Voltage regulator

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We present for the first time, a fully integrated battery powered RFID integrated circuit (IC) for operation at ultrahigh frequency (UHF) and microwave bands. The battery powered RFID IC can also work as a passive RFID tag without a battery or when the battery has died (i.e., voltage has dropped below 1.3 V); this novel dual passive and battery operation allays one of the major drawbacks of currently available active tags, namely that the tag cannot be used once the battery has died. When powered by a battery, the current consumption is 700 nA at 1.5 V (400 nA if internal signals are not brought out on testpads). This ultra-low-power consumption permits the use of a very small capacity battery of 100 mA hr for lifetimes exceeding ten years; as a result a battery tag that is very close to a passive tag both in form factor and cost is made possible. The chip is built on a 1m digital CMOS process with dual poly layers, EEPROM and Schottky diodes. The RF threshold power at 2.45 GHz is -19 dBm which is the lowest ever reported threshold power for RFID tags and has a range exceeding 3.5 m under FCC unlicensed operation at the 2.4-GHz microwave band. The low threshold is achieved with architectural choices and low-power circuit design techniques. At 915 MHz, based on the experimentally measured tag impedance (92-j837) and the threshold spec of the tag (200 mV), the theoretical minimum range is 24 m. The tag initially is in a "low-power" mode to conserve power and when issued the appropriate command, it operates in "full-power" mode. The chip has on-chip voltage regulators, clock and data recovery circuits, EEPROM and a digital state machine that implements the ISO 18000-4 B protocol in the "full-power" mode. We provide detailed explanation of the clock recovery circuits and the implementation of the binary sort algorithm, which includes a pseudorandom number generator. Other than the antenna board and a battery, no external components are used.

1 Abstract --Distributed energy resources (DE) have been widely used in the power systems to supply active power, and most of the present DE resources are operated with limited or without nonactive power capability. This paper shows that with a slight modification in hardware configuration and a small boost in the power ratings, as well as proper implementation of control strategies, a DE system with a power electronics converter interface can provide active power and nonactive power simultaneously and independently. A DE can provide dynamic voltage regulation to the local bus because of its nonactive power capability. Furthermore, the proposed DE control method in this paper can effectively compensate the unbalance in the local voltage. The system requirements such as the inverter current rating and the dc voltage rating are discussed. The analysis of the system requirements to provide nonactive power shows that it is cost-effective to have DE provide voltage regulation.

This paper presents the Static Synchronous Compensator's (Stat-Com) voltage regulation by a B-Spline neural network. The fact that the electric grid is a non-stationary system, with varying parameters and configurations, adaptive control schemes may be advisable. Thereby the control technique must guarantee its performance on the actual operating environment where the Stat-Com is embedded. An artificial neural network (ANN) is trained to foresee the device's behavior and to tune the corresponding controllers. Proportional-Integral (PI) and B-Spline controllers are assembled for the StatCom's control, where the tuning of parameters is based on the neural network model. Results of the lab prototype are exhibited under different conditions.

This paper presents the design of a Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) with Integral action (LQIR) to improve dynamic performance of a three-phase three-wire shunt active power filter (SAF). The integral action is added to cancel the steady state errors knowing that the standard LQR provides only proportional gains. The controller is designed to achieve DC bus voltage regulation, harmonics and reactive power compensation. The converter model is set in the dq rotating reference frame augmented with the integral of q component of the SAF currents and DC bus voltage. The performance of the controller depends on the weightening matrix which is chosen to guaranty satisfactory responses. The converter is controlled as a whole and a fixed PWM at 2.34 kHz is used to generate the gating signals of the power devices. The system is tested for both active and reactive power variations of the combined linear and non-linear load, for a distorted/unbalanced voltage source, and for unbalanced loads. The Simulation results obtained show good performance in terms of the DC bus voltage regulation (small overshoot and very fast time response) and low total harmonic distortion (THD) of ac line currents.

