World Heritage

The aim of the Australia ICOMOS Symposium titled 'Cultural Landscape Diversity and the Implications for Management' was held in Hobart, Tasmania, on the 10th November 2018. It explored this diversity and complexity by focussing on the implications of these aspects for the successful conservation of cultural landscapes. The presentations explored various examples of cultural landscapes, their nature and diversity, and the success or otherwise of their management frameworks. A number of presentations evaluated existing cultural landscape conservation frameworks. Nine of the papers presented at the symposium are reproduced here

World heritage sites across the globe are adapting themselves to the homogenizing standards of tourism at the same time as trying to maintain, or even increase, their local particularity. While local and national tourism authorities and tour agencies package and sell so-called 'authentic' cultural landscapes or 'traditional' cultures, what counts as world heritage -be it material or intangible -and the way it is interpreted is increasingly defined and controlled supra-locally. This paper sketches the broad picture of world heritage tourism in the 21st century and illustrates the general trends with examples of on-going ethnographic research on world heritage sites. chapter 8 world heritage and tourism 275

Mount Carmel Caves, subjected to multi-disciplinary research since the late 1920's, are undoubtedly among the most famous prehistoric sites. The importance of the site's four caves lies in their long cultural sequence incorporating at least 500,000 years of human evolution (from the Lower Paleolithic to the present), paleo-environmental fluctuations, and the unique presence of both Neandertals and Early Anatomically Modern Humans (EAMH) within the same cultural context. The site witnessed important cultural revolutions particularly the Middle Paleolithic burials of both EAMH (the earliest in the world to date) and Neandertals, and the passage from nomadic hunter-gatherers to complex, sedentary agricultural societies. The caves constitute an important heritage site for human cultural and biological evolution within the background of paleo-ecological changes (relevant to bio-diversity management and ecological conservation), the recent history of cave use and the history of archaeological and paleontological research. The potential for local and international education and community involvement requires integrated educational endeavors considering groups of various ages, religious and social backgrounds, and the scientific community. Maintaining the delicate balance between the various stakeholders, and encouraging mutual recognition and respect, is at the heart of successful management and enhanced heritage value of the site.

Analysis, Collecting and analyzing online tourist reviews on destinations is important for sustainable tourism. These analyses can give insight into the extent to which natural and cultural assets in the destination are protected. These evaluations should be considered by the authorities as objective and realistic assessments. In this study, 4183 TripAdvisor reviews of foreign tourists visiting "Göreme National Park and Cappadocia Rocky Area", which is listed in the World Heritage Site, were evaluated. The data set consisted of English reviews of foreign tourists visiting the region between the years of 2018-2020. Dictionary-based sentiment analysis, one of the text mining methods, was used in the study. According to the analysis results, the positive perceptions of the tourists about the churches, fairy chimneys, valleys and underground cities in the World Heritage Site were found to be significantly high (75%). Negative evaluations were found to be low (33%). In tourist reviews, 63% positive and 10.49% negative evaluations were made about the protection of the region. In addition, the awareness of the tourists about whether the locations they visit are World Heritage Sites was 30.6%. Tourists explained their negative opinions about the locations they visited with the words "extra_payment", "crowded", and "steep". Another finding of the study was that the area is adequately protected. There were, however, some concerns related to protection. The most striking aspects of protection concerns were those in which the words "painted" and "drawn" were used, an important indicator of visitor sensitivity to the protection of frescoes in rock churches. Since the destruction of natural and cultural assets in the region is unacceptable, recommendations are made to take the necessary measures to prevent such damage.

Australia has 14 areas inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list, on the basis of their globally outstanding natural and in some cases also cultural values. Many regard listing as prestigious and believe that it acts as a signalling device like a brand name. But to what extent and in what ways does the extra prestige bestowed by this listing translate into increased economic value for listed properties? This article deals with two main aspects of World Heritage listing. First, examines the hypothesis that World Heritage listing increases tourist visitation numbers, and available international visitor time-series data are examined to provide empirical evidence. It is found that although visitor numbers are likely to increase as a result of World Heritage listing, the increase is not as large as is often perceived. Some properties continue to experience low visitation rates despite World Heritage listing, and reasons for this phenomenon are advanced. Likely reasons for the inequalities in growth patterns of visits to different World Heritage properties are highlighted. Secondly, the article considers how the economic value of the tourism stimulus provided by World Heritage listing can be measured in principle and relates this to economic impact analysis and total economic valuation. Important and new limitations to the use of the travel cost method in this context are identified.

