Historic cities

Shopping is a socially interactive consumer activity that involves preference, selection and leisure. As historical city centres are still cores of traditional shopping and an asset improving social attraction, attractive routes and spaces for pedestrian movement provided by articulation in the setting are worth examining. Buildings on small sized plots located in a bounded environment usually encourage pedestrian flow, presenting more options of interest on a unit street scale; whereas spatial layout of the urban form, compactness of the circulation routes or visual scope of the users should also be examined. This paper focuses on the comparison of consumer shopping behaviour in such a historical city centre, Walled City of Nicosia, the capital of Cyprus Republic and TRNC. Regarding the lost centrality due to the UN buffer zone, divided city has gone through different physical and social development patterns in terms of land uses and functional changes. Assuming that physical acces...

Abstract
The Old and New Towns of Edinburgh have long been a popular destination, but the sense of uncontrollable inundation by visitors is a phenomenon of recent decades. While many have claimed the tourist boom is positive and to be further encouraged, residents have decried the loss of their city’s soul. The debate about ‘over-tourism’ in Edinburgh has become a common topic in the local press: the pro-tourism side argues that the city is a living, evolving entity that cannot be locked in a museum case, while the anti-tourism campaigners allege that Edinburgh is quickly falling victim to ‘Disneyfication’.

This threat of a loss of ‘authenticity’ is particularly important in the context of Edinburgh’s historic built landscape, as the Old and New Towns precincts have been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1995. They were listed because of the global significance of ‘a remarkable blend of the two urban phenomena: the organic medieval growth and 18th and 19th century town planning’ (UNESCO, 1995). Indeed, Edinburgh’s distinct townscape and architectural appearance is a significant factor in its tourism success: millions visit each year to see Edinburgh Castle, the medieval and 18th century tenements of the Royal Mile, and the Classical Revival New Town. The conservation of existing structures and the introduction of new architecture is, in theory, strictly controlled to maintain heritage values. In practice, however, there have been numerous examples of developments that have challenged Edinburgh’s architectural status quo. This paper will explore two recent examples of contemporary architecture in hotel developments within Edinburgh’s historic centre that have attracted a range of reactions from the public and press. In doing so, the increasingly irreconcilable needs and outcomes of tourism, community management, urban planning, architectural design, and heritage conservation will be highlighted.

Keywords
World Heritage, Edinburgh, Contemporary Architecture, Development, Tourism

During the 19th century, French cities underwent great transformations in response to insalubrity. Many new streets were created and changed the overall intelligibility of the street network with the creation of boulevards where the defensive town wall used to stand, as well as large avenues to provide better accessibility to the centre of towns. This study aims to assess the impact of these transformations on the urban tissue by measuring the intelligibility of the urban form before and after the transformations. It compares the Napoleonic cadastral maps of Agen, Amiens, Avignon, Dijon, Clermont and Tourcoing with the current cadastre. Intelligibility is measured by the ease of navigation towards the centre of an urban environment and the ease of traversing it as one traces a path between two given points on the map. The choice of paths is examined, highlighting the role of the new streets. This research brings together the cognitive mechanisms that underpin the exploration and decision-making process when navigating urban maps with their syntactic and morphological properties. It examines the motor aspect of decisionmaking during the navigation process. Motor reactions are recorded using technology developed for the quantification of neuromotor impairments. This interdisciplinary approach provides a means to measure and better understand the intelligibility of urban environments.

Aufriss für Broschur 170 x 240 mm: 170 + 30 + 170 x 240 mm zuzüglich 3 mm Beschnittzugabe Christian Fuhrmeister Johannes Griebel stephan KlinGen ralF peters Nach der Landung der Alliierten auf Sizilien im Juli 1943 und der Amtsenthebung Mussolinis besetzten deutsche Truppen Italien. Gemäß der Haager Landkriegsordnung wurde im Herbst 1943 im Rahmen der deutschen Militärverwaltung eine Abteilung für »Kunst-, Archiv-und Bibliotheksschutz« eingerichtet. Namhafte deutsche Kunsthistoriker arbeiteten in den Dienststellen des Kunstschutzes in Rom und Florenz, Mailand und zuletzt Fasano del Garda. Zu ihren Aufgaben zählte die Erfassung schützenswerter Bauwerke, die Errichtung von Schutzbauten sowie die Auslagerung beweglicher Kunstgegenstände in Depots. Ab Sommer 1944 rückte indes die fotografische Dokumentation der durch alliierte Luftangriffe verursachten Schäden an Kulturdenkmälern in den Vordergrund. Diese Wendung zur Kulturpropaganda veranschaulichen die rund 1500 Aufnahmen des kürzlich aufgefundenen »Fotoarchivs zerstörter Kunstwerke«. Mit den Voraussetzungen, Bedingungen und der Durchführung des »Kunstschutzes« in Italien sowie den Grenzen kunsthistorischer und denkmalpflegerischer Tätigkeit im Krieg beschäftigen sich die Beiträge in diesem Band. Er stellt zudem eine exemplarische Auswahl des Fotokonvoluts vor.