In a dc shunt generator, as the load increases the RS IL terminal voltage falls, giving a drooping characteristic. The regulation R of voltage involves the adjustment of field excitation. A simple method RE of voltage regulation by automatic adjustment of field excitation E making use of transistor circuitry is discussed. The added advantage B of this method is that by the simple adjustment of circuit parameters, LOAD the characteristics of a compound generator can be achieved. Experi-VL mental results prove the effectiveness of the method.

In this work, we have designed a voltage regulator circuit for short circuit protection and to enhance the load current rating of the circuit. The Pspice platform is deployed to perform the simulation and the evaluation is done to study the design aspects of the circuit. From the analysis of the proposed regulator circuit, it is observed that as the value of load resistance is increases gradually the regulator output gives more constant voltage

En el proceso de reducción de costos en las inversiones asociadas a los transformadores de las subestaciones de distribución de la C.A. La Electricidad de Caracas, se estableció un cambio sustancial en el standard de regulación de voltaje, que en el largo plazo originó profundas consecuencias en la forma de desarrollar, operar y mantener estos equipos, y la red en general. En particular, la ubicación del cambiador de tomas con y sin carga, que inicialmente representó un ahorro de costos significativo, generó graves limitaciones para la operatividad y la expansión de las subestaciones involucradas. El análisis técnico de todos los aspectos relacionados condujo a un rediseño de los criterios considerados y a una revisión de la decisión tomada.

Development of the electrical distribution system for a modem chlor-alkali plant is described starting from the conceptual design stage and continuing through final equipment design. Emphasis is placed on the electric utiity interface, main plant substation, 13.8-kV distribution system, rectifier design and control, and dc bus design. Load flow, voltage regulation, and harmonic studies are discussed.

— In the following paper, a new innovative design in which simple and effective components are utilized in a circuit that enhances the capabilities of the portable power banks available in the market is discussed. Components such as DC voltage regulators and USB cable have been used to create a circuit that has more utility compared to products available in the market. It offers additional advantages and simpler approach to these portable power banks.

This paper presents an overview analysis and a discussion of field experience with different drive configurations used in shovel applications. The analysis includes different drive topologies, shovel duty cycles for a typical truck pass loading, and energy regeneration capabilities. Special attention is given to the interaction between the high power shovel drives and the grid: harmonics injection, reactive power requirements, and voltage regulation. This paper presents operational experiences obtained in copper mine industries. The main characteristics of the newest shovels with active front end (AFE) at the line side are also included. Finally, a critical evaluation of the different topologies is presented, showing that the shovel drive operation strongly affects the behavior of the power distribution system and that the introduction of the AFE technology produces an important performance improvement.

Control techniques that optimize the behaviour of pulse-width modulation (PWM) rectifiers for magnet supplies are examined. Different control strategies, both with preprogrammed and variable switching patterns, are examined and compared in terms of optimization of the system performance. Optimum digital PWM, multilevel delta modulation, and hybrid PWM/delta techniques are analyzed. The validity of the control methods was verified by simulation and experimental tests on a 60 kW prototype. It was observed that, in practice, digital PWM techniques are better suited for optimizing the AC converter performance, while delta modulation techniques give better results in terms of DC current and voltage distortion.>

... Bruno Estibals' and Luis Martinez-Salamero' ... A modular structure consisting of the cascade connection of a voltage stepnp dc-to-dc switching converter with galvanic isolation and a buck converter-based inverter stage is proposed. ...

The present research study is focused on the design, development and validation of a device based on multilevel converter for medium voltage distribution networks. It regulates the reactive power exchanged with the grid (up to 3 MVAR), allowing to achieve the following objectives: Network voltage regulation, reactive power compensation and power factor control. The device is composed by an IGBT based 4 level NPC (neutral point clamped) converter. The adopted modulation strategy is the space vector modulation and it takes into account the bus capacitor voltage balancing. The reactive power regulation will be carried out by a vector control technique. The correct behavior of the electronic system connected to a radial distribution network is validated in simulation. Firstly the behavior of the system is analyzed under normal operation conditions. After that, its robustness is analyzed when sudden network voltage changes occur