The Expert Meeting on Cultural Landscapes that took place at La Petite Pierre, France, in October 1992 was a pivotal or key moment in global heritage practice. The meeting is highly regarded by heritage practitioners for having fashioned a document defining cultural landscapes in relation to Article 1 of the 1972 UNESCO World Heritage Convention. Six weeks later the document was adopted at the 16th meeting of the World Heritage Committee. This paper traces how the La Petite Pierre meeting was the culmination of two intersecting historical trajectories: the first a narrative concerning the complex deliberations of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee between 1984 and 1992; and the second a lesser-known story linked to the work of a small, determined group of networked individuals allied via the ICOMOS UK Landscape Working Group established in 1990. Drawing on oral testimony and archival sources, the leading role of selected Working Group members in the construction of the report on cultural landscapes prepared at La Petite Pierre is examined. In addition, the concepts and terminology used to define categories of cultural landscape are explored to illustrate both novel and conservative aspects of the work of the meeting. The paper concludes with the suggestion that these categories, which have been retained unchanged in UNESCO’s Operational Guidelines from 1992, warrant review and amendment.

UNESCO was the first United Nations agency to deal with landscapes at a global scale, notably through the World Heritage Convention. In 1992, ‘Cultural Landscapes’ became a new category on the World Heritage List combining works of nature and of humankind: Cultural Landscapes often illustrate a specific relation between people and nature and can reflect techniques of sustainable land use, fostering strong links between culture and sustainable development. Initiatives such as the UNESCO-Greece Melina Mercouri International Prize highlight outstanding examples of safeguarding activities at the world’s major cultural landscapes and offer opportunities to share good practices and create synergies.
Cultural Landscapes face numerous threats across the world, and especially in Asia, with its growing infrastructure development and urbanisation. This article shares some of the knowledge and experience garnered by UNESCO through its conservation and management activities at Cultural Landscapes in Asia (Bamiyan Valley in Afghanistan, Bhutan, Silk Roads heritage corridors) and highlights the urgent need for a cultural-historical-natural territory approach to address the pressing challenges for the conservation of Cultural Landscapes in Asia. Finally, the article advocates for a strong focus on the peoples and communities that inhabit these territories and their involvement at all stages.

Heritage studies now utilize state-of-the-art cutting edge technology in the digital application with great success. Due to the flexibility and precision of this technology, the digital application has opened up new frontiers in heritage studies. Geographic Information System (GIS) can be used as a tool to aid the recording and preservation of heritage sites by collecting and presenting site information in an integrated and meaningful way. The intention of this research was to develop a GIS based generic integrated information management system for heritage sites in Anuradhapura to support the decision-making process and research works. In this research, an attempt was made to consolidate information from these earlier surveys and research to a single GIS- ased heritage inventory. For mapping cultural and environmental features in the region, a variety of surveying, satellite methods and Global Positioning System (GPS) have been applied. As part of the research, a number of hand-drawn survey maps and excavation plans were scanned and Geo-rectified, before the data was digitized on screen to integrate with the heritage feature classes in heritage geodatabase. The topographical data of the surface features were superimposed on to the satellite images for further interpretation of the heritage values and identification of the extent of ancient sites. Ground
trothing and registration of the images and accurate positioning of the geophysical grids and parts of the archaeological relics were performed with aids of GPS satellite receivers. A total station was used in the
geodetic surveying. All the data collected has been integrated into a
Geographic Information System (GIS), which would be incorporated to manage and protect heritage resources that are being under the threat of urban development. Finally, this research was able to develop a GIS
based generic information management system for world heritage city of Anuradhapura to support in the decision-making process and research works in heritage management. Mean time a GIS data model for heritage studies focused on the regional, inter-site and intra-site
scales has been created.