O artigo discute a problemática da intervenção sobre conjuntos urbanos, identificando e analisando a existência de três diferentes modelos, que seriam designados por termos tradicionais na área: preservação, conservação e revitalização. O trabalho parte da ampliação do conceito de patrimônio ocorrida nas últimas décadas do século XX, e das questões colocadas por esta ampliação para a gestão do patrimônio, que se refletiria no próprio modelo jurídico-administrativo a ser adotado. Para a análise, o autor utiliza cinco parâmetros básicos: a concepção de patrimônio, o tipo de objeto visado, o marco legal, os atores envolvidos e suas ações, e os tipos específicos de profissionais envolvidos em cada um desses modelos. Baseando-se em documentos e em experiências nacionais e internacionais de gestão do patrimônio, o artigo acompanha esses três modelos, que corresponderiam também, como se mostra, a momentos específicos da trajetória das políticas de patrimônio. Analisando-se o caso brasileiro, conclui-se que no Brasil tem predominado a perspectiva da preservação, não se consolidando ainda a perspectiva da conservação integrada ou da revitalização, ao não se conseguir integrar de fato a dimensão urbana nas políticas de patrimônio.

ABSTRACT

The article discusses the interventions on historic centers, identifyinganalyzing three models that are assigned by three terms, much used in the heritage field: preservation, conservationrevitalization. The starting point is the expansion of the very concept of heritage that takes place in the last decades of the 20th century,the questions it poses to heritage management, that are reflected in the inquiry about the proper legal-administrative model to be adopted. To this analysis, the author uses five basic parameters: the conception of heritage, the type of object, the legal frameworkinstruments used, the stakeholderstheir respective actions,the specific types of professionals involved in each one of these models. Relying on the analysis of nationalinternational documentson real management experiences, the article follows these three models that correspond, as it is demonstrated, to specific moments of the heritage trajectory. Taking the Brazilian case, it comes to the conclusion that in that country the perspective of preservation is predominant,that the integrated conservationthe revitalization perspectives are still incipient, as far as there is a great difficulty in actually integrating the urban dimension to the heritage policies.

Les villes d’Europe centrale sont caractérisées par leur multiculturalité. Celle-ci s’est cristallisée, dans les expériences concrètes de ses habitants ou dans les représentations qui en ont été retenues, à travers des images où émergent des lieux communs : objets, lieux ou situations-types, mais aussi clichés, stéréotypes, emblèmes, discours et récits codés.

Les études ici rassemblées abordent ces lieux communs par des analyses thématiques (la toponymie, les interférences linguistiques, les motifs romanesques de la mixité), ou en s’attachant à un aspect concret de la réalité socioculturelle de certaines villes (Berlin, Prague, Budapest, Varsovie, Lviv, Czernowitz, Brody) ou régions (Bohême, Silésie, Galicie, Biélorussie, Moldavie et Valachie, Hongrie, Slovaquie) emblématiques.

TABLE DES MATIÈRES
Delphine Bechtel et Xavier Galmiche
Introduction ................................................................................................................. 9

Xavier Galmiche
La victoire du paradigme : la déclinaison toponymique,
une figure des espaces multiculturels .....................................................................11

Haiganus Preda-Schimek
Entre Orient et Occident : de l’hétérogénéité de la pratique musicale
dans les salons roumains vers 1830 ........................................................................29

Delphine Bechtel
Lieux et non lieux de la multiculturalité urbaine :
la Galicie orientale juive d’avant 1939 comme terrain d’observation ................43

Börries Kuzmany
Le Lycée de Brody : un lebenswelt multiethnique ....................................................65

Clara Royer
Un laboratoire littéraire de lieux communs :
les mariages mixtes – Hongrie et Slovaquie ..........................................................85

Claire Le Foll
De l’arenda À l’art : déplacements et recomposition des lieux de la
multiculturalité en Biélorussie, XIXe – début XXe siècles ................................ 101

Marketa Theinardt
Affinités parallèles : les artistes tchèques et allemands de Bohême et
l’Exposition de la Bohême allemande à Liberec – Reichenberg en 1906 .......... 117

Tomasz Kamusella
Échange de paroles ou de coups en Haute-Silésie : la langue comme « lieu »
de contacts et de luttes interculturels .................................................................. 133

Marina Dmitrieva
Le Palais de la Culture et de la Science à Varsovie :
lieu commun ou terrain contesté ......................................................................... 153

Petra James
La « syntaxe du cri » : représentation de la multiculturalité urbaine
des années cinquante chez Bohumil Hrabal ....................................................... 173

Alfrun Kliems
Tsiganes et Vietnamiens À Prague :
Les adieux de Jáchym Topol àla Tripolis Praga .................................................... 189

Cécile Kovácsházy / Gabriella Horn
Lieux tsiganes/roms à Budapest :
Des lieux en commun aux lieux communs ............................................................. 205

Bernard Banoun
‘L’Autre de l’Autre’. Minorité migrante, minorité sexuelle :
Les gays turcs dans le Berlin d’aujourd’hui ......................................................... 225

Table des illustrations ................................................................................................. 243

Cultures d’Europe Centrale : présentation ................................................................... 245

The goal of this paper is to question the idea of authenticity in the tourist industry, using the Old City of Akko (north Israel) as a case study. It will question the ability of tourism to serve as a tool for preserving living-cultural-heritage. Is there "authenticity" in tourism? Is cultural-based-tourism a means of preserving intangible heritage? Does cultural-based-heritage recreate heritage, invent heritage or is it just a means of creating experiences?

Urbact II is a European exchange and learning programme aimed at fostering integrated approaches to sustainable urban development. Integrated approaches promote economic competitiveness, growth and job creation alongside social cohesion and environmental issues. The programme is jointly financed by the European Union and member states.