A low-power low-cost highly efficient maximum power point tracker (MPPT) to be integrated into a photovoltaic (PV) panel is proposed. This can result in a 25% energy enhancement compared to a standard photovoltaic panel, while performing functions like battery voltage regulation and matching of the PV array with the load. Instead of using an externally connected MPPT, it is proposed to use an integrated MPPT converter as part of the PV panel. It is proposed that this integrated MPPT uses a simple controller in order to be cost effective. Furthermore, the converter has to be very efficient, in order to transfer more energy to the load than a directly coupled system. This is achieved by using a simple soft-switched topology. A much higher conversion efficiency at lower cost will then result, making the MPPT an affordable solution for small PV energy systems.

The paper proposes new supervisory control schemes for integrated Volt/Var control at distribution substations and feeders. The new supervisory controller located at the substation coordinates the control of local regulating devices based on dynamically changing system conditions rather than local measurements. The supervisory scheme uses the measurements and communications between field devices in order to provide the coordination. Three different versions of this control scheme have been developed in order to accommodate for the varying amount of measurement and communication that may be available on a given system. Test results indicate that the new schemes better coordinate the control actions of the voltage regulator and capacitor banks and thus provide a more effective Volt/Var control.

With advancing technology, the place and importance of robots in human life is increasing day by day. When we look at the present from the past, it can be seen that there are differences in the purpose of creation of robots. The ability to operate autonomously and the ability to operate on an operator control allow them to be indispensable. As days go by, these machines that are used in place of humans have faster, longer life and higher working capacities. One of the robots working in these work areas is the spider robots. Spider robots can be divided into robots with Hexapod (6 legged), Quadruped (4 legged) and similar types.
In this project, a hexapod (6-legged) spider robot is dealt with.

Trading with reactive power will soon become a very important part of electric energy trade. However, while trading, voltage regulation in portable and distribution systems must not be neglected. In order to balance the technical and economic aspects it is necessary to be familiar with the electric power system, the source of electric energy most of all, meaning the synchronous generator and its possibilities. These possibilities are shown in the synchronous generator P-Q diagram. We nowadays use static P-Q diagrams, provided by generator producers, which in most cases refer only to generators. This article presents a dynamic user P-Q diagram containing changeable parameters and showing a real availability of a synchronous aggregate.

In this paper we present analysis, modeling and implementation of an efficient solar charge controller. Maximum power of a photovoltaic system is heavily dependent on temperature and insolation. We have employed the 'perturb and observe' algorithm for maximum power point tracking. A Fuzzy Rule Based System is designed for implementation of perturb and observe algorithm. This solar charge controller works with a PWM controlled DC-DC Inverter for battery charging. The system is implemented using an inexpensive PIC microcontroller. Results show improved performance as compared to conventional techniques in power efficiency and swift maximum power point tracking.

In power electronics, it is desirable to reduce the size of a power supply without degrading the system's performance. In most of our electronics projects, there is always a need to convert the incoming mains AC voltage to a regulated DC voltage suitable for the requiring load. A power supply is a device that converts a specific voltage to another voltage that is more convenient while delivering power. They are mostly used in electrical equipment. Power supply converts the output from an alternating current power to a steady direct current output. The ac voltage is firstly rectified to give a pulsating dc before filtered to give a smooth voltage. Finally, the voltage is regulated to give a constant output level despite the fact that there are variations in the ac line voltage. This paper is a practical report of the construction of a 5-volt power supply circuit. The 5-volt regulated power supply supplies regulated 5volts electric energy to an electric load. The regulated power supply takes in AC power from the mains supply and delivers a DC voltage to the requiring device. This circuit uses an IC LM7805 for obtaining the required voltage. Other electronic components and methodology used for the construction of the circuit were also discussed.

Portable drug delivery system or portable syringe pump system is a small infusion pump used to gradually deliver drugs, at low doses and at a constant or controllable rate of drug to a patient who needs to take a drug dose regularly in specific periods all the day.