In 1994, the Tanum rock art and rock carvings were added to UNESCO’s World Heritage list. In the expert opinion of John Coles commissioned by ICOMOS, whose opinion became the basis for the World Heritage Committee’s decision, it was stipulated: “The rock carvings of Bohuslän are one of the treasures from the ancient world of the Nordic countries. Nowhere in the whole of Europe can such amount and variation in the vivid images carved into the rock surfaces be found” Coles 1994.

In the frame of the project „Preservation by the development of sustainable strategies for a better protection of the World Heritage Sites from Romania”, an International Conference is going to be held in Sighișoara (Mureș County, Romania) during October 10-14, 2018.
The main goal of the conference is to discuss and share good practices on the management of World Heritage Sites.

Lighting is one of the most essential needs for human being. A number of developments have occurred in the sector of lighting since the invention of the light bulb. The importance of lighting applications for perceiving the city silhouette and that for the aesthetic and functional necessities of natural and cultural landscape elements has increased. Historical cities have carried the traces of different cultures and life's and the character of the cities with details and because of their rich formation including general silhouettes and different styles and forms, the historical cities have been the indicator of the creativity of the societies. The city of Safranbolu a historical Turkish city having an international importance, due to its social, cultural, scientific and economic aspects which has been designated by UNESCO as a city of world heritage for its historical, natural, architectural and urban characteristics. In this study, that integration of natural areas with architectural elements composing the historical landscape of the city and that contribution to the silhouette of the historical city functionally by emphasizing the architectural individuality and esthetical value of it is intended by proposed lighting procedure with lighting devices. For that purpose, a lighting procedure is proposed for perceiving the city of Safranbolu which has a rich cultural heritage with natural and historical properties in the landscape context.

Han pasado 46 años desde la celebración en 1975 del primer Simposio de Mudejarismo. En este tiempo transcurrido han ido desapareciendo personas muy vinculadas a esta convocatoria científica y, precisamente, en este XV Simposio que se convoca ya no estarán con nosotros ni Gonzalo M. Borrás Gualis ni Balbina Martínez Caviró, ambos fallecidos en 2019.

Ha habido unanimidad de los miembros del Consejo Científico del Centro de Estudios Mudéjares para que el tema genérico de la convocatoria sea “Unidad y diversidad en las culturas mudéjar y morisca”, que el propio Gonzalo Borrás había propuesto para el XIV Simposio de 2017. Esta edición de 2021 pretende ser un homenaje a su labor de investigación y docencia de este arte. Esperamos que este tema permita la aportación de numerosas comunicaciones a las distintas ponencias de Arte, Historia y Literatura de ambas culturas.

The UNESCO World Heritage Convention is one of the most widely ratified international treaties, and a place on the World Heritage List is a widely coveted mark of distinction. Building on ethnographic fieldwork at Committee sessions, interviews and documentary study, the book links the change in operations of the World Heritage Committee with structural nation-centeredness, vulnerable procedures for evaluation, monitoring and decision-making, and loose heritage conceptions that have been inconsistently applied. As the most ambitious study of the World Heritage arena so far, this volume dissects the inner workings of a prominent global body, demonstrating the power of ethnography in the highly formalised and diplomatic context of a multilateral organisation.

“Brumann’s richly textured monograph makes one feel the privileged observer of an international organisation’s inner workings, of what lies behind UNESCO’s powerful symbolic cachet. Taking the World Heritage Committee as a contested field site, he brings to light the very concreteness of heritage policies whilst, at the same time, identifying their globalising ambitions and globalised connections. A must read!” • David Berliner, Université Libre de Bruxelles

“This excellent book, arguably the most authoritative analysis of the field to date, unpacks the political, legal, diplomatic and cultural dimensions of the World Heritage phenomenon in a lucid and even-handed way. Revealing the nuts and bolts of the struggle for a shared human identity, it shows us divided by a common past.” • Thomas Hylland Eriksen, University of Oslo

“…a crucial reading for anthropologists observing ‘world-making’ though the exploration of international apparatuses shaping global governance. At the same time, it offers to political scientists an alternative perspective on topics such as the crisis of multilateralism or the persistence of North/South imbalances.” • Chiara Bortolotto, Institut interdisciplinaire d’anthropologie du contemporain at EHESS, Paris