With the slogan ‘connecting cities; building successes’, Urbact II is directed at sharing good practice among policy makers and practitioners. It promotes partnership working to develop tools and recommendations of general relevance to European cities.

PRESENTATION

L'Europe centrale est un ensemble de pays et de cultures enchevêtrées caractérisé par une « histoire partagée » Les villes multiculturelles en sont l'une des spécificités Vienne Prague Budapest Berlin Varsovie Odessa Czernowitz Lvov Dantzig Sibiu : de ces lieux où s'entrecroisent deux trois ou quatre cultures différentes certains sont aujourd'hui des capitales européennes d'autres des villes de confins dont on redécouvre en Occident l'histoire polyphonique La constitution des Etats nationaux ou inversement de blocs politiques imposés en dépit des frontières par les totalitarismes (invasion allemande puis soviétique) ont mis à mal les équilibres vulnérables de coexistence avec des intentions et des stratégies différentes (imposition du monolinguisme déplacements de populations nettoyage ethnique génocide) La multiculturalité resurgit pourtant comme modèle civique et urbain après 1989 Cet ouvrage réunit dix spécialistes pour aborder l'histoire politique sociologique culturelle littéraire artistique architecturale de ces dix villes Il décrit les diverses modalités de la multiculturalité traditionnelle et son histoire jusqu'à sa fragilisation voire sa destruction lors des traumatismes majeurs de la modernité

Sommaire
LES CAPITALES
Vienne - Paradigme du milieu urbain centre-europée
Multiculturalité et uniculturalisme : le paradoxe de Prague
Budapest, entre multiculturalité et identification nationale
Le multiculturalité berlinoise : mythes et réalités
Polonais, Juifs, Russes, Allemands, Vietnamiens et autre habitants de Varsovie : la multiculturalité dans la capitale polonaise au XIXe et XXe siècles

LES VILLES DES CONFINS
Odessa : une multiculturalité de façade
Czernowitz, Cernauti, Tshernovtsy, Tshernivtsi : les représentations sociales d'une identité multiple
Lemberg, Lwow, Lvov, Lviv : de la " petite Vienne " au centre du nationalisme ukrainien
Danzig/Gdansk : L'Europe du XXe siècle au prisme des confins germano-polonais
Hermannstadt - Nagyszeben - Sibiu : des fantômes dans la ville ?

Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, in Washington, DC, is an institute of Harvard University dedicated to supporting scholarship internationally in Byzantine, Pre-Columbian, and Garden and Landscape Studies through fellowships, meetings, exhibitions, and publications. Located in Georgetown and bequeathed by Robert Woods Bliss and Mildred Barnes Bliss, Dumbarton Oaks welcomes scholars to consult its books, images, and objects, and the public to visit its garden, museum, and historic house for lectures and concerts.

Après quinze années de guerre civile et dans un climat politique très instable, Beyrouth, entre ruines et chantiers, s'est renouvelée dans un mouvement effréné qui échappe au consensus. La métropole libanaise, palimpseste où affleurent de multiples strates d'urbanisation, a été et reste le champ d'une opposition farouche entre, d'un côté, partisans de l'effacement des traces d'un passé violent et de l'autre, défenseurs de la cause patrimoniale. Mais dans cet espace urbain complexe, comment identifier ce qui relève du patrimoine?
Loin d'être univoque, cette notion fait ici l'objet d'un état des lieux, dans l'histoire récente et à travers le prisme des différents protagonistes de la cité. De l'urbaniste au citadin ordinaire, chacun dessine une conception singulière du passé dans le paysage de la ville.
Dès lors, des enjeux de tous ordres surgissent et se heurtent. Les ambitions politiques ou spéculatives rivalisent avec les stratégies de promotion ou de défense d'un capital culturel et symbolique.
Ainsi, bien plus que des traces comme témoignage d'une douloureuse période historique, les îlots ruinés de Beyrouth révèlent les conflits irrésolus qui secouent toujours la société libanaise.

The practice of management, although quite recent, embodies one of the major challenges for planning sustainable historic cities. Environmental, climatic, social and cultural issues affecting historic contexts, make management a fundamental process in balancing sustainable development and heritage conservation over time. In this framework, the rOcK-Regeneration and Optimisation of Cultural heritage in creative and Knowledge cities-project (h2020, n. 730280) aims at developing cultural heritage-led regeneration strategies capable of ensuring streams of long-lasting structured actions after the end of the project. Involving 10 European cities under the coordination of the municipality of Bologna with the core scientific support of the University of Bologna, this project is designing a long-term management tool and testing its innovative pathway across the EU. Thus, this paper will focus on the genesis, construction and implementation of the rOcK Integrated management Plan (ImP) as vital toolkit for developing, over time, sustainable urban procedures in the historic cities focused on the essential role of tangible and intangible heritage. Based on the UNEScO management Plans, the existing literature and on several international reference experiences, rOcK ImP embeds the research-action-research methodology that underlies the whole project. following this innovative circular approach, a preliminary set of goals and actions were selected (research), then implemented trough pilot interventions, co-designed and co-created with local administrations, stakeholders and citizens (action), and finally updated, considering the impacts of the performed actions to recalibrate the process and build scenarios for the ImP (research). as it is an ongoing process, this paper will appraise its state of the art, highlighting the potential and criticalities and describing what has been done in the city of Bologna so far.