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format:
not ppt/pptx , academia doesn't allow ppt for uploading. It is a quick overlook of Zener diode [in slide format] from Electronic Device Course and for anyone who is interested in the topic.

Faculty/Course teacher given marks: 10/10 on the original slide.

Slides are not too descriptive and requires a basic understanding before scrolling the sections in it.
]

This paper presents an overview of the state of the art in reactive power compensation technologies. The principles of operation, design characteristics and application examples of Var compensators implemented with thyristors and self-commutated converters are presented. Static Var generators are used to improve voltage regulation, stability, and power factor in ac transmission and distribution systems. Examples obtained from relevant applications describing the use of reactive power compensators implemented with new static Var technologies are also described.

High penetration of wind generation challenges wind turbine operators to supply reliable power and extract optimum power from the wind. Hence, the fault ride through (FRT) capability of wind turbine together with the optimum power tracking and regulation of wind turbine output voltage due to fluctuating nature of the wind becomes essential. In this paper, a method is proposed to ensure that the double fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbine continues to operate during severe grid faults and maintains a constant output voltage, irrespective of the fluctuating wind. The proposed controller also allows the DFIG wind turbine to track optimum power from the wind. Extensive simulation is performed using PSCAD/EMTDC software and results obtained show that the DFIG output voltage fulfills the grid code requirements. The results also show that the proposed method is able to track the optimum power, regulate the DFIG output voltage and perform fault ride through of wind turbine.

A 0.622-8-Gb/s clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit using injection locking for jitter suppression and phase interpolation in high-bandwidth system-on-chip solutions is described. A slave injection locked oscillator (SILO) is locked to a tracking aperture-multiplying DLL (TA-MDLL) via a coarse phase selection multiplexer (MUX). For the fine timing vernier, an interpolator DAC controls the injection strength of the MUX output into the SILO. This 1.2-V 0.13-m CMOS CDR consumes 33 mW at 8 Gb/s. Die area including voltage regulator is 0.08 mm 2 . Recovered clock jitter is 49 ps pk-pk at a 200-ppm bit-rate offset.

In this work, an efficient fuzzy logic controller is used to improve the controllability of a SVC (Static Var Compensator). The SVC device is a member of the FACTS (Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System) family employed in power transmission systems. The new fuzzy logic controller replaces the existing PI regulator and permits better disturbance compensation and voltage regulation. The SVC is used to maintain the voltage bus constant by absorbing or injecting reactive power. The proposed fuzzy controller uses the error between the reference voltage and the measured voltage to determine the required susceptance B. The fuzzy controller has been implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK and the effectiveness of the reactive power compensation and the voltage regulation are demonstrated by simulations. Fuzzy logic control of a SVC to improve the transient stability of ac power systems, I. Mansour, D.O.

This paper presents the design of Low Drop-Out (LDO) voltage regulator has fast transient response and
which exploits a few current else low quiescent current in the operational amplifier PMOS type. We use
band-gap reference for eliminate the temperature dependence. The proposed LDO voltage regulator
implemented in 0.18-µm CMOS technology, we use Folded cascode CMOS amplifiers high performance in
the stability , provide fast transient response which explains a fast settling, the LDO itself should provide in
the output regulator voltages at ∆t equal 2ps with transient variation of the voltage less than 170mV. High
accuracy in the DC response terms, the simulation results show that the accuracy of the output regulator
voltages is 1.54±0.009V, and power consumption of 1.51 mW.

A highly efficient energy management system for hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), using neural networks (NN), was developed and tested. The system minimizes the energy requirement of the vehicle and can work with different primary power sources like fuel-cells, microturbines, zinc-air batteries or other supply with poor ability to recover energy from regenerative braking, or with scarce power capacity for fast acceleration. The experimental HEV uses lead-acid batteries, an ultracapacitor bank, and a brushless dc motor with a nominal power of 32 kW, and a peak power of 53 kW. The control system, based on a DSP, measures and stores the following parameters: primary source voltage, car speed, instantaneous currents in both terminals (primary source and ultracapacitor), and actual voltage of the ultracapacitor. The increase in range with ultracapacitors has been around 5.3 % in city tests, compared when only lead acid batteries are used, but when optimal control with NN is used, this figure increases to 8.9 %. The car used for this experiment is a Chevrolet LUV truck, similar in shape and size to a Chevrolet S-10, which was converted to an electric vehicle at the Universidad Católica de Chile. Numerous experimental tests under different conditions are compared and discussed.