Ghimes (Gyimes in Hungarian, Ghimeş in Romanian) is one of the few micro regions of the Carpathian Basin that has a truly unique character. Here, traditional homestead farming, animal husbandry and a distinctively rural lifestyle have contributed to the development of an outstanding social-cultural landscape; unparalleled rich folklore has been passed down from generation to generation in its most intact form due to the isolation of this peripherally located and inherently secluded land. The heritage value of the Ghimes agro-pastoral system, its cultural expressions and the pristine natural landscape of the Valley not only should be included into the national heritage protection system, but also be considered as a rightful contender for UNESCO's much acclaimed World Heritage List (WHL). This paper compares and contrasts some of the context-specific tourism products that differentiate this destination with their mainstream tourism counterparts. Through the application of a SWOT analysis, the authors also argue that some key tourism products for the area (e.g. ethnic and heritage tourism) are a thorn in the side of political regimes in Romania; there have been deliberate efforts to keep the area in a state of social, economic and political marginalization and to curtail Szeklerland’s aspirations to territorial autonomy and self-governance.

Inspired by world heritage sites all around the world, Sarawak is developing its showcase to the world. Borneo being the fourth largest island in the world, Sarawak is perceived as a provincial state and tourism is still seen as a growth area. This has implications for all its attractions and museums.
How can small museums without the large tourist crowd have the potential to contribute towards the growth of its society, towards innovation and sustainability? And how can communities participate in museums to signify the identity of the people?

Avoiding the pitfalls of both the reverential approach of ‘heritage belief’ and the overly critical one of ‘heritage
atheism’, ‘heritage agnosticism’ is proposed as a theoretical middle path for the burgeoning field of heritage studies.
The cases of Kyoto and the UNESCO World Heritage arena demonstrate the limits of a purely deconstructive
analysis. The popular demand for historical veracity and authenticity, lay historicities, the ethnographic study
of heritage institutions, and personal attachments to heritage are research topics that will benefit from heritage
agnosticism, particularly if it accounts for the full variety of both professional and lay positions and voices.

Key words cultural heritage, Japan, Kyoto, UNESCO World Heritage, authenticity

All communities form attachments, both physical and metaphysical, and these define a community’s cultural identity. The social phenomenon that connects people and places is as significant as the material heritage; at times more significant. The dominant disourse of heritage has long focused on the preservation and conservation of material remains, and as a consequence it has drawn attention away from the social and cultural contexts which are important. Originating from a set of Western elitist ideas, the ideas of patrimoine and historic monument directed the heritage conservation of the early French in Angkor. Since the rediscovery of the Angkor temples in 1862, early French research was concentrated solely on Angkor’s monumental heritage. A systematic process of documentation, restoration and conservation was begun with the establishment of Conservation d’Angkor in Siem Reap in 1908. The interventions centred on the monuments paid very little attention to the social relevance to the small communities that lived in the region at the time. The local Khmer associations with Angkor Wat and some of the ruined temples through Animism and Buddhism went unnoticed and as a result there is a limited understanding of social values that may have previously existed. The political instability of the 1970s further contributed to this lacuna of knowledge. Authorised Heritage Discourse (after Smith 2006) is legitimised internationally through a series of recommendations, charters, conventions and documents; including the 1972 World Heritage Convention. The imposition of these hegemonic constructs of heritage exclude other notions of heritage, and the over-arching outstanding universal value negates the local social values, overshadows local communities and raises concerns about fundamental cultural rights. Angkor World Heritage Site (AWHS) was studied using case study methodology. Five study villages were chosen due to their proximity to significant heritage features, and sixty-three villagers were interviewed using semi-structured in-depth interview methods, along with thirteen experts. The findings from the interviews clearly establish that the local Khmers are connected to the Angkorian landscape, amidst the heritage conundrums. The study has helped reveal the complexity that exists at Angkor, and the tenuousness of cultural connections that link the local villagers with the Angkorian temples and archaeological remains. These delicate connections, currently threatened by heritage management restrictions, development and tourism need to be nurtured and strengthened. They are important in the assertion of the local community’s cultural identity and an understanding of these connections will help facilitate a better management of the AWHS.