רבים מהאתרים ברשימת מורשת עולם הם אזורים אורבניים בהם ערים היסטוריות ומרכזי ערים. כיום, אחוז האוכלוסייה מכלל אוכלוסיית העולם החיה בערים ובאזורים אורבניים הוא הגדול ביותר בהיסטוריה האנושית. מגמת העיור העולמית והגידול של אזורים אורבניים וערים קיימות נמצאים בעלייה מתמדת. אלה משפיעים בהכרח על אזורים אורבניים־ היסטוריים ועל ערים היסטוריות.
המושגים שינוי והתפתחות מתארים מציאות דינמית. הם מהמאפיינים הבסיסיים הטבועים באופי של ישויות דינמיות בהן ערים היסטוריות, אך בה בעת הם נתפסים כאלה העלולים לפגוע בסביבה האורבנית ולהביא להידרדרותה. לעומתם, אותנטיות, שהיא מהמושגים השגורים ביותר בשיח על מורשת ואחד התנאים המחייבים בהערכת אתרי מורשת תרבות, מבקשת את המקורי ואת הנאמן למקור. היא נתפסת על־פי־רב כדבר שיש בו קביעות, דבר סטטי שאינו נתון לשינוי, ואם ישתנה אז תפגע האותנטיות או תאבד. מכאן הפרדוקס, הסתירה הפנימית שקיימת לכאורה, מהם עולה הטענה כי לא ניתן להבטיח את השמירה על אותנטיות של דבר הנתון לשינוי ולהתפתחות מתמדת, ועולה הצורך לבחון את המשמעות של האותנטיות בהינתן סביבה משתנה ומתפתחת.
מאמר זה מציג את המושגים שינוי והתפתחות, את טיבם, ייחודם ומשמעותם, בהקשר של ערים היסטוריות. הוא מצביע על תמורות בתפיסה של מושגים אלה בשיח על שימור המורשת האורבנית ומציע בה שלושה שלבים עיקריים. הוא מתחקה אחר מושג האותנטיות, הגדרותיו ומאפייניו בהקשר של מורשת תרבות, ובוחן באופן ביקורתי את תקפות המושג. הניתוח המוצע מתבסס על לימוד של מסמכים מקצועיים בין־לאומיים בתחום המורשת והשימור, החל מהמחצית השנייה של המאה ה־ 20 , וקושר בין הנושאים כפי שהם באים לידי ביטוי בקטגוריה של ערים היסטוריות מיושבות. לסיכום מוצעות לדיון סוגיות בשיח התיאורטי ובפרקטיקה המקצועית, המאתגרות את העוסקים בשימור ערים היסטוריות ובמורשת אורבנית.

Resumen. El estudio de la geografía comercial de las ciudades es de elevado interés, especialmente cuando la urbanización y procesos como la gentrificación han adquirido un carácter planetario. La literatura sobre la ciudad capitalista se ha centrado, por lo general, en la transformación urbana, la dinámica del mercado de la vivienda o el desplazamiento de poblaciones autóctonas en relación a las políticas neoliberales a diferentes escalas. Sin embargo, en los últimos años y asociado a todo esto ha ganado peso el análisis del tejido comercial, en lo que este trabajo profundiza en un contexto urbano patrimonial. Así, se abordan los cambios en la geografía comercial del centro histórico de Sevilla, planteando las hipótesis de la gentrificación y la patrimonialización a través de la evolución paralela de los establecimientos comerciales tradicionales y las franquicias y grandes firmas en el último cuarto de siglo. Para ello, el trabajo combina análisis cualitativos y cuantitativos sobre las diferentes fuentes bibliográficas y estadísticas existentes.

Abstract. As urbanization and gentrification have become planetary processes, research on commercial geographies has progressively gained importance. In studying the capitalist city, literature has generally focused on urban transformations, the housing market dynamics or indigenous population displacement in relation to neoliberal politics and policies at different scales. However, changes on the commercial fabric have also attracted scholarly attention in recent years. This paper delves into the geography of shopping in urban heritage contexts, specifically through a study case in Seville’s
historic district. My hypothesis is two parallel processes have unfolded and fed back: gentrification and heritagezation, what I explore by analyzing the evolution of traditionalretail shops, franchises and large firms in the last two decades. To do so, the article combines quantitative and qualitative analyses on diverse bibliographic and statistical sources on the topic.

There are many historical buildings in Malaysia are unique instructure, design and architecture style. The historic buildingis very important to preserve because of the history of pastand for the future generations.This dissertation will start with the definitions of adaptivereuse and historical buildings. Then, it will explore whyadaptive reuse is important and feasible if we want to keepthese historical buildings. It will go on to study severalexamples of adaptive reuse of historical buildings inMalaysia and United Kingdom. The dissertation will focus ona case study of Bukit Kepong Police Station
in Malaysia toillustrate how adaptive reuse for this historical building canbe carried out and how the optimum adaptive reuse optionevaluation study can be implemented.The purpose of this dissertation is aimed at showing that, bythe means of adaptive reuse; the economic and functionallife of historical buildings in Malaysia can be preservedsustainably in the long run and passed on to futuregenerations.

In the second half of the 1990s, the city of Barcelona became a worldwide reference in urban renovation. The Catalan capital had received an unprecedented boost on the occasion of the 1992 Olympic Games. These important achievements were made possible by the coincidence of visionary social-democratic politicians with a gifted generation of architects who gave the city the opportunity to turn theories into real experiences and to prove the power of urban design and architecture in the regeneration of a society freed just a few years previously from the Francoist regime.