This thesis describes the analysis and design of an ultra low power linear voltage regulator that is targeted for the application in a wireless sensor node. In the introductory chapter, the concepts of wireless sensor nodes, power management and ultra low power design are summarized. The second chapter contains fundamental considerations concerning the design of linear voltage regulators. A small signal model of the control loop is presented and methodologies for stability analysis and performance measures are introduced. The AC characteristics of both NMOS and PMOS pass device transistors are investigated by analytical calculations. A symbolic circuit analysis methodology is introduced that allows the analytical treatment of larger circuits. This methodology is applied to derive analytical models of the power supply rejection of simple CMOS OTAs. In the third chapter, the design of the voltage regulator based on an NMOS pass device is described. A new circuit topology for the control loop is presented that allows the biasing of the pass device for low dropout operation. The proposed topology is analytically investigated concerning stability, power supply rejection and output impedance. Additional circuit blocks like an oscillator, a charge pump and a startup circuit are described. The fourth chapter contains simulation results of the complete system. The functionality is shown by transient simulations and parameter variations are considered. Finally in the last chapter a conclusion of the presented results is given.

A new mathematical model of the power circuit of a three-phase voltage source converter (VSC) was developed in the stationary and synchronous reference frames. The mathematical model was then used to analyze and synthesize the voltage and current control loops for the VSC. Analytical expressions were derived for calculating the gains and time constants of the current and voltage regulators. The mathematical model was used to control a 140-kW regenerative VSC. The synchronous referenceframe model was used to define feedforward signals in the current regulators to eliminate the cross coupling between the d and q phases. It allowed the reduction of the current control loops to first-order plants and improved their tracking capability. The bandwidths of the current and voltage-control loops were found to be approximately 20 and 60 times (respectively) smaller than the sampling frequency. All control algorithms were implemented in a digital-signal processor. All results of the analysis were experimentally verified.

We have designed this project to control the speed of a single phase induction motor by using cycloconvertor technique by thyristors. Induction motors in particular are very robust and therefore used in many domestic appliances such as washing machines, vacuum cleaners, water pumps, and used in industries as well. A.C. motors have the great advantages of being relatively inexpensive and very reliable. The induction motor is known as a constant-speed machine, the difficulty of varying its speed by a cost effective device is one of its main disadvantages. As the AC supply frequency cannot be changed, so this project uses a thyristor controlled cycloconverter which enables the control of speed in steps for an induction motor. A pair of slide switches is provided to select the desired speed range (F, F/2 and F/3) of operation of the induction motor. These switches are interfaced to the microcontroller. The status of the switches enables the microcontroller to deliver the pulses to trigger the thyristor in a dual bridge. Thus, the speed of the induction motor can be achieved in three steps i.e. (F, F/2 and F/3). This very concept can be further enhanced and implemented to control the speed of a three phase induction motor. It can also be coupled with firing angle control for any desired speed.

A Static Compensator (StatCom) is a device that can provide reactive support to a bus. It consists of voltage sourced converters connected to an energy storage device on one side and to the power system on the other. In this paper, the conventional method of PI control is compared and contrasted with various feedback control strategies. A linear optimal control based on LQR control is shown to be superior in terms of response profile and control effort required. These methodologies are applied to an example power system.