Background
The improvement of energy efficiency in buildings is widely promoted as a measure to mitigate climate change through the reduction of CO2 emissions. Thermal regulations worldwide promote it, for both new and existing buildings. Among the existing stock, traditional and historic buildings pose the additional challenge of heritage conservation. Their energy efficiency upgrade raises the risk of provoking negative impacts on their significance.

Aims and Methodology
This research used an approach based on impact assessment methodologies, defining an inital baseline scenario for both heritage and energy, from which the appropriate improvement solutions were identified and assessed. The measures were dynamically simulated and the results for energy, CO2, cost and comfort compared with the initial scenario, and then being further assessed for their heritage impact to eventually determine the most feasible solutions. To test this method, ten case studies, representative of the identified typological variants, were selected among Oporto’s traditional buildings located in the World Heritage Site.

Findings and Conclusions
The fieldwork data revealed that the energy consumption of these dwellings was below the European average. Additionally, the households expressed that their home comfort sensation was overall positive. The simulations showed that the introduction of insulation and solar thermal panels were ineffective on these cases in terms of energy, cost and comfort. At the same time, these measures pose a great risk to the buildings’ heritage value. The most efficient solutions were obtained from behavioural changes and DHW retrofit. The study reinforced the idea that traditional buildings performed better than expected and can be retrofitted and updated at a low-cost and with passive solutions. The use of insulation and solar panels should be disregarded.

In the context of the broadening understanding of urban heritage, including the 2011 UNESCO Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape and related United Nations agendas such as the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals and the New Urban Agenda, this article questions the relevance of limited-focused impact assessments as a tool for the holistic management of complex urban sites in the 21 st century. The article identifies pitfalls in the use of such assessments, illustrating this principally with two cases in which retrospective assessments were undertaken post-inscription in an attempt to address conflicting interests: the visual impact study for Dresden Elbe Valley , inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2004 and delisted in 2009; and the three impact assessments for Liverpool Maritime Mercantile World Heritage Site, also inscribed in 2004, and placed on the List of World Heritage in Danger continuously since 2012. The article identifies critical missing elements that are inherent in discrete assessments, and provides indicators for practical tools with relevant applicability.

De entre todos los tipos de inmuebles bien de interés cultural posiblemente sean los sitios con arte rupestre los más vulnerables y, al mismo tiempo, los que presentan una mayor complejidad desde el punto de vista de su conservación. Su fragilidad suele deberse a factores muy diversos y de distinta incidencia en función tanto de las características de los soportes como de las propias manifestaciones artísticas, por lo que para ejercer una correcta acción tutelar será necesario, antes que nada, determinar la existencia y maginutd de dichos factores.
La Consejería de Educación, Cultura y Deporte de la Junta de Andalucía, como administración encargada de la tutela efectiva de dichos bienes, ha llevado a cabo numerosas y variadas actuaciones refereidas a su protección, conservación, investigación y valorización, según se explica en este trabajo.

This study identifies and assesses the diversity of ecosystem services, and in turn the benefits that World Heritage sites can deliver to society and the economy through direct and indirect use or through inherent ‘non-use’ values. It also aims to increase awareness and understanding of the multiple services and benefits that ecosystems can provide as well as their contribution to the well-being of local, national and global communities.

Tall buildings are a controversial topic in urban planning, particularly when the construction site is located in an urban conservation area or close to it. Heritage conservation measures in many countries often regulate the height of new buildings to preserve a traditional, iconic urban panorama. For some, the new building´s height in and of itself is a violation of heritage values; others see high-rises as trademarks of progress. Both attitudes are quite recent. In the past, belltowers, spires, minarets, and domes enriched urban skylines without compromising their visual coherence and what was perceived as beauty. The paper explores various aspects of the current debate, tracing its history back to the turn of the twentieth century when the office and residential skyscraper enlarged the family of tall buildings. Unlike in America, these two types of buildings remained rare in Europe until the 1950s, and the exceptions often involved a symbolical underpinning. Later on, high-rises became part of the mass building industry in Europe, changing the urban environment significantly. After 2000, despite the high cost and public disapproval, highrises are still constructed and designed often with the ambition to compete with traditional landmarks. The paper mentions several current projects (in Prague, Olomouc, Vienna, and Seville) where the controversy affected heritage protection on various scales (NGOs, local policies, and World Heritage advisory bodies). Is the height of new structures the most significant threat to preserved heritage values? Is their contrasting image inevitable? And what about high-rises that deserve heritage protection?