Property-led urban redevelopment in contemporary Chinese cities often results in the demolition of many historical buildings and neighbourhoods, invoking criticisms from conservationists. In the case of Beijing, the municipal government produced a series of documents in the early 2000s to implement detailed plans to conserve 25 designated historic areas in the Old City of Beijing. This paper aims to examine the recent socio-economic and spatial changes that took place within government-designated conservation areas, and scrutinise the role of the local state and real estate capital that brought about these changes. Based on recent field visits and semi-structured interviews with local residents and business premises in a case study area, this paper puts forward two main arguments. First, Beijing’s urban conservation policies enabled the intervention of the local state to facilitate revalorisation of dilapidated historic quarters and to release dilapidated courtyard houses on the real estate market. The revalorisation was possible with the participation of a particular type of real estate capital that had interests in the aesthetic value that historic quarters and traditional courtyard houses provided. Second, the paper also argues that economic benefits generated by urban conservation, if any, were shared disproportionately among local residents, and that local residents’ lack of opportunities to ‘voice out’ further consolidated the property-led characteristic of urban conservation, which failed to pay attention to social lives.

The Liverpool case study focuses on current conflicts between heritage conservation and urban development. The site’s UNESCO World Heritage status is threatened by new waterfront development. The chapter analyses this conflict with regard to the historic and future development of the city of Liverpool, and examines the role of UNESCO experts and instruments. Although the conflict is site-specific, the Liverpool example provides lessons in how not to manage industrial heritage sites and sustainable urban development. In contrast, the author indicates starting points for an integrated approach, bridging the gap between heritage management and urban development.

Historic cities all over the world are facing challenges on how to best preserve their architectural heritage. We need good examples to follow. This study explores the historic city of Pingyao in China's Shanxi Province, and the Qiao Family Courtyard in Qiaojiapu Village of Qi County nearby. Pingyao is a representative of northern Chinese city planning and vernacular architecture during the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties, and it became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997. Qiao Family Courtyard is famous not only because of its majestic architectural compound and exquisite craftsmanship, but also it embodies the unique style of Chinese residential architecture in the Qing dynasty. Zhang Yimou's 1991 film "Raise the Red Lantern" was shot here. Hu Mei's 2006 TV series "Qiao's Grand Courtyard" based on the business history of the family have made the compound internationally acclaimed. From an architectural and urbanist perspective, this paper examines what has made Pingyao Historic City and the Qiao Family Courtyard resilient and responsible. The findings reveal, among other things that, Confucian ethics of honesty, trustworthiness, and righteousness were the backbone accounting for the robust success of Shanxi merchants who held deep-rooted cultural values, and who conducted their businesses accordingly.

Three disparate yet related things happened in November 2008 that suggest it is apposite to revisit a film that was controversial when released but which provides a
sophisticated reading of London in the early 21st century. First, Dirty Pretty Things (Frears 2002) was aired on Channel 4. Second, ID cards started to be issued to overseas nationals and airport workers. Third, London Mayor Boris Johnson called for an amnesty for all British migrants working illegally. Soon after the film was released the frenzied moral panic about asylum seekers was peaking, until knocked off the tabloid agenda by the Iraq war. The film was controversial when released and still provokes strong positive and negative reactions. It weaves together with great aplomb complex elements of the material, imagined, live, surveiled and (immigration) policed city. The inner London location filming adds credibility which counters the somewhat implausible, though tense and engaging plot. Cinema has long influenced our perception of the modern city even to the extent of producing the city (Clarke 1997 and Shiels & Fitzmaurice 2001). Many reviews of Dirty Pretty Things have been written but I want to concentrate, first on some misconceptions and then on its neo noir (Schwartz 2005) credentials, which affect the manner in which it portrays divergent yet proximate
aspects of the city big condition in a globalised neoliberal political economy.

The entry begins with a definition of geography and with a description of what the discipline shares with the other social sciences and what makes it distinctive among them. Terminological clarifications are provided with regard to the relationship between human geography and physical geography, and between human geography and urban geography. After a brief history and overview of human geography’s engagement with social theory, the entry offers a discussion of the politicization of contemporary human geography and of how this phenomenon is reflected in theory building and concept development.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118430873.est0464

One of the most significant monuments in Egyptian history is Al Azhar mosque. Despite its
value and history it is today distinguished by its double finial minaret which was built
around half a century after the main building by Qansah al-Ghuri. Subsequently there
have been a lot of other changes and additions which represent layers of history that
reveal aspects of their age and which have supported and deepened the mosque’s
value today. So, it is clear that additions can have benefits to both the ‘tangible’ building
but also the ‘intangible’ living in cities.
The study is based on the idea of ‘rehabilitating the contextual integrity of historical cities’
such as that considered here, historic Cairo. In this context it will be argued that integrity
has been affected by several phenomena including the urban needs of the
contemporary youth; the development of local crafts; the economic chain produced by
the invasion of imported products; and cultural awareness of existing residents about
issues of heritage - especially after periods of internal migration. These issues will be
discussed in two ways:
The first is by analyzing the criteria to be followed when deciding on additions. This criteria
is based on listing architectural and urban heritage could be considered a target to be
reached through additions. This research adopts the outstanding universal values set by
the ICCROM as the criteria to be studied in this regard.
The second concerns community development connected to contextual patterns
formed by things like the regulating policies, economics, technologies, urban design, the
symbolism of added architectural forms, legislative guides and other related issues. The
difference between useful additions and those that cause harm shall be set.
Finally, a criteria of additions shall be produced and applied to the world heritage listed
site of historic old Cairo,

The World Heritage Convention celebrates its fortieth anniversary in 2012. In 1972, the key words were environment and protection; today, key agendas are sustainable development, climate change and culture. The Convention identifies sites for conservation according to academically derived criteria of outstanding universal value. Since 1972, the motivation for inscription has shifted from cultural recognition to economic gain. In addition, the United Nations operates to a progressive set of radical, inclusive agendas. This article reflects on the achievements and future directions for the Convention, focusing especially on cities.