This paper describes a CMOS implementation of a linear voltage regulator (LVR) used to power up implanted physiological signal systems, as it is the case of a wireless blood pressure biosensor. The topology is based on a classical structure of a linear low-dropout regulator. The circuit is powered up from an RF link, thus characterizing a passive radio frequency identification (RFID) tag. The LVR was designed to meet important features such as low power consumption and small silicon area, without the need for any external discrete components. The low power operation represents an essential condition to avoid a high-energy RF link, thus minimizing the transmitted power and therefore minimizing the thermal effects on the patient's tissues. The project was implemented in a 0.35-µm CMOS process, and the prototypes were tested to validate the overall performance. The LVR output is regulated at 1 V and supplies a maximum load current of 0.5 mA at 37 • C. The load regulation is 13 mV/mA, and the line regulation is 39 mV/V. The LVR total power consumption is 1.2 mW.

The inclusion of a few additional diodes and passive elements in the high-frequency full-bridge ac-dc converter with galvanic isolation permits one to achieve sinusoidal input-current wave shaping and output-voltage regulation simultaneously without adding any auxiliary transistors. Recently, this procedure, together with an appropriate control process, has been used to obtain low-cost high-efficiency single-stage converters. In an attempt to improve the performance of such converters, this paper introduces three new single-stage full-bridge ac-dc topologies with some optimized characteristics and compares them with the ones of the existing full-bridge single-stage topologies. The approach used consists in the definition of the operating principles identifying the boost function for each topology, their operating limits, and the dependence between the two involved conversion processes. Experimental results for each topology were obtained in a 500-W modular laboratory prototype that was built with the necessary flexibility to allow the realization of each different topology. Comparison was evaluated in terms of input-current distortion, efficiency, and output-voltage disturbances that result from the input-current wave-shaping process.

A state-space representation of a synchronous generator is established and used to analyze the transient behavior of a synchronous generator. The machine is a 2 pole, 150 MVA, 120 MW, 13.8 kV, 50 Hz generator connected to an infinite bus through a transformer and a transmission line. The state-space representation is based on a two-axis equivalent-circuit model of the generator

This paper deals with an AC series voltage regulator for permanent magnet generators. This project is internationally registered with the publication number WO/2009/004466 [1]. Mains examples of employment includes: motorcycle generators, wind-turbines, agricultural equipments, diesel generators. The comparison with the state-of-the-art parallel architecture is discussed together with energy efficiency simulations, specific advantages and disadvantages for both the solutions. The operation principles of the proposed regulation system is explained with the help of block diagrams and circuits, and two practical implementations are discussed: the first one realized entirely with analog electronics, the second one with a microcontroller. Finally some experimental measurements are provided to validate the theory of operation.

A fully integrated GSM/GPRS quad-band transceiver is presented. It includes the receiver, the transmitter, the synthesizer, all necessary voltage-controlled oscillators, all loop filters, the voltage regulators, the voltage-controlled crystal oscillator, and the power amplifier controller. The chip meets all GSM specification. The design was done in a BICMOS SIGE 0.35-m technology and the die area is 14 mm 2 . Index Terms-Direct conversion receiver, GSM, phase-locked loop (PLL), transceiver, voltage-controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO), voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO).

In this work, we propose a quick response circuit to improve the load transient response of fully low dropout voltage linear regulator (LDO) which is operable with a very low power consumption. Simulating by HSPICE with 0.35 mum CMOS technology shows that we can achieve the transient responses with less transient overshoot or undershoot when driving large current loads. Comparing to the generic LDO, for example, in case of 1 muF decoupling capacitor, about 95% output drop and 27% settling time for 0.1 mA to 100 mA load current and 88% output overshoot and 63% settling time for 100 mA to 0.1 mA load current have been together improved. The proposed circuit only dissipates low static power, so we could achieve the above LDO with only 3.3 muA consuming current at V out + 1 V and 150 mA load current. V out is the output voltage of the regulator.

Distributed generation (DG) units are commonly interfaced to the grid by using voltage-source inverters (VSI's). Extension of the control of these inverters allows to improve the power quality if the main power grid is disturbed or disconnected. In this paper, a control technique is developed for a VSI working in island mode. The control technique is designed in the time domain, combining an inner current control loop with an outer voltage control loop. Voltage regulation under various linear and non-linear load disturbances is studied.