The Eastern Necropolis is part of the World Heritage property of Historic Cairo in the URHC 2010-2012.  It underlies a diversity of forces that lead to urban informality and ruined the sky line of Old Historic Cairo. Applying a sustainable conservation strategy will supposedly  stop further  slum formation and achieve urban equality . The research is divided into: 1)Pilot study, 2) Field Work and Survey;  Evaluation  for the study zone and creating a Base Map for the Eastern Necropolis, 3) Documentary studies; Conservation of heritage areas as an approach to regional planning, 4)Research results and final conclusion.

In Making Intangible Heritage, Valdimar Tr. Hafstein—folklorist and official delegate to UNESCO—tells the story of UNESCO’s Intangible Heritage Convention. In the ethnographic tradition, Hafstein peers underneath the official account, revealing the context important for understanding UNESCO as an organization, the concept of intangible heritage, and the global impact of both. Looking beyond official narratives of compromise and solidarity, this book invites readers to witness the diplomatic jostling behind the curtains, the making and breaking of alliances, and the confrontation and resistance, all of which marked the path towards agreement and shaped the convention and the concept.

Various stories circulate within UNESCO about the origins of intangible heritage. Bringing the sensibilities of a folklorist to these narratives, Hafstein explores how they help imagine coherence, conjure up contrast, and provide charters for action in the United Nations and on the ground. Examining the international organization of UNESCO through an ethnographic lens, Hafstein demonstrates how concepts that are central to the discipline of folklore gain force and traction outside of the academic field and go to work in the world, ultimately shaping people’s understanding of their own practices and the practices themselves. From the cultural space of the Jemaa el-Fna marketplace in Marrakech to the Ise Shrine in Japan, Making Intangible Heritage considers both the positive and the troubling outcomes of safeguarding intangible heritage, the lists it brings into being, the festivals it animates, the communities it summons into existence, and the way it orchestrates difference in modern societies.

The Registry of Intramuros Cultural and Historical (RICH) Properties is a comprehensive database on heritage and noteworthy sites, monuments, and conforming new structures within the historic district of Intramuros, Manila. The Registry was specifically established with the purpose of aiding the Intramuros Administration, its Technical Committee on Architecture and its Planning and Management Division in matters related to planning and policy implementation, by serving as a comprehensive survey and reference material on the historical and cultural landscape of Intramuros.

World Heritage and Sustainable Development forms part of the Routledge series ‘Key issues in cultural heritage’. The book concentrates on the ambition to align the Unesco world heritage system with the United Nation’s sustainable development agenda.
Contributed by a broad range of heritage academics, policy makers and practitioners, the book is divided into four sections: Part I, historical, theoretical and institutional frameworks; Part II, policy dimensions and overarching principles; Part III, advisory bodies’ perspectives; and Part IV, world heritage site case studies. The co-editors are Peter Bille Larson, a Danish anthropologist and lecturer at the University of Lucerne, Switzerland, and William Logan, co-editor of this Routledge series and an emeritus professor at Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.
In their introductory remarks, the editors pose the question that is implicit in the book’s title. How can the essentially inward-looking world heritage system, focused as it is on narrowly defined heritage conservation parameters in highly selected sites, contribute to overcoming today’s sustainability challenges (encapsulated by the editors as climate change, resource depletion, growing social inequalities and massively destructive military conflicts), in communities, nations and the world at large? Are world heritage sites merely islands of protection and nostalgia, surrounded by oceans of environmental and cultural degradation, or can heritage principles and practices contribute to wider social, cultural and environmental sustainability? If so, what are the means to advance this: policy, rhetoric, or persuasion?