This article reflects on the extent to which the commitment set out under Article 5 of the 1972 UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage ‘to adopt a general policy which aims to give the cultural and natural heritage a function in the life of the community and to integrate the protection of that heritage into comprehensive planning programmes’, is reflected in the ambition and interpretation of the 2011 UNESCO Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape. It questions the degree to which that Recommendation’s evolution and formulation addresses the longstanding failure to interpret and position the broad spectrum of values of urban heritage within the mainstream of urban planning policy and practice. In the context of today’s over-arching global priorities, this article concludes by advocating greater engagement with United Nations agendas, including the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.

The HUL approach envisions the city as a " layering and interconnection of values " (UNESCO 2011). This concept allows for the living component of the city to be treated as one of these layers, with value and significance equal to all other layers. The question addressed in this paper is whether the current practice of the HUL approach in Asia is in fact taking full advantage of this opportunity; is it coming to grips with the intangible living heritage of historic cities and recognizing its importance and potential? To try and answer these questions, this paper looks at the essential steps and tools of the approach and how they are being applied in different pilot cities specifically in terms of living heritage. The case studies selected include six pilot cities for the HUL programme with the World Heritage Institute of Training and Research for the Asia and the Pacific Region (WHITRAP) in Shanghai, China – Zanzibar, Rawalpindi, Cuenca, Ballarat, Shanghai and Suzhou. Reviewing the case studies it is clear that the HUL approach and toolkit can be interpreted as sensitive to the particular needs of living heritage in " messy " cities: cities which " possess an order and hierarchy often visible and comprehensible only to their participants, thereby escaping common understanding and appreciation " (Chalana & Hou 2016). This is particularly the case for the first steps of the HUL approach, though less so for the tasks of integrating living culture into the urban planning process.

Las estadísticas mundiales arrojan cifras de crecimiento urbano inéditas para las próximas dos décadas. Este trabajo aborda la necesidad de entender el patrimonio construido como una lección cultural de larga data y como un recurso desde donde ensayar patrones sostenibles de habitabilidad.
Durante dos años de trabajo hemos entendido que el Patrimonio Mundial en Puebla es una forma de ciudadania. Gracias a una estrategia pionera de participación que persigue el re-involucramiento del ciudadano en la fábrica a su escala de la ciudad, la de los Caminos Cortos, según la teoría desarrollada por el Urbanista Felipe Delmont, hemos puesto en practica la Recomendación en la que, desde el 2011, la UNESCO confía para ampliar los horizontes disciplinares en políticas públicas urbanas y desde donde generar planes de coherencia territorial que permitan reinstalar a la ciudad en su secuencia histórica territorial.

Este comunicado presenta el caso de estudio de dos inserciones contemporáneas en el Centro Histórico de San Luis Potosí, cada una de ellas frente a un edificio religioso, la primera intervención se encuentra situada a un costado de Catedral en la Plaza de Armas y fue realizada por el Arq. Francisco Cossío, la segunda de factura más reciente por el Arq. Marco Antonio Garfias, ubicada frente al templo de San José y de la Alameda central, la primera obra privada, la segunda obra pública. Esta investigación busca abordar el análisis formal del diseño como propuestas de inserción de Arquitectura moderna y contemporánea en el contexto histórico, estableciendo una reflexión teórica sobre los argumentos del diseño formal, su relación con el contexto urbano, los edificios contiguos y el pensamiento que permeaba tanto el movimiento moderno como el posmoderno como una postura frente a la ciudad histórica.
Palabras clave: Arquitectura, moderna, contemporánea, inserción, centro histórico.

Il volume raccoglie la schedatura delle pievi del Mugello. L’oggetto della ricerca, basata sul rilievo puntuale dell’architettura dei nodi di una rete, è la relazione tra il costruito e il territorio, che evidenzia con la sua evoluzione il ruolo della presenza antropica nella trasformazione del paesaggio. La schedatura offre uno strumento di rilievo a grande scala che permette di leggere attraverso il confronto degli edifici l’esistenza di caratteristiche peculiari nel costruito, anche quando questo non presenta particolare rilevanza architettonica e artistica.

ABSTRACT: The goal of this paper is to suggest that unique heritage values of Historical Urban Landscapes combine both built heritage and intangible heritage values. These include the physical urban spaces, cultural properties of architectural, aesthetic, historical as well as cultural characteristics of the population living within them. This paper presents examples of intangible heritage in Historical Urban Landscapes in Israel and shows that this links the residents to their city, gives special meanings to their life, a unique local identity and a diverse collective memory. Successful scientific research methods, documentation and safeguarding procedures for these values are still developing. Recognition of this heritage has the power to join national development organizations and the local communities. Proper and careful management of these aspects can develop new sources of income for residents and integrate them into new industries in their city.

