balance
and absorb shocks

Vertebral
Column

Vertebral Column

Structure of Vertebra
◼ Body: disc-shaped anterior portion
◼ Vertebral arch: posteriorly back from body
❑ With the body, creates a hole called vertebral foramen
◼ Seven processes from this arch
❑ Transverse process extending laterally on each side
❑ Spinous process extending dorsally
❑ Two each of superior and inferior articular processes
that form joints with vertebrae

Structure of Vertebra

Cervical Area
◼ Cervical (C1-C7 from superior to inferior)
❑ Spinous process often bifid with transverse foramina
on transverse processes
◼ C1: atlas
❑ Articulates with head, specialized to support head
❑ Lacks body and spinous process
◼ C2: axis
❑ Has body and spinous process
❑ Called dens (“tooth”) that creates a pivot for head
rotation

Cervical
Vertebrae

Other Vertebrae
◼ Thoracic (T1-T12 )
❑ Larger than cervical
❑ Have facets for articulations with ribs
◼ Lumbar (L1-L5)
❑ Largest and strongest; spinous processes short and
thick
◼ Sacrum (S1-S5 fused into one unit)
❑ Foundation for pelvic girdle
❑ Contain sacral foramina for nerves and blood vessels
◼ Coccyx: 4 coccygeal vertebrae fused into 1

Lumbar Vertebrae

Sacrum and Coccyx

Thorax
◼ Thoracic cage: sternum, costal cartilages,
ribs and bodies of T1-T12
◼ Sternum: form by 3 portions fused by about
age 25 years:
❑ Manubrium, body, xiphoid process
◼ Ribs: 12 pairs
◼ True ribs are #1-7: articulate with sternum
directly by costal cartilages
◼ False ribs are #8-12: do not articulate with
sternum directly by costal cartilages

Thorax

Pectoral Girdle
◼ Function: attach bones of upper limbs to axial
skeleton
◼ Clavicles and scapulas: bilateral

Right Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle

Upper Limb
◼ Humerus: arm bone
❑ Articulates with scapula (glenoid cavity) at
shoulder joint
❑ Articulates with radius and ulna at elbow
◼ Ulna: medial bone
◼ Radius: lateral bone (thumb side)

Right
Humerus

Right Ulna
and Radius

Right Ulna and Radius

Wrist and Hand
◼ Carpus (wrist): 8 bones
◼ Metacarpals: 5 bones of palm of hand
❑ Number 1-5 starting with thumb
◼ Phalanges: 14 bones of fingers
❑ Numbered 1-5 metacarpals
❑ Each finger except the thumb has proximal,
middle and distal phalanges; thumb lacks middle
phalanx

Right Wrist
and Hand

Pelvic (Hip) Girdle
◼ Pelvic girdle includes two hip (coxal) bones
❑ Joined anteriorly at pubic symphysis
❑ Posteriorly attached to sacrum at sacroiliac joint
◼ Basin-like pelvis is formed by two hip bones
(pelvic girdle) + sacrum and coccyx
❑ False (greater) pelvis: broad region superior to
pelvic brim; contains abdominal organs
❑ True (lesser) pelvis: small region inferior to pelvic
brim; contains urinary bladder + internal
reproductive organs

Pelvic Girdle (Female)

Pelvic Girdle (Female)

Parts of Each Hip (Coxal) Bone
◼ 3 separate bones fuse by age 23 to form a
hip bone
❑ Ilium: largest and most superior
❑ Ischium: lower posterior part
❑ Pubis: lower anterior part
◼ Bones meet at the acetaulum of the hip bone
(socket for head of femur)

Right
Hip
Bone

Lower Limb
◼ Femur (thigh bone): largest bone in the body
❑ Articulates with hip proximally and with the tibia and
patella distally
❑ Head (fits into acetabulum) and greater trochanter at
proximal end
◼ Patella: kneecap in anterior of knee joint
◼ Tibia: shin bone
❑ Large medial, weight-bearing bone of leg
◼ Fibula: longest, thinnest bone in body
❑ Lateral to tibia and smaller
❑ Does not articulate with femur

Right Femur

Right Tibia
and Fibula

Ankle and Foot
◼ Tarsus (ankle) has 7 bones
❑ Large talus (ankle bone) and
❑ Calcaneus (heel bone)
◼ Metatarsals (foot bones)
❑ Numbered 1 to 5 from medial to lateral
◼ Phalanges (toe bones)
❑ Big toe has proximal and distal phalanges while others
have proximal, medial and distal phalanges.
Numbered like metatarsals from 1-5

Right
Foot

Arches of the Right Foot

Male and Female Differences
◼ Males usually have heavier bones
◼ Related to muscle size and strength
◼ Female pelvis is wider and shallower than
male pelvis: allows for birth

Aging and Skeletal System
◼ Birth through adolescence: more bone
formed than lost
◼ Young adults: gain and loss about equal
◼ As levels of sex steroids decline with age:
bone resorption > bone formation
◼ Bones become brittle and lose calcium

Osteoporosis

Bone Physiology (Physiology Lecture)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bone Physiology (Physiology Lecture)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bone Physiology (Physiology Lecture)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bone Physiology

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

◼ Defects: Rickets and

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Mandible Collagen fiber

1 Development of ossification center

Osteocyte in lacuna Mesenchyme

2 Calcification 3 Formation of trabeculae

Spongy bone tissue

Compact bone tissue

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

2. Calcification: cells become osteocytes

3.Formation of trabeculae (spongy bone)

4. Periosteum covering the bone forms from

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Proximal Hyaline Uncalcified

1 Development of 2 Growth of 3 Development of 4 Development of

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.