World Heritage as a concept generated from a competition has grown from focusing on distinctness to one that appreciates diversity and is now expanding to include living systems. This shift implies that more than a prediction-based assessment, monitoring of state of conservation and management has to respond to dynamic systems. Through the case of Majuli river island (located in India, in the northeastern state of Assam on the Brahmaputra River), this article explores how this changed approach is a logical next step and will encourage state parties to propose inscription of living and continuing traditions (cultural landscapes or Properties under criteria v, vi, ix and x).

Historic context (by S Marsden) in heritage study, '‘Beyond FCC’: scoping the heritage values of post-1945 urban development in Canberra (with E Martin, K Taylor & C Griffiths), National Trust (ACT), Report for Environment: Heritage Unit, Canberra 2004.
The study addressed these aims:
1. present a broad outline of the historical forces that created the Canberra of today, focusing on the period from 1945 to the abolition of the National Capital Development Commission in 1988.
2. define historical phases of post-WWII residential development to 1988.
3. identify groups or iconographic individual places in their landscapes
4. provide a preliminary indication of potential heritage values
5. provide a comparative overview of the threats and pressures upon each place.
6. formulate strategic policy options to guide assessment of these places.

1. We can account for power configurations as by-products of specific heritage assemblages and configurations. Conceived this way, it ceases to be a transcendent entity to become an ambiguous but earthly process whose conditions of emergence can be traced and challenged.
2. Heritage is granted an ontological status and is not only considered as an epistemological construct, thus being co-constitutive of reality and inherently political: it builds subjectivities, breaks apart, or reinforces specific states of things. It is slippery and diffuse, and can hardly be accounted for through ideological critique as it is neither bad or good, progressive or reactionary. This will depend on the affects and connections it promotes, the energies it releases or restrains, and the subjectivities and ways of life it constructs.
3. Heritage is as much a physical construct as it is a social or political one – does not intangible heritage comprise bodies? –. To understand heritage as meaning and mere political representation, or contrarily as a thing ruled by ‘natural’ laws of market value, is problematic. With Latour, we can talk about construction, but not only about ‘social construction’ (Latour 2005c). This mechanism will enable us “to produce problematized matters of concern: things rather than objects” (Zaera-Polo 2008: 76).
4. The dichotomy between explanation and interpretation vanishes. Because heritage presents open-ended interpretations and cannot be framed within a closed set of causal relations and laws, we can only provide partial explanations and understandings (Law 2004a). Therefore, we should avoid the reductionist getaway that bestows agency to entities which irradiate meaning and act as primary causes, such as the State (Breglia 2006; Herzfeld 2010), the State and the elites (García Canclini 1999), the professionals and experts (Smith 2006) or Capital (Harvey 2001)) The existence of certain powerful agencies in heritage – which I do not deny – cannot prevent us from looking at processes of social mimicry and contagion, struggles –material and symbolic – around objects, and to acknowledge the ’diffuse’ character of heritage that renders it so slippery.
5. Assemblages are always involved in different lower and higher level assemblages. Therefore, we should abandon the infeasible hard-line scientific task of ‘individuating heritage data’ or striving to define ‘what is heritage’. We must face instability and assume that heritage is diffuse, which does not undermine its ontological status  whatsoever. Furthermore, assemblages are boundless and open-ended. Consequently, without relinquishing thorough methodological depth, we must acknowledge that our analyses are fundamentally incomplete. Referring to the issue of analysis, Geertz argues that “the more deeply it goes the less complete it is  There are a number of ways of escaping this—turning culture into folklore and collecting it, turning it into traits and counting it, turning it into institutions and classifying it, turning it into structures and toying with it. But they are escapes” (Geertz 1973a: 29).
6. Heritage and spatial planners cannot take heritage value for granted and must be sensitive to the particularities of each context, thus jettisoning universal concepts and empty signifiers such as community or sustainability (Gunder 2006). There are no heritage resources, but rather processes of valorization to be modulated according to planning criteria

The chapter gives information on the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Ani in Turkey, under the titles of geographic location and boundaries; physical, natural, and cultural characteristics; history and components; history of excavations; state of conservation and conservation measures; UNESCO World Heritage List nomination process and management planning; and present and future scientific research, with a short list of references for further reading.