Cultural Tourism is a key sector of the global tourism market, accounting for just under 40% of all international travel (UNWTO, 2018). Cities have played a central role in the recent development of the cultural tourism market, particularly as the focus of cultural consumption has shifted from high culture (Culture 1.0) to popular or everyday culture, and from tangible museums and monuments to intangible events and experiences, and from cultural tourism to creative tourism (Culture 4.0). The desire of tourists to experience the everyday life of the local has also driven a shift from distribution systems based on tour operations to collaborative economy platforms for accommodation and the curation of urban experiences. This has stimulated changes in urban space, with growing areas of cities being given over to mass cultural tourism practices. This has arguably led to touristification and gentrification effects, monocultural landscapes and growing penetration of cultural tourists into the interstitial spaces of everyday and private life. In some cities the perception of cultural tourism as a ‘good’ form of tourism is beginning to be eroded by these changes.

Türkiye’de tarihi kent merkezlerinde uygulanmakta olan benzer nitelikte kentsel koruma çalışmaları olmasına rağmen, planlama, yönetim ve koruma uygulamaları çerçevesinde değerlendirdiğimizde, bazı koruma çalışmalarının diğerlerine göre daha başarılı olduğu görülmektedir. Yazında, kentsel koruma farklı aktörlerin ortak ve sürdürülebilir bir sorumluluğu olarak tanımlamaktadır. Bu noktada, yerellik, başka bir ifade ile yerel aktörler, tarihi çevreyle olan doğrudan ilişkileri nedeni ile vazgeçilmez bir role sahiptir. Fakat tarihi kent merkezlerinde yerel aktörlerin ortak sorumluluklarına dayanan bir paylaşım geliştirilmesinde aktörlerin kapasiteleri ile ilişkili problemler bulunmaktadır. Bu nedenle, çalışmada tarihi kent merkezlerinin korunmasında yerel kapasitelerin rolü üzerinde durulacaktır. Bu bağlamda, öncelikli olarak yerel ölçekteki aktörlerin, tarihi kent merkezleri ve koruma çalışmaları ile ilişkileri dikkate alınarak kavramsal bir çerçeve oluşturulacaktır. Bu çerçeve içerisinde tarihi kent merkezlerine yönelik koruma müdahaleleri yürüten yerel otoriteler ile yerel toplum arasındaki karşılıklı ilişkiyi değerlendirebilmek için “yerel koruma kapasitesi” kavramı tanımlanacaktır. Sonuç olarak, aktörlerin koruma çalışmalarına katılım düzeyleri dikkate alınarak yerel koruma kapasitesinin tarihi kent merkezlerinin korunmasına etkileri değerlendirilecektir.

S. MUSTEAŢĂ, A. CORDUNEANU, (Eds.), Identităţile Chişinăului. Materialele Conferinței Internaționale „Identităţile Chişinăului”, ediția a V-a, 1-2 noiembrie 2018, Chişinău, Republica Moldova, Culegere de studii, Seria IDN, C8, Chişinău, Editura ARC, 2020, 284 pag., ISBN 978-9975-61-871-7

Through the study of Beirut as a palimpsest, the paper aims to shed light on the interactions between unseen factors and driving forces that, at the urban and archaeological levels, produced the palimpsestic nature of this city. It tackles the palimpsest metaphor at the second level, thus shifting focus from the metaphor itself to the essential paradigms lying behind the observation and interpretation of past materiality, paying close attention to their ontological and epistemological dimensions.
In addition, it attempts to understand the interplay of all these different factors within the social realm to produce subjective meanings through the various narratives proposed by different actors. For this purpose, three case studies from Beirut’s post-war reconstruction experience are examined and discussed. Through these case studies, an attempt to bring together both theoretical and more tangible aspects of the palimpsest metaphor is made by bridging the social facts to the social actions in a real-world scenario.
The paper debates the uses and abuses of the archaeological record in the creation of biased heritage and historical narratives. It also tackles the various aspects of religious conflicts as well as religious identity and pluralism. It critically confronts conflict archaeology, ideology, and historiography within the framework of the politics of the present pasts within historic cities as well as the problems of ethnicity and identity politics.

In the conflicted realm of urban strategy one navigates between various ‘smart’ solutions and alternate policy levers.  This is not unexpected.  Cities are geographically, institutionally and historically unique so simplistic ‘smart city’ (‘SC’) notions are nonsense.  Besides, political priorities change.  Istanbul herself provides a vivid example of regime-induced urban evolution.  From 330 AD, when Constantine formally founded the city bearing his name , to the present military, administrative, religious and trading pressures influenced her mix of planned or organic growth.  In its long history the city transitioned through Geek, Roman, Byzantine, Venetian, Ottoman and Republican phases.  At each, the city’s geography and culture were distinct.  Abroad, Byzantium image varied with altering perspectives.  In the nineteenth century, the Ottoman capital evoked exotic orientalism, if not magic, in the minds of European Romantics.  Here, I consider the earlier époque in antiquity looking for insights from regional history to illuminate the notion of ‘smart city’.  I investigate parallels between ‘smart’ notions, culled from contemporary urban literature with military and urban history, looking for useful insights or limitations.

The stated aim of New Design in Historic Settings is to promote principles, demonstrate imaginative design responses, and propose a methodology based on shared understanding. It is ambitiously directed at built environment professionals, public and community stakeholders, and developers. Design has risen to the forefront of government agendas for sustainable place-making from at least the mid-nineties. For this reviewer, therefore, key issues are the extent to which this well-illustrated booklet adds value to the available literature on the subject and provides evidence of the successful integration of contemporary design into the historic environment in Scotland – as a rule rather than exception.

A cross the Mediterranean, historic cities are largely defined by the preservation of their medieval and early modern past. These urban entities maintain the physical evidence of their role as economic and cultural hubs, with their layered architectural heritage being integral to the experience of their urban fabric. 1 The socioeconomic, political, and cultural complexity of their contemporary state reveals their historical transition, the monuments of the medieval and early modern period being instrumental for their subsequent growth and development. Among these structures, fortifications constitute the largest preserved examples, frequently having become iconic attributes of civic pride and identity. 2 Although they have lost their protective function, their physical presence still influences the spatial experience of the city. Their preservation carries significance as a reflection of a range of spatial, social, and economic needs, as well as ideological and cultural perceptions of the past and how it affects both the present and future.

Odgovorne osobe: Ante Uglešić, rektor Sveučilišta u Zadru Nediljko Marinov, predsjednik Kulturnog sabora Zagore Mario Mimica, Predsjednik Ogranka Matice hrvatske Split Zadar -Dugopolje, 19-21. listopada 2010. CIP-Katalogizacija u publikaciji Znanstvena knjižnica Zadar UDK 338(497.5-3 Zagora):911.3>(063)(048.4) 911.3:33>(063)(048.4) ZNANSTVENO stručni skup s međunarodnim sudjelovanjem Zagora između stočarsko-ratarske tradicije te procesa litoralizacije i globalizacije (2010 ; Zadar -Dugopolje) Zagora između stočarsko-ratarske tradicije te procesa litoralizacije i globalizacije : knjiga sažetaka / Znanstveni skup s međunarodnim sudjelovanjem, Zadar -Dugopolje, 19-21. listopada 2010. ; urednici Mate Matas i Josip Faričić. -Zadar : Sveučilište ; Split : Kulturni sabor Zagore : Matica hrvatska Split, 2010. -72 str. ; 24 cm ISBN 978-953-7237-71-90-5

Of a balanced growth of cities depends on the quality of life of its inhabitants; in Tunja related regulations is discussed in their management and planning, interviewing residents about realities, perceptions and expectations regarding the development of the city, from which a descriptive, analytical, critical and proactive diagnosis is advanced, for inserting multidimensional legal and technical instruments in urban management parameters, seeking to foster socio-economic and spatial inclusion in the areas of expansion; adding strategies; monitoring and development control; risk management; social appropriation of public use areas; guarantee of rights; increased productivity; reduced rates of other conflicts, violence and crime, for a positive social impact.

A collection of over 200 abstracts of research publications on cities, translated into three languages

From Tehran in Iran to Istanbul in Turkey, and from Herat in Afghanistan to Khartoum in Sudan, the rich diversity of the Muslim world is strikingly expressed through its myriad of cities. This reference volume presents over 200 abstracts of scholarship examining cities as both built and lived environments. They deal with the important subjects such as urban growth in the last 50 years, infrastructure and the environment and migration from rural areas. The historical periods covered span from the Umayyad Caliphate to the present day.

Each abstract is presented in English, Arabic and Turkish, opening up this body of scholarship to new audiences. These abstracts demonstrate how much cities have varied between countries and over time.

Nella prima metà del XVII secolo lo scontro tra Francia e Spagna si riflette nel nord della penisola italiana: il ducato sabaudo e lo stato di Milano, in passato alleati, ma oramai schierati su fronti nemici, devono forzatamente potenziare il confine che li divide. Gli assedi si susseguono nel vano tentativo da parte dei francesi di giungere a Milano, e degli spagnoli di far cadere Torino. Le cinte delle città più prossime alla frontiera sono costantemente monitorate, rilevate, potenziate. Gli ingegneri militari al servizio dei due stati sono impegnati nei lavori di rilievo, progetto, manutenzione. Al servizio dei governatori milanesi si avvicendano Busca, Clarici, Lechuga, Baldovino, Prestino, Camassa, Beretta e altri tra i più preparati ingegneri dell’epoca: si interrogano costantemente su modifiche, potenziamenti e adeguamenti alle nuove esigenze strategico-difensive.
I disegni, le “città di carta”, oggi conservati negli archivi europei, raccontano i molti stati, i troppi e labili confini, la difficoltosa difesa delle molte e mai quiete frontiere. 


In the first half of the seventeenth century the clash between France and Spain is reflected in the north of the Italian peninsula: in the past allies, now enemies, the Duchy of Savoy and the State of Milan must necessarily strengthen the border that divides them. Sieges follow one another in a vain attempt by the French to come to Milan, and the Spaniards to drop Turin. The cities walls closest to the border are constantly monitored, estimated, enhanced. Military engineers at the service of the two countries are engaged to relief, project maintenance. Busca, Clarici, Lechuga, Baldovino, Prestino, Camassa, Beretta are alternated at the service of Milan’s governors, with others of the most prepared engineers of that time: they wonder constantly about changes, enhancements and adjustments to new strategic and defensive needs. The drawings, the "paper cities", now kept in European archives, tell us the many states, too many and ephemeral boundaries, the difficult defence of the many and never quiet